TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bruchno, Martin A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Release of Powdery or Granular Substances from Intact Dangerous Goods Bags During Road Transport - Analysis of the Causes and Development of a Test Concept N2 - Abstract: The leaks of dangerous goods from actually intact bags detected in the years 2018 to 2020 tend to be at an almost constant high level. These releases of powdery or granular dangerous goods represent violations of the sift-proofness required in the dangerous goods regulations. This article first analyzes the causes. The components of the bags that are affected by leaks are micro-perforations, joins and closures, in particular internal sleeve valves. A distinction must be made between bags closed in conformity with or contrary to the manufacturer's instructions. The particle release is determined by a number of influencing factors of the filling substance, the packaging and other boundary conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive test concept is developed in this work, which takes all these factors into account. The application of this test concept facilitates the planning of the test setup and the experiments. On this basis, the complex mechanisms involved in the release of solid substances can be systematically investigated in the test laboratory. To prevent releases of powdery or granular substances from intact bags, it is necessary that the user has access to the closing instructions and the relevant properties of the test substance used for the design type approval. Further experimental investigations are needed to assess whether filling substances change their properties during transport and whether this enables them to escape. T2 - IAPRI Member Conference 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2021 KW - Bags KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Sift-proofness KW - Particles KW - Leak PY - 2021 UR - https://whova.io/email/click/d11d7d6cf1c84dfdc8c12349468fe91c/c9af5bcf002312cff80d9b962d1014e4/ SN - 978-1-63821-160-0 SP - 390 EP - 405 PB - IAPRI CY - East Lansing, Michigan, USA AN - OPUS4-52786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bruchno, Martin A1 - Thomas, Goedecke T1 - Release of Powdery or Granular Substances from Intact Dangerous Goods Bags During Road Transport - Analysis of the Causes and Development of a Test Concept N2 - The leaks of dangerous goods from actually intact bags detected in the years 2018 to 2020 tend to be at an almost constant high level. These releases of powdery or granular dangerous goods represent violations of the sift-proofness required in the dangerous goods regulations. This article first analyzes the causes. The components of the bags that are affected by leaks are micro-perforations, joins and closures, in particular internal sleeve valves. A distinction must be made between bags closed in conformity with or contrary to the manufacturer's instructions. The particle release is determined by a number of influencing factors of the filling substance, the packaging and other boundary conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive test concept is developed in this work, which takes all these factors into account. The application of this test concept facilitates the planning of the test setup and the experiments. On this basis, the complex mechanisms involved in the release of solid substances can be systematically investigated in the test laboratory. To prevent releases of powdery or granular substances from intact bags, it is necessary that the user has access to the closing instructions and the relevant properties of the test substance used for the design type approval. Further experimental investigations are needed to assess whether filling substances change their properties during transport and whether this enables them to escape. KW - Bags KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Leak KW - Particles KW - Sift-proofness PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527287 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 435 EP - 446 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-52728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Seidler, Oliver A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Helium leak testing of dangerous goods packagings N2 - The International Dangerous Goods Regulations prescribe the immersion under water method (“bubble test”) as standard method for the leakproofness test of dangerous goods packagings. But this test procedure acts as a test method for leak localisation, not for quantitative leakage rates measurement. Additionally, the sensitivity in detecting leaks of small diameters is restricted, depending on the test liquid and the test pressure. The bubble test is not suitable for a comparison with quantitative limit leakage rates based on realistic transport conditions. This is especially important when estimating the risk of the formation of an explosive atmosphere during the intercontinental carriage of dangerous goods packagings in freight containers. To compare measured leakage rates with limit leakage rates, a quantitative leak testing procedure is required. Therefore a new approach for dangerous goods packagings is implemented: The pressure technique by accumulation using Helium as a tracer gas. This work presents the test equipment necessary for the quantitative measurement of Helium leakage rates through closures of different kinds of dangerous goods packagings. The essential steps to achieve good repeatable results are: A controlled Helium filling process to reach a defined test pressure in the test sample, a sufficient homogenisation of the Helium-air-mixture inside the test sample and the ensuring of a constant pressure level of the test sample during the test. The Helium loss rate of the accumulation chamber has to be measured separately to receive a correction factor for the measured leakage rates. Different constructional measures are introduced to prevent a disturbing influence of the Helium leakage rate of the filling valves on the measurement results. Methods to estimate the disturbing effect of Helium permeation through permeable parts of the test sample are also presented. As a supporting method for the experimental investigations the Helium sniffer test can be applied. This practical application-oriented advice can enable other users to establish a pressure technique by accumulation for their own technical field. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Überdruckverfahren KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Dichtheit KW - Helium KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Leakproofness KW - Helium KW - Pressure technique PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-371376 UR - http://ndt.net/?id=19785 SN - 1435-4934 VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-37137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - A general overview of the UN testing of packagings N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the testing of packagings according to the UN-Recommendations. After an introduction of the worldwide recommendations and the European regulations some packaging tests are presented. Examples of the current work of the UN Subcommittee on packaging testing and some on going research on packaging tests are presented. T2 - ISTA TransPack Forum 2016 CY - Orlando, USA DA - 21.03.2016 KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - UN recommendations KW - Transport PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36897 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bethke, John A1 - Jahnke, Wolfgang A1 - Drousch, Björn A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Maximum gauge pressure in dangerous goods packagings under normal conditions of carriage - comparison of direct measurement and calculation N2 - The objective of this work was to determine the maximum gauge pressure in the vapour phase above the liquid in different design types of dangerous goods packagings under normal conditions of carriage. The design types investigated were steel and plastic packagings with a volume of approximately 6 l. Two different methods were applied. In method 1, the pressure inside the packaging filled with a certain filling substance (dichloromethane) was directly measured under simulated conditions of carriage (degree of filling: 90%; filling temperature: 15°C; temperature during storage: 31°C). The maximum measured gauge pressures were between 89 mbar for a light plastic jerrican and 336 mbar for a steel drum. In method 2, the gauge pressure was calculated. The consideration of a rigid packaging combined with the assumption of a vapour pressure of zero during filling and sealing can serve as a worst case scenario. The calculated gauge pressure is approximately 1061 mbar. This procedure leads to the highest safety factor and does not require any experimental investigations. For a more realistic approximation of the gauge pressure of a non-rigid packaging, a packaging-specific function of relative expansion can be used, which is determined by a hydraulic pressure test. The calculated values ranged from 105 to 347 mbar. Method 2 provides conservative results. No hazardous filling substance is needed, and it allows a prediction of gauge pressure for other temperatures, substances and filling degrees. Therefore, this method could serve as alternative to UN Model Regulations 6.1.5.5.4 (a). KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Gauge pressure KW - Overpressure KW - Relative expansion KW - Data loggers KW - Normal conditions of carriage KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Überdruck KW - Relative Ausdehnung KW - Datenlogger KW - Normale Beförderungsbedingungen PY - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2111 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 437 EP - 460 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-33108 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Sift-proofness of Dangerous Goods Packagings - An Incompletely Defined Requirement N2 - Sift-proofness is a requirement for different types of dangerous goods packagings for solid substances according to the international Dangerous Goods Regulations. In these regulations, a sift-proof packaging is defined as a packaging that is completely impermeable to dry contents. This means indirectly that absolutely no mass transport of solid substances is allowed. Moreover, this requirement applies both to the original filling substance and to fine solid material generated during transport. Further specifications, test conditions or tolerable limit values are not given. This is in contrast to physical principles and the usual practice in other fields of technology in which sift-proofness is relevant. This paper shows the necessary steps for how the requirements for sift-proofness of dangerous goods packagings can be defined more precisely. Physical basics of the term ‘sift-proofness’ are explained. A qualitative as well as a quantitative approach is possible. In any case, it is essential to carry out appropriate vibration tests to assess the siftproofness. There is a need for systematical investigations of the sift-proofness of dangerous goods packagings. KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Sift-proofness KW - Leak proofness KW - Dust KW - Particles PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2307 SN - 0894-3214 SN - 1099-1522 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 235 EP - 245 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. AN - OPUS4-44763 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Seidler, Oliver A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Measurement of helium leakage rates through closures of dangerous goods packagings for the assessment of potentially explosive mixtures in freight containers N2 - The objective was to find out whether an explosive atmosphere can be created in a freight container by gaseous leakage flow of vapour-air-mixture through leaks in the closures of dangerous goods packagings filled with hazardous liquids. Because of high temperatures during intercontinental carriage, there is a gauge pressure in the free vapour phase inside the packagings which can cause a gaseous leakage flow. Two different methods were applied: Helium limit leakage rates for 23 quantitatively important hazardous liquids concerning their lower explosion limit (LEL) were calculated for a worst case transport scenario (Method 1). Helium leakage rates of five closure types of dangerous goods packagings with volumes of approximately 6 l were measured using the pressure technique by accumulation (Method 2). All types of closures of steel packagings were uncritical. The maximum measured leakage was 33% of the limit leakage rate. The leakage rates of screw closures of plastic jerricans can exceed the LEL if there are production-related patterns such as non-concentricity of the closures and flashes on the neck. Especially for plastic packagings it is important to minimize gaseous leakage flow, because an explosive atmosphere can also be reached by permeation of the individual filling substance or by a combination of both effects. For the assessment of potentially explosive mixtures in freight containers, both mass transfer mechanisms have to be taken into account. KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Dichtheit KW - Leckagerate KW - Überdruck KW - Frachtcontainer KW - Untere Explosionsgrenze KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Leakproofness KW - Leakage rate KW - Gauge pressure KW - Leak testing KW - Lower explosion limit PY - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2151 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 28 IS - 11 SP - 959 EP - 985 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-34967 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Industrial leak testing of dangerous goods packagings N2 - The Dangerous Goods Regulations currently do not include limit leakage rates orsensitivity requirements for industrial leak testing procedures that are equivalent tothe bubble test, which is the prescribed test method for design type testing ofdangerous goods packagings. During series production of such packagings, variousmethods are used, which often do not meet the requirements of the bubble test withregard to important criteria.Sensitivity, flow direction, pressure level and automatability are particularly importantfactors when selecting a suitable industrial leak testing method.The following methods are in principle both suitable and equally effective as thebubble test: pressure rise test (vacuum chamber), ultrasonic bubble leak detectionand gas detection methods (pressure technique by accumulation and vacuumchamber technique).To ensure a uniform test level during design type testing and production line leaktesting and therefore a comparable safety level as required by the Dangerous GoodsRegulations, it is necessary to include a more precise specification in these regula-tions. This requires, on the one hand, information about the sensitivity of the bubbletest and, on the other hand, the inclusion of a list of suitable, equally effective indus-trial test methods with their specific boundary conditions. T2 - 22nd IAPRI World Packaging CY - Online meeting KW - Bubble test KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Industrial leak testing KW - Leakproofness test KW - Series production PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507521 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Eiben, Mario A1 - Drousch, Björn A1 - Heinrich, Annika A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Influence of the length of the internal sleeve valve on the release of powdery substances from the closures of valved bags for dangerous goods N2 - In practice, checks on dangerous goods transports often detect leaks of powdered dangerous goods from valved bags. In this work, the influence factors of a sudden release of powdery substances from the valves of valved bags were investigated. Drop tests were performed on paper bags of UN design type 5M2 with internal sleeve valve using 2 different powdery substances (Esplas H130 and zinc oxide “Rotsiegel”). The internal sleeve valves of all test samples were not sift‐proof with respect to both filling substances. For almost all test samples, the Esplas H130 powder already leaked out of pasted joints during manual filling. This is a contradiction to the requirement in UN 6.1.4.18.1, according to which closures and joints of paper bags 5M2 should be sift‐proof. In the drop tests, longer valve lengths had a greater sealing effect for both filling substances (for filling degrees of at least 95% and for test samples which had already been mechanically loaded). As an extreme example, at the drop height of 1.20 m and a filling degree of 100%, the released amount of zinc oxide powder from a 10‐cm‐long valve was about 16 times higher than from a valve length of 12.5 cm. The valve length is therefore a safety‐relevant parameter and should be specified by the manufacturer. To ensure that only filling goods with similar physical properties in comparison with the test substance are used for valved bags, the user must be informed of the particle size of the test substance. KW - Sacks KW - Bags KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Sift-proofness PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2377 SN - 0894-3214 SN - 1099-1522 VL - 31 IS - 8 SP - 532 EP - 544 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. AN - OPUS4-45835 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Leakproofness of dangerous goods packagings - comparison of worst-case limit leakage rates and sensitivity of the bubble test N2 - This work focuses on the question if the bubble test prescribed in the Dangerous Goods Regulations has sufficient sensitivity to detect leakage rates, which could result in the formation of explosive atmospheres during transport. The sensitivity of the bubble test is not directly comparable with other leak testing methods because of its different flow conditions. Therefore, a normalized minimum detectable leakage rate under Helium test conditions is calculated for the bubble test. This sensitivity of the bubble test under reference conditions is compared with limit leakage rates for a worst‐case transport scenario. The sensitivity of the bubble test is not sufficient to prove the limit leakage rates for 6‐L packagings. The formation of explosive vapour‐air‐mixtures cannot be excluded. Therefore, more sensitive leak testing methods should be considered for smaller packaging design types. KW - Bubble test KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Explosive atmosphere KW - Leakproofness KW - Limit leakage rates PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2435 VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 279 EP - 285 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-47998 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eiben, Mario A1 - Schmidt, Anita A1 - Menrad, Andreas A1 - Jahnke, Wolfgang A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Validation of an alternative method for testing the chemical compatibility of liquids with polyethylene packagings for dangerous goods N2 - Safety risks may ensue when the chemicals contained in polyethylene packagingsa age and damage them. To prevent subsequent accidents, the European Dangerous Goods Regulations have laid down requirements for testing the chemical compatibility of liquid dangerous goods transported in polyethylene packagings. The test procedures include 6 months in which the chemical is prestored in the packaging. After this time, the respective design-type tests are performed. Alternative methods with so-called standard liquids, simulating the different types of damaging effects, are also possible. If a packaging has successfully passed the design type tests with a standard liquid, other dangerous goods may also be transported in this packaging, as long as it is demonstrated that they have a less damaging effect than the standard liquid. However, in this area there is only little information and research available. A new potentially effective and time-saving method for comparing the stress crack damaging influence of liquids with standard liquids was proposed by a major German chemical company. The validation of this method, which was carried out on two polyethylene materials, showed the general applicability of the method. Two kinds of wetting solutions were applied to simulate cracking under stress. The influence of prestorage, test temperatures, wetting agents and material was examined. FEM calculations were carried out to ascertain the influence of the sample shape. KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Chemical compatibility testing KW - HDPE KW - Environmental stress cracking KW - ESCR PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.1989 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 26 IS - 7 SP - 385 EP - 398 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-29400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -