TY - JOUR A1 - Würth, Christian A1 - Geißler, Daniel A1 - Behnke, Thomas A1 - Kaiser, Martin A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Critical review of the determination of photoluminescence quantum yields of luminescent reporters N2 - A crucial variable for methodical performance evaluation and comparison of luminescent reporters is the photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ pl). This quantity, defined as the number of emitted photons per number of absorbed photons, is the direct measure of the efficiency of the conversion of absorbed photons into emitted light for small organic dyes, fluorescent proteins, metal–ligand complexes, metal clusters, polymeric nanoparticles, and semiconductor and up-conversion nanocrystals. Φ pl determines the sensitivity for the detection of a specific analyte from the chromophore perspective, together with its molar-absorption coefficient at the excitation wavelength. In this review we discuss different optical and photothermal methods for measuring Φ pl of transparent and scattering systems for the most common classes of luminescent reporters, and critically evaluate their potential and limitations. In addition, reporter-specific effects and sources of uncertainty are addressed. The ultimate objective is to provide users of fluorescence techniques with validated tools for the determination of Φ pl, including a series of Φ pl standards for the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions, and to enable better judgment of the reliability of literature data. KW - Fluorescence KW - Photoluminescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Organic dye KW - Nanoparticle KW - Quantum dot KW - Up-conversion nanocrystal KW - Optical probe KW - Standard KW - Quality assurance KW - Integrating sphere spectroscopy KW - Photoacoustic spectroscopy KW - Thermal lensing KW - Nanocavity PY - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8130-z SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 407 IS - 1 SP - 59 EP - 78 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-32406 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -