TY - JOUR A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Bremser, Wolfram A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Spieles, Monika A1 - Hoffmann, Angelika A1 - DeRose, P.C. A1 - Zwinkels, J. C. A1 - Gauthier, F. A1 - Ebert, B. A1 - Taubert, D. A1 - Monte, C. A1 - Voigt, J. A1 - Hollandt, J. A1 - Macdonald, R. T1 - State-of-the art comparability of corrected emission spectra. 1. spectral correction with physical transfer standards and spectral fluorescence standards by expert laboratories N2 - The development of fluorescence applications in the life and material sciences has proceeded largely without sufficient concern for the measurement uncertainties related to the characterization of fluorescence instruments. In this first part of a two-part series on the state-of-the-art comparability of corrected emission spectra, four National Metrology Institutes active in high-precision steady-state fluorometry performed a first comparison of fluorescence measurement capabilities by evaluating physical transfer standard (PTS)-based and reference material (RM)-based calibration methods. To identify achievable comparability and sources of error in instrument calibration, the emission spectra of three test dyes in the wavelength region from 300 to 770 nm were corrected and compared using both calibration methods. The results, obtained for typical spectrofluorometric (0°/90° transmitting) and colorimetric (45°/0° front-face) measurement geometries, demonstrated a comparability of corrected emission spectra within a relative standard uncertainty of 4.2% for PTS- and 2.4% for RM-based spectral correction when measurements and calibrations were performed under identical conditions. Moreover, the emission spectra of RMs F001 to F005, certified by BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, were confirmed. These RMs were subsequently used for the assessment of the comparability of RM-based corrected emission spectra of field laboratories using common commercial spectrofluorometers and routine measurement conditions in part 2 of this series (subsequent paper in this issue). KW - Fluorescence KW - Photoluminescence KW - Dye KW - Uncertainty KW - Method comparison KW - Standard KW - Method comparison KW - Spectral correction KW - Spectral fluorescence standard PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac2034503 SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 84 IS - 9 SP - 3889 EP - 3898 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-25838 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Casse, O. A1 - Shkilnyy, A. A1 - Linders, J. A1 - Mayer, C. A1 - Häussinger, D. A1 - Völkel, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Dimova, R. A1 - Cölfen, H. A1 - Meier, W. A1 - Schlaad, H. A1 - Taubert, A. T1 - Solution behavior of double-hydrophilic block copolymers in dilute aqueous solution N2 - The self-assembly of double-hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) diblock copolymers in water has been studied. Isothermal titration calorimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and analytical ultracentrifugation suggest that only single polymer chains are present in solution. In contrast, light scattering and transmission electron microscopy detect aggregates with radii of ca. 100 nm. Pulsed field gradient NMR spectroscopy confirms the presence of aggregates, although only 2% of the polymer chains undergo aggregation. Water uptake experiments indicate differences in the hydrophilicity of the two blocks, which is believed to be the origin of the unexpected aggregation behavior (in accordance with an earlier study by Ke et al. [Macromolecules2009, 42, 5339–5344]). The data therefore suggest that even in double-hydrophilic block copolymers, differences in hydrophilicity are sufficient to drive polymer aggregation, a phenomenon that has largely been overlooked or ignored so far. KW - Nanotechnology KW - Small-angle X-ray scatering KW - SAXS PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/ma300621g SN - 0024-9297 SN - 1520-5835 VL - 45 IS - 11 SP - 4772 EP - 4777 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-26072 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Scheuschner, Nils A1 - Marquardt, E A1 - Mühlberger, W. A1 - Nagel, F. A1 - Neumann, E. A1 - Rohwetter, P. A1 - Rutz, F. A1 - Schwake, C. A1 - Schramm, S. A1 - Schwaneberg, F. A1 - Taubert, R. D. T1 - Thermografie und Strahlungsthermometrie - Stand und Trends N2 - In vielen Umgebungen, besonders bei hohen Temperaturen, korrosiven Umgebungen oder auf bewegten oder schlecht zugänglichen Flächen, kann die Temperatur nicht oder nur mit nicht akzeptablem Aufwand mit Berührungsthermometern gemessen werden. Diese Umgebungsbedingungen sind unter anderem in der chemischen Industrie, der Lebensmittel-, Metall-, Glas-, Kunststoff- und Papierherstellung sowie bei der Lacktrocknung anzutreffen. In diesen Bereichen kommen Strahlungsthermometer zum Einsatz. Der VDI-Statusreport zeigt typische Anwendungsfelder von nicht radiometrisch kalibrierten Wärmebildkameras und von radiometrisch kalibrierten Thermografiekameras. Um verlässlich mit spezifizierten Messunsicherheiten berührungslos Temperaturen zu messen, müssen die Strahlungsthermometer und Thermografiekameras nicht nur kalibriert, sondern radiometrisch und strahlungsthermometrisch umfassend charakterisiert werden. Auch die optische Materialeigenschaft, der spektrale Emissionsgrad und die Gesamtstrahlungsbilanz (Strahlung des Messobjekts und der Umgebung) sind bei der industriellen Temperaturmessung von großer Bedeutung. In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist dazu ein umfassendes technisches Regelwerk entstanden, das wir Ihnen mit diesem VDI-Statusreport vorstellen. Manche in den Richtlinien beschriebenen Kennwerte mögen abstrakt wirken. In diesem Statusreport zeigen wir an konkreten Beispielen, was diese Kenngrößen für die berührungslose Temperaturmessung bedeuten. Beispiele von Anwendungen zeigen, wo temperaturmessende Thermografiekameras und ausschließlich bildgebende Wärmebildkameras in der Praxis eingesetzt werden. Mit einer Analyse, welche Themen und Anwendungen derzeit besonders intensiv diskutiert werden, versuchen wir Trends für zukünftige Entwicklungen herauszuarbeiten. KW - Thermografie KW - Temperaturmessung PY - 2021 UR - https://www.vdi.de/ueber-uns/presse/publikationen/details/thermografie-und-strahlungsthermometrie-stand-und-trends SP - 1 EP - 40 PB - VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e.V. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-52904 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Bremser, Wolfram A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Spieles, Monika A1 - Hoffmann, Angelika A1 - DeRose, P.C. A1 - Zwinkels, J. C. A1 - Gauthier, F. A1 - Ebert, B. A1 - Taubert, R.D. A1 - Voigt, J. A1 - Hollandt, J. A1 - Macdonald, R. T1 - State-of-the art comparability of corrected emission spectra. 2. Field laboratory assessment of calibration performance using spectral fluorescence standards N2 - In the second part of this two-part series on the state-of-the-art comparability of corrected emission spectra, we have extended this assessment to the broader community of fluorescence spectroscopists by involving 12 field laboratories that were randomly selected on the basis of their fluorescence measuring equipment. These laboratories performed a reference material (RM)-based fluorometer calibration with commercially available spectral fluorescence standards following a standard operating procedure that involved routine measurement conditions and the data evaluation software LINKCORR developed and provided by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). This instrument-specific emission correction curve was subsequently used for the determination of the corrected emission spectra of three test dyes, X, QS, and Y, revealing an average accuracy of 6.8% for the corrected emission spectra. This compares well with the relative standard uncertainties of 4.2% for physical standard-based spectral corrections demonstrated in the first part of this study (previous paper in this issue) involving an international group of four expert laboratories. The excellent comparability of the measurements of the field laboratories also demonstrates the effectiveness of RM-based correction procedures. KW - Fluorescence KW - Photoluminescence KW - Dye KW - Uncertainty KW - Method comparison KW - Standard KW - Method comparison KW - Spectral correction KW - Spectral fluorescence standard PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac203451g SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 84 IS - 9 SP - 3899 EP - 3907 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-27081 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -