TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Banach, Ulrich A1 - Hübert, Thomas T1 - VDI/VDE-Richtlinie für Multigassensoren N2 - Technische Richtlinien enthalten Empfehlungen sowie Anforderungen zum Stand der Technik zur Aufstellung von Bewertungskriterien und Behandlung wissenschaftlich-technischer Fragen. Sie fördern den Erfahrungsaustausch und Technologietransfer zwischen Entwicklern und Anwendern. In unserem Beitrag stellen wir die Richtlinie VDI/VDE 3518 vor. Diese Richtlinienreihe definiert Begriffe, beschreibt den Aufbau und klassifiziert Multigassensoren (Blatt 1), befasst sich mit den Anforderungen für das Unterscheiden, Erkennen und mengenmäßige Bestimmen von Gemischen gasförmiger Stoffe und die Prüfung von Multigassensoren (Blatt 2) und gibt Anleitung für geruchsbezogene Messungen mit „Elektronischen Nasen“ (Blatt 3). Multigassensoren können als elektronische Nasen in Anlehnung an den biologischen Geruchssinn zur Wahrnehmung und Charakterisierung von Gerüchen eingesetzt werden. Die Spezifik von Multigassensoren besteht darin, dass durch die Wahl und Betriebsweise der Sensoren eine Vielzahl von geeigneten Messsignalen erzeugt werden, aus denen mit mathematischen Verfahren die für die Anwendung gewünschten Informationen extrahiert werden. Dazu ist ein Training der Messeinrichtung mit Proben bekannter Eigenschaften notwendig. Diese Richtlinie soll Herstellern, Anbietern und Nutzern als ein Leitfaden Informationen und Erläuterungen für die korrekte und sichere Arbeit mit Multigassensoren liefern. Sie soll Prüflaboratorien und Anwendern helfen, bei der Beurteilung von Qualitätsmerkmalen einheitlich vorzugehen und dafür gemeinsame Randbedingungen anzugeben T2 - 7. Anwendertreffen Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie CY - Reutlingen, Germany DA - 06.03.2018 KW - Elektronische Nase KW - Multigassensorik KW - Richtlinie PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44452 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - VDI/VDE 3518 Technische Richtlinie für Multigassensoren N2 - Der Beitrag präsentiert die erarbeiteten technischen Richtlinien zur Anwendung und Prüfung von Multigassensoren innerhalb der Richtlinienreihe VDI/VDE 3518 sowie in diesem Zusammenhang die Möglichkeiten der Sensorprüfung im akkreditierten Prüflabor des Fachbereichs 8.1 der BAM. Im Speziellen wird das in Kürze veröffentlichte Blatt 3 der Richtlinienreihe vorgestellt, das Bezug auf Multigassensoren für geruchsbezogene Messungen mit elektronischen Nasen nimmt. T2 - NetMon International training course - Low-cost Environmental Monitoring CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 09.04.2019 KW - Multigassensoren KW - Prüfung KW - Richtlinie PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47885 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Detjens, Marc A1 - Banach, Ulrich A1 - Hübert, Thomas T1 - Measurement uncertainty of coulometric trace humidity sensors N2 - Especially trace amounts of water vapour in gases can be reliably determined by coulometric trace humidity sensors. The principle of these sensors is based on water vapour absorption in a hygroscopic layer and its subsequent electrolytic decomposition. The calibration of sensors was performed in the humidity range, expressed as frost point temperature, from −30°C to −80°C . This range is equivalent to volume fractions smaller than 376 µL·L−1. Generated humidity was measured with coulometric sensors and a chilled dew point hygrometer that was used as reference. An empirical non-linear function was found between sensor signal and measured reference humidity. This function consists of two parameters with a measurement uncertainty. Both calibration parameters were checked by means of one-way analysis of variance. It showed that gas specific function can be used for humidity measurement in nitrogen, hydrogen, dinitrogen monoxide, compressed and synthetic air. It is possible to determine trace humidity in all tested gases with an expanded uncertainty less than 2.1 K (coverage factor k=2 ) regarding frost point temperature. KW - Trace humidity KW - Coulometric sensor KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - ANOVA PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2018-0031 SN - 0171-8096 VL - 85 IS - 12 SP - 746 EP - 753 PB - De Gruyter CY - Oldenbourg AN - OPUS4-45959 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Detection of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC) with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) T2 - 18th Annual Conference on Ion Mobility Spectrometry CY - Thun, Switzerland DA - 2009-07-25 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19665 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Miessner, H. A1 - Koch, B. A1 - Hübert, Thomas T1 - Detection of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) by ion-mobility spectrometry N2 - Traces of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) in air can indicate the presence of growth of moulds in the indoor environment. Ion-mobility spectrometry is a very promising method for detection of these MVOCs, because of its high sensitivity. For development of an in-situ method for detection of MVOCs, a portable ion-mobility spectrometer (IMS) was used and test gases of 14 MVOCs and their respective mixtures were investigated. IMS spectra were recorded as a function of concentration of MVOCs in air. Drift time and mobility of reactant ions formed in positive polarity mode were determined and correlated with the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of the MVOCs investigated. The estimated detection limit has a specific value for each MVOC and is in the range 3 to 96 µg m-3 (1 to 52 ppbV). Indoor trials show that IMS can indicate hidden mould growth. KW - Trace gas analysis KW - MVOCs KW - Ion-mobility spectrometry KW - Mould detection PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3147-4 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 395 IS - 7 SP - 2313 EP - 2323 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-20082 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Lorek, A. A1 - Wernecke, R. T1 - HUMItrace-Sensorsystem mit neuartigen planaren Spurenfeuchtesensoren N2 - Es wird ein Sensorsystem (HUMItrace III) zur Spurenfeuchtebestimmung in der Prozessmesstechnik vorgestellt. Die Bestimmung der Spurenfeuchte erfolgt mit neuentwickelten planaren Sensoren (HUMItrace-Sensoren) nach dem coulometrischen Messprinzip im Frostpunkttemperaturbereich von -80 °C bis -30 °C mit der Kalibriereinrichtung THG11 durch Mischen von trockenen und befeuchteten Teilgasströmen kalibriert. Die Gasfeuchte von Luft kann in diesem Bereich mit den HUMItrace-Sensoren mit einer erweiterten Unsicherheit von 2 K bestimmt werden. Die Sensoren können aber auch zur Gasfeuchtemessung in Wasserstoff, Stickstoff und Distickstoffmonoxid eingesetzt werden. Eine weitere Kalibriereinrichtung, THG-P12, generiert Prüfgase nach der Permeationsmethode; sie kann in das HUMItrace III Sensorsystem implementiert und zur vor-Ort-Kalibrierung der HUMItrace-Sensoren nach dem Standardadditionsverfahren genutzt werden. T2 - Temperatur 2013 - Verfahren und Geräte in der Temperatur- und Feuchtemesstechnik CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.06.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 3-9810021-8-0 SP - 257 EP - 262 AN - OPUS4-28732 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Bartelmeß, Jürgen T1 - KonSens - Kommunizierende Sensorsysteme für die Bauteil- und Umweltüberwachung N2 - In the KonSens Project, sensor systems are developed, validated, and operated in form of functional models for the application areas Structure Integrated Sensors and Mobile Multi-gas Sensors. Key aspects are the detection and evaluation of corrosion processes in reinforced concrete structures as well as the detection and quantification of very low concentrations of toxic gases in air. The adaption of sensor principles from the lab into real-life application including appropriate communication techniques is a major task. In recent years, Structural Health Monitoring have gained in importance, since growing age of buildings and infrastructure as well as increasing load requirements demand for reliable surveillance methods. In this regard, the project follows two strategies: First, the development and implementation of completely embedded sensor systems consisting of RFID-tag and in situ sensors, and their further application potential (e.g. for precast concrete elements, roadways, wind power plants, and maritime structures). Secondly, the development of a long-term stable, miniaturized, fiber optic sensor for a ratiometric and referenced measurement of the pH-value in concrete based on fluorescence detection as an indicator for carbonation and corrosion. Environmental pollution through emission of toxic gases becomes an increasing problem not only in agriculture (e.g. biogas plants) and industry but also in urban areas. This leads to increasing demand to monitor environmental emissions as well as ambient air and industrial air components in many scenarios and in even lower concentrations than nowadays. The selectivity of luminescence-based sensors is enabled by the combination of the sensing dye and the material, which is used as accumulation medium for concentration of the analyte. This principle allows for developing gas sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity of defined substances. Additional benefits, particularly of fluorescence-based sensors, are their capability for miniaturization and potential multiplex mode. Objective is the development and implementation of sensors based on fluorescence detection for defined toxic gases (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, ozone, and benzene) with sensitivity in the low ppm or even ppb range. Additionally, the integration of such sensors in mobile sensor devices is addressed. T2 - Colloquium of Optical Spectrometry (COSP) 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.11.2017 KW - RFID sensors KW - Sensors in concrete KW - Gas sensors KW - Mobile sensors KW - Fluorescence sensors PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43183 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Banach, Ulrich ED - Rodriguez Mendez, M. T1 - Electronic Noses for the Quality Control of Spices N2 - The chapter describes the application of electronic noses (multigas sensors) for the quality control of spices and spice mixtures. Electronic noses were successfully applied for headspace analysis of spices. It was demonstrated in many investigations that electronic noses can contribute to the characterization of spices and spice mixtures in order to distinguish spices and spice mixtures, differentiate by origin, growth seasons,and processing,indicate adulteration from original, detect mold infestation. Electronic noses can be used as a fast screening method to provide information about the product quality. However, it needs samples and methods for reference, careful training, and complex calibration to consider influencing and disturbing effects as well as the possible limitations of the instrumentation. The correlation to classical chemical analysis methods is always advisable. Machined olfaction methods are capable to support the sensory analysis; however, they cannot yet substitute them. KW - Spice KW - Electronic Nose KW - Multigas sensor KW - Quality control PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-12-800243-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800243-8.00012-3 SP - Chapter 12, 115 EP - 124 PB - Academic Press CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-35443 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarif, Raduan A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Herglotz, Christian T1 - Early Response Prediction for H2 Sensors N2 - Green hydrogen (H2) is essential for the global transition to clean energy; it will significantly reduce emissions from heavy industry and the long-distance transport system. H2 can be used as fuel in fuel cells, storing surplus renewable energy, and as a feedstock in industrial processes. However, H2 faces significant safety challenges during storage and transportation. Accidents due to H2 leakage and explosions raise serious concerns due to its high flammability, rapid diffusion in air, and extremely low ignition energy. To mitigate risks associated with H2 leakages, reliable and automated H2 safety systems are essential for emergency repairs or shutdown. An early response from H2 sensors is crucial for early warning in accidents. The earlier response time of H2 sensors is often constrained by their sensor principle, which is heavily influenced by the sensor material’s properties. This study explores methods for earlier sensor response through predictive algorithms. Specifically, we investigate transient response predictions using a First-Order (FO) model and propose improvements through the First-Order with early response and the First-Order with adapted early response model. Both models can predict the stable value of the H2 sensor response from a small time window, which is 70.89% and 83.72% earlier, respectively, than the time required for the sensor hardware to reach it physically. The model’s performance is evaluated by calculating the fitting error with a 2 % threshold. Our current research lays the groundwork for future advancements in real-time sensor response predictions for hydrogen leakage. T2 - IARIA Congress 2025 : The 2025 IARIA Annual Congress on Frontiers in Science, Technology, Services, and Applications CY - Venice, Italy DA - 06.07.2025 KW - H2 Safety KW - H2 leakage detection KW - First-Order (FO) model KW - H2 Sensor data analysis KW - H2 sensor response predictions PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640676 UR - https://www.thinkmind.org/articles/iaria_congress_2025_1_250_50159.pdf SN - 978-1-68558-284-5 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IARIA Press CY - Wilmington AN - OPUS4-64067 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Banach, Ulrich A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Hübert, Thomas T1 - Multigas sensors for the quality control of spice mixtures N2 - Spices have an important impact on daily aliment. Changes of their quality resulting in far reaching consequences in different foodstuffs and imply financial losing and even health hazard. In this study it is demonstrated that application of two different portable multi gas sensors (electronic nose and ion mobility spectrometer) supported by multivariate data analysis can contribute to ensure quality control of spice mixtures and to find out product adulteration. Headspace above spice mixtures for sausages and saveloy and product counterfeitings was investigated by a metal oxide based electronic nose (e-nose of KAMINA-type). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of sensor resistivity data was performed for differentiation. Simultaneously an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) was coupled to the emission chamber for detection of gaseous components above spice mixtures. The measured spectra show differences between the two spice mixtures and were discussed using a principal component analysis (PCA). The two multigas sensors permit discrimination between the types of spice mixtures and can indicate product adulteration. Additionally, a headspace gas analysis by gas chromatography was performed to identify the main volatile components and to prove the chemical basis for the observed differences of the multi gas sensors. KW - Spice mixtures KW - Product adulteration KW - Electronic nose KW - Ion mobility spectrometer KW - Gas chromatography KW - Multivariate data analysis PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.015 SN - 0956-7135 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 23 EP - 27 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-25402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarif, Raduan A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Herglotz, Christian T1 - Analysis of Methods for Predicting H2 Sensor Responses N2 - Hydrogen (H2) is crucial for replacing fossil fuels and achieving net-zero emissions, but its flammability and explosiveness pose safety challenges. Rapid H2 leak detection is essential for triggering emergency accidents. However, H2 sensor response is constrained by material properties and gas flow dynamics, causing response and detection delays. Our current study explores various available algorithms for H2 sensor response prediction from early responses with a small time window, accelerating leakage detection. Our findings identify the most efficient algorithms for real-time implementation, enhancing H2 safety systems. T2 - SMSI 2025 2025-05-06 - 2025-05-08 Nürnberg CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 06.05.2025 KW - H2 safety KW - Early H2 leakage detection KW - Prediction algorithms KW - Stable H2 value prediction PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640617 SN - 978-3-910600-06-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2025/C6.3 SP - 169 EP - 170 PB - AMA Verband für Sensorik und Messtechnik e.V. CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-64061 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Bayat, Mehmet E. A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Identifizierung und Bewertung von Einflussgrößen bei der Sprengstoffspuren-detektion durch Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie N2 - IMS trägt zur Luftfrachtsicherheit bei Luftsicherheitsgesetze verpflichten Luftsicherheitsbehörden, Flughafenbetreiber und Fluggesellschaften umfassende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen auf den Flughäfen zu ergreifen, um Gefahren z. B. durch potenziell gefährliche Frachtgüter zu erkennen. Von der Europäische Zivilluftfahrt-Konferenz (ECAC) zertifizierte IMS-Geräte werden vor Ort an den Kontrollpunkten orthogonal zur Radiologie eingesetzt, um chemische Informationen von verdächtiger Fracht über Gefahrstoffe wie Sprengstoffe oder Drogen vor dem Verladen zu erhalten. Vor der Detektion von Sprengstoffen beginnt die Untersuchung eines verdächtigen Objekts mit der Probenahme mittels Wischprobensammlern. Eine Luftsicherheitskontrollkraft wischt dabei Oberflächen des Objekts mit einem Probensammler ab, um Partikel von Gefahrstoffen zu sammeln. Der beladene Probensammler wird anschließend in einen Probeneinlass eingeführt. Nach thermischer Desorption der gesammelten Stoffe erhält der Bediener (z. B. Luftsicherheitskontrollkraft) ein boolesches Ergebnis - "Alarm" oder "Kein Alarm". Verfahren und Ergebnisse In dieser Studie wurden drei Verfahren mit vier ECAC-zertifizierten ETD-Geräten zur Identifizierung und Beurteilung der Probenahme (PN) entwickelt: I) direkte PN durch lösemittelbasierten Auftrag einer bekannten Sprengstoffmenge auf einem Probensammler, II) Auftrag einer bekannten Menge eines gelösten Sprengstoffs auf einem 10 cm × 10 cm Substrat (Aluminium, Papier, Eisen und Polyvinylchlorid) und manuelle PN nach Lösemittelverdampfung, III) lösemittelbasierter Sprengstoffauftrag auf eine PTFE- oder PTFE-beschichtete Glasfaseroberfläche, nach Lösemittelverdunstung trockene Übertragung auf das zu beprobende Substrat zur PN. Der Zusammenhang zwischen vorgelegter Sprengstoffmenge und der Detektionswahrscheinlichkeit (POD) erfolgt durch Anwendung des binären Regressionsverfahrens mit einer Logit-Funktion: POD=1/(1+exp⁡(-A(m-B)) )·100% Dabei entspricht m der vorgelegten Sprengstoffmasse bis 1000 ng, Parameter A / ng-1 der logistischen Wachstumsrate der Kurve und Parameter B / ng dem m-Wert des Mittelpunktes des Sigmoids. Die Bestimmung der Parameter wurde nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate berechnet. Das entwickelte Messunsicherheitsmodell kombiniert quantitative Ergebnisse aus Stammlösung und deren Verdünnungen sowie Stoffauftrag und qualitative Ergebnisse nach Anzeige "Alarm" oder "Kein Alarm". Dieses Auswerteverfahren wurde auf die Probenahme angewandt. Identifizierte Unsicherheitsursachen sind die Durchführung der Wischprobenahme, Staub, Lösemitteleffekte und die Unsicherheit bei der Herstellung von Testlösungen. T2 - 8. Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie (IMS)-Anwendertreffen CY - Online meeting DA - 17.03.2021 KW - IMS KW - Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie KW - Ion mobility spectrometry KW - Sprengstoffspurendetektion KW - Luftfrachtsicherheit PY - 2021 UR - https://www.uni-potsdam.de/de/ims2021/tagungsprogramm AN - OPUS4-52474 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaad, C. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Groth, Katrina M. T1 - A Framework for Transforming Process Control System Data from a Hydrogen Fueling Station into HyCReD Data N2 - Reliability data for hydrogen infrastructure components is essential for developing Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for these technologies, which in turn is necessary for a safer deployment and expansion of the hydrogen market. However, there is currently a lack of hydrogen component reliability data available for these systems, thus limiting the usefulness of insights obtained from these QRA. The Hydrogen Component Reliability Database (HyCReD) has been proposed as a tool for reliability data collection and as a source for future QRAs. In this paper, we develop a digital tool that automatically processes data coming from Process Control System (PCS) in a hydrogen fueling station, detects the relevant failure events for hydrogen systems during its operation, and then logs the event information into HyCReD. To build this tool, we first categorized the station components in hydrogen service, their specific failure modes, and the specific failure mechanisms that are relevant to a QRA. Then, we identified the data available in the station PCS and the methods available for diagnosing the relevant failure events. The resulting tool is divided into three steps: (1) PCS data collection through an API, (2) data analysis for the detection and diagnosis of new failure events, and (3) logging that event into HyCReD. Finally, we discuss the potential for expanding the detection and diagnosis to more complex failure modes present in a hydrogen fueling station. This digital tool is set for implementation and validation on an experimental hydrogen fueling site. The goal for this digital tool is to be applicable to every kind of hydrogen fueling station and to be extendable to similar hydrogen technologies. T2 - 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL2025) and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference (SRA-E 2025) CY - Stavanger, Norway DA - 15.06.2025 KW - Reliability data KW - Hydrogen safety KW - HyCReD KW - Hydrogen Component Reliability Database KW - Hydrogen fueling station KW - Hydrogen refuelling station KW - HRS PY - 2025 UR - https://rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/esrel-sra-e2025/html/ESREL-SRA-E2025-P6264.html SN - 978-981-94-3281-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3-procd SP - 2663 EP - 2670 PB - Research Publishing CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-63532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zunkel, Astrid A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Schlischka, Jörg T1 - “Stolt Rotterdam” - The sinking of an acid freighter N2 - The Stolt Rotterdam tanker ship, filled with nitric acid, was unloading at the Krefeld-Uerdingen terminal on the Rhine River in November 2001. Nitric acid ran out of the stainless steel tanks into the ship's hull and damaged the structural steel. The ship then caught fire and sank at the terminal. Large quantities of nitrogen oxides were emitted, which drifted towards a residential area. Additionally, a mixture of acid and water was introduced into the Rhine River. The area became hazardous to people and the natural environment; however, the imminent danger for the residents and the environment was reduced because of the protective measures against pollution and the good teamwork between local authorities, fire brigades and the Bayer AG company. The acid was drained off of the ship using a controlled discharge of the acid into the river. Through the use of this measure, the ship was salvaged, limiting the pollution to the area and removing the health hazards to the people and the environment. After the ship was salvaged, the river police, along with assistance from the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, impounded the ship and selected corroded parts for further examination. Some of these components have been examined in detail by the BAM. These material investigations contributed to the elucidation of the origin of the leak in the floor panel. The cause of damage was deemed to be a result of a construction flaw at the enamelled valve on the load and discharge pipes. The results from the comparative corrosion testing using the original structural steel and 60% acid revealed that the valves began to leak at least 8 h prior to the incident at the terminal. KW - Freighter KW - Nitric acid KW - Corrosion KW - Valve KW - Flat gasket PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.03.002 SN - 1350-6307 SN - 1873-1961 VL - 43 IS - Special Issue 'A Tribute to Prof. A. Martens' SP - 221 EP - 231 PB - Elsevier Science Publ. CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-31596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moufid, M. A1 - Bouchikhi, B. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - El Bari, N. T1 - Assessment of outdoor odor emissions from polluted sites using simultaneous thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS), electronic nose in conjunction with advanced multivariate statistical approaches N2 - Poor air quality, particularly in urban areas, causes various diseases and degrades living standards. Air Quality could be affected by emissions of odor, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and other gases. Therefore, assessment and monitoring of odorous air quality using sensitive, simple, rapid, accurate and portable tools is very important for public health. This study aimed to characterize odor emissions to detect malfunctions in facilities and to prevent air pollution and olfactory nuisance in the environment. A gas chromatographic method, in conjunction with sensorial analysis were performed for odorous air samples analysis collected from neighborhood of Meknes city (Morocco). Advanced multivariate statistical approaches, such as Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), were used to describe samples similarities. The electronic nose (e-nose) data processing exhibits a satisfactory discrimination between the odorous air samples. Twenty-four VOCs with known molecular formulas were identified with Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). A validated Partial Least Square (PLS) model foresees good calibration between e-nose measurement and TD-GCMS analysis. The finding indicates that TD-GC–MS approach in conjunction with e-nose unit could be suitable tool for environmental measurement-based odor emissions. KW - Electronic nose KW - TD-GC-MS KW - PLS regression KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Outdoor odor emissions PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118449 SN - 1352-2310 VL - 256 SP - 118449 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52626 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Hydrogen sensing - Sensors for safety and process control in Hydrogentechnologies N2 - The success of this energy transition and the efficient utilization of green hydrogen as a pristine energy carrier hinge upon the cultivation of hydrogen readiness, swift market expansion, and the establishment of crucial value chains within national and European contexts. Paramount to these objectives are reliable quality and safety standards, essential for ensuring supply safety, environmental compatibility, and instilling confidence in these technologies. In the realm of safety management systems, gas sensors emerge as vital components for detecting hydrogen. This presentation delves into the imperative role of hydrogen systems, emphasizing their capability to monitor and control operations, issue warnings, signal hazardous conditions, and sound alarms. It explores the intricate landscape of functional safety considerations and addresses the challenges associated with measurement uncertainty in sensor testing. A diverse array of sensors catering to hydrogen, pressure, temperature, and flow are available, each contributing significantly to the safety and efficiency of hydrogen technologies. Applications are envisaged to adhere meticulously to quality infrastructural regulations, codes, and standards, ensuring seamless integration and operation within the broader hydrogen ecosystem. This discussion underscores the ubiquitous presence of sensor systems across various fields within hydrogen technologies, illustrating their multifaceted contributions to safety, reliability, and overall success in realizing the transformative potential of green hydrogen. T2 - Summer School 2023 Characterization of micro- and nano-materials at BTU Cottbus CY - Cottbus, Germany DA - 11.09.2023 KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - Hydrogen KW - Sensor KW - Gas detection KW - Process control KW - Safety KW - Sensor testing PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59227 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Dessel, S. T1 - Prüfanweisung für Gassensoren N2 - Viele Sensoren sind auf dem Markt, die flüchtige organische Substanzen im Innenraum nicht nur messen, sondern gleichzeitig auch die Luftgüte bewerten. Damit diese Sensoren gute und vergleichbare Daten liefern, erarbeitet ein Fachausschuss der VDI/VDE-Gesellschaft Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik (GMA) eine neue VDI-Richtlinie. KW - VOC KW - Gassensor KW - Innenraumluft KW - IAQ KW - Richtlinie KW - Gasmesssystem PY - 2021 VL - 51 IS - 03-04 SP - 41 EP - 42 AN - OPUS4-52445 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Qualitätskontrolle von Gewürzen mittels Ionen-Mobilitäts-Spektrometrie (IMS) T2 - 5. Anwendertreffen Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie CY - Essen, Germany DA - 2014-03-25 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30178 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Detjens, Marc A1 - Fechner, A. A1 - Sielemann, S. A1 - Lorek, A. A1 - Wernecke, R. A1 - Stoltenberg, H. T1 - Development of a device for staged determination of water activity and moisture content N2 - Moisture content and water activity are important parameters for quality characterization of products like bulk materials, powders, granules. Thus, an exact determination is necessarily required in a wide range of industrial applications. Moisture of materials is the content of non-chemically bound water in a solid or liquid. Water activity (aW) is a characteristic/parameter of the non-chemically bound ("free") water in materials and is measured as humidity over a solid/liquid surface at constant temperature (equilibrium moisture content). It is an important parameter to characterize the quality of e. g. pharmaceutical and food products. In our contribution, we present the developed MOISHUM device for staged determination of water activity and moisture content of liquid and solid materials. T2 - Eurosensors 2018 CY - Graz, Austria DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Water activity KW - Moisture KW - Coulometric humidity sensor KW - MOISHUM PY - 2018 SN - 2504-3900 SP - 7253, 1 EP - 4 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-46210 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Bartelmeß, Jürgen T1 - Adaptable multi-sensor device for gas detection N2 - Innovation is the catalyst for the technology of the future. It is important to develop new and better technologies that can continuously monitor the environmental impact, e.g., for air quality control or emission detection. In the recently at BAM developed Universal Pump Sensor Control (UPSC3) module, different components and sensors are fused. The combination of the individual components makes the UPSC3 module an excellent monitoring and reference system for the development and characterization of gas specific sensors. Measurements over long periods are possible, for mixed gas loads or for certain gas measurements. The system is part of a mobile sensor network of several sensor units, which can also be used as standalone systems. The motivation and objective of this research is to develop gas sensors based on fluorescence detection with range of ppm / ppb. For this task a reference system is required, which contains volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors for reference data from different scenarios. The integrated multi-sensor unit can measure different gases through the integrated 3-fold VOC sensor, which can be adapted to the addressed scenario. . The system-integrated flow control, with pump and flow sensor, allows the gas molecules to be transported directly to the VOC sensor. The entire measurement is permanently stored on an integrated memory card. If the previously determined limit range is exceeded, an alarm is generated. The system is an important tool towards further developments in the field of gas sensors and is primarily used for the validation of chemically based gas sensors. T2 - Colloquium of Optical Spectrometry (COSP) 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.11.2017 KW - Gas detection KW - Multi sensor device KW - Pump control KW - VOC PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43193 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Detjens, Marc A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Banach, Ulrich A1 - Ritter, U. T1 - Ionische Flüssigkeiten als neuartige Sensorbeschichtung für coulometrische Spurenfeuchtesensoren N2 - Die Arbeit präsentiert erste Messungen mit coulometrischen Sensoren, die mit einer ionischen Flüssigkeit beschichtet sind. Diese Sensoren werden in der Industrie verwendet, um die Spurenfeuchte in unterschiedlichen Gasen zu messen. Normalerweise erfolgt eine Beschichtung der Sensoren mit Phosphorpentoxid und dessen Hydrolyseprodukte. In dieser Arbeit wurde stattdessen eine hygroskopische ionische Flüssigkeit benutzt. Die generierte Gasfeuchte für die Untersuchungen betrug bezogen auf die Frostpunkttemperatur -80 °C bis -30 °C, was gleichbedeutend mit einem Wasserdampf-Stoffmengenanteil von 0,5 μmol·mol-1 bis 376 μmol·mol-1 ist. Zusätzlich zu der Messung mit coulometrischen Sensoren erfolgte eine Referenzmessung der Gasfeuchte mittels eines Taupunkthygrometers. Erste Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass es möglich ist mit dieser Art der Beschichtung unterschiedliche Gasfeuchten zu messen. Aber es ergaben sich trotz gleicher Feuchte unterschiedliche Signalintensitäten bei den benutzen Sensoren und es zeigte sich eine Drift des Sensorsignales. T2 - Sensoren und Messsysteme CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 26.06.2018 KW - Spurenfeuchtemessung KW - Sensorbeschichtung KW - Elektrolyseverfahren KW - Ionische Flüssigkeiten PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-8007-4683-5 SN - 0932-6022 SP - 520 EP - 523 PB - VDE VERLAG GMBH CY - Berlin, Offenbach AN - OPUS4-45319 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Moufid, M. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - El Bari, N. A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Bouchikhi, B. T1 - Combining of TD-GC-MS and home developed electronic nose for road traffic air monitoring N2 - In this work, we demonstrate the ability of an electronic nose system based on an array of six-semiconductor gas sensors for outdoor air quality monitoring over a day at a traffic road in downtown of Meknes city (Morocco). The response of the sensor array reaches its maximum in the evening of the investigated day which may due to high vehicular traffic or/and human habits resulting in elevated concentrations of pollutants. Dataset treatment by Principal Component Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis shows a good discrimination between samples collected at different times of the day. Moreover, Support Vector Machines were used and reached a classification success rate of 97.5 %. Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) technique was used to validate the developed e-nose system by identifying the composition of the analyzed air samples. The discrimination obtained by e-nose system was in good agreement with the TD-GC-MS results. This study demonstrates the usefulness of TD-GC-MS and e-nose, providing high accuracy in discriminating outdoor air samples collected at different times. This demonstrates the potential of using the e-nose as a rapid, easy to use and inexpensive environmental monitoring system. T2 - 2021 IEEE International Conference on Design & Test of Integrated Micro & Nano-Systems (DTS) CY - Sfax, Tunisia DA - 07.06.2021 KW - GC-MS KW - Electronic nose KW - Gas sensors KW - Urban air monitoring PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/DTS52014.2021.9498110 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-54401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Baensch, Franziska A1 - Sturm, Patrick A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Pötschke, Samuel A1 - Lay, Vera ED - Holl, H. T1 - HF RFID-based measurement comparison for method optimization in M2 concrete and alkali-activated mortars N2 - Monitoring of repositories for radioactive waste requires techniques which can be applied long-term under harsh conditions. In this work, the reliability and suitability of materials and a capacitive sensor for measuring relative humidity are investigated, which are to be embedded in the special concrete components for the closure structures of underground repository. Preliminary tests with accelerated aging of the materials used, validation of the sensors under difficult conditions, investigations of the surfaces after aging by pH 14 solution, defined exposure of the sensors in a climatic chamber and the microscope images are discussed. The results will be used for further development and optimization of the RFID based sensor systems which can be applied to monitor the condition of different building structures without cabling. T2 - 37th Danubia - Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Linz, Austria DA - 21.09.2021 KW - Alkali-activated mortars KW - Passive sensor interface KW - RFID KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Smart structures PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.465 SN - 2214-7853 VL - 62 IS - 5 SP - 2571 EP - 2576 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-54697 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarif, Raduan A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Herglotz, Christian T1 - Early Response Prediction for H2 Sensors N2 - Green hydrogen (H2) is essential for the global transition to clean energy; it will significantly reduce emissions from heavy industry and the long-distance transport system. H2 can be used as fuel in fuel cells, storing surplus renewable energy, and as a feedstock in industrial processes. However, H2 faces significant safety challenges during storage and transportation. Accidents due to H2 leakage and explosions raise serious concerns due to its high flammability, rapid diffusion in air, and extremely low ignition energy. To mitigate risks associated with H2 leakages, reliable and automated H2 safety systems are essential for emergency repairs or shutdown. An early response from H2 sensors is crucial for early warning in accidents. The earlier response time of H2 sensors is often constrained by their sensor principle, which is heavily influenced by the sensor material’s properties. This study explores methods for earlier sensor response through predictive algorithms. Specifically, we investigate transient response predictions using a First-Order (FO) model and propose improvements through the First-Order with early response and the First-Order with adapted early response model. Both models can predict the stable value of the H2 sensor response from a small time window, which is 70.89% and 83.72% earlier, respectively, than the time required for the sensor hardware to reach it physically. The model’s performance is evaluated by calculating the fitting error with a 2 % threshold. Our current research lays the groundwork for future advancements in real-time sensor response predictions for hydrogen leakage. T2 - IARIA Congress 2025 : The 2025 IARIA Annual Congress on Frontiers in Science, Technology, Services, and Applications CY - Venice, Italy DA - 06.07.2025 KW - H2 Safety KW - H2 leakage detection KW - First-Order (FO) model KW - H2 Sensor data analysis KW - H2 sensor response predictions PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64195 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -