TY - JOUR A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Gabsch, T. A1 - Dimke, T. T1 - Ursachen und Auswirkungen von Schimmel an zentralasiatischen Wandmalereien aus dem 5./6. Jh. n. Chr. N2 - Bereits bei der Entdeckung der zentralasiatischen Kultstätten gegen Ende des 19. Jh. durch zahlreiche Expeditionen waren Beschädigungen durch Schimmelpilze in situ festgestellt worden. Die von den deutschen Expeditionen in Zentralasien Vorgefundenen Kultstätten hatten unterschiedliche Erhaltungszustände. Einige Höhlen waren komplett eingestürzt, verschüttet und mußten freigelegt werden. Bei anderen Höhlen waren die Vorhallen zerstört und es tropfte Wasser aus Deckenausbrüchen und Rissen im Felsgestein. Albert Grünwedel dokumentiert in seinem Buch „Kultstätten" auf S. 148 die Auffindung der sog. Malerhöhle (Höhle Nr. 17) und schreibt hierzu: „Diese alte und schöne Höhle war völlig durch eine Schlammrunse verschlossen und unsichtbar... Als sie entdeckt wurde, waren die Wände dick mit Schimmel belegt. Da zu befürchten war, daß die Bilder abfallen würden, wurde nur eine kleine Öffnung gemacht, um der Luft Zutritt zu gewähren, da auch der Aufenthalt in der Höhle infolge des Geruchs der Pilze unmöglich war. Diese Öffnung wurde allmählich erweitert und als der Schimmelbeschlag getrocknet war, wurden die Wände mit chinesischem Branntwein gewaschen. Dadurch fiel der aufgetrocknete Schimmel ab und es wurde möglich, sich in der Höhle aufzuhalten." KW - Schimmel KW - Wandmalerei KW - Kulturgut PY - 2011 SN - 1433-3848 IS - 186 SP - 29 EP - 35 PB - Müller-Straten CY - München AN - OPUS4-25330 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Birgit Angelika A1 - Ziemann, M. A A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Gabsch, T. A1 - Koch, W. A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Technical analysis of a Central Asian wall painting detached from a Buddhist cave temple on the northern Silk Road N2 - A great number of Central Asian wall paintings, archeological materials, architectural fragments, and textiles, as well as painting fragments on silk and paper, make up the so called Turfan Collection at the Asian Art Museum in Berlin. The largest part of the collection comes from the Kucha region, a very important cultural center in the third to ninth centuries. Between 1902 and 1914, four German expeditions traveled along the northern Silk Road. During these expeditions, wall paintings were detached from their original settings in Buddhist cave complexes. This paper reports a technical study of a wall painting, existing in eight fragments, from the Buddhist cave no. 40 (Ritterhöhle). Its original painted surface is soot blackened and largely illegible. Grünwedel, leader of the first and third expeditions, described the almost complete destruction of the rediscovered temple complex and evidence of fire damage. The aim of this case study is to identify the materials used for the wall paintings. Furthermore, soot deposits as well as materials from conservation interventions were of interest. Non-invasive analyses were preferred but a limited number of samples were taken to provide more precise information on the painting technique. By employing optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, a layer sequence of earthen render, a ground layer made of gypsum, and a paint layer containing a variety of inorganic pigments were identified. KW - Wall paintings KW - Central Asia KW - Silk Road KW - Pigments KW - Microscopy PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-357297 DO - https://doi.org/10.1179/2047058414Y.0000000152 VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 113 EP - 122 PB - Routledge Taylor & Francis Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-35729 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Gabsch, T. A1 - Dimke, Thomas A1 - Egel, Ellen ED - Gabsch, T. T1 - Schimmelpilzbewuchs auf Materialien in Anlehnung an zentralasiatische Wandmalereien aus dem 5./6. Jahrhundert n. Chr. KW - Kulturgut KW - Wandmalerei KW - Schimmel KW - Pilzbefall KW - Bindemittel KW - Farbpigmente PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-7338-0385-8 IS - Kap. 12 SP - 164 EP - 171 PB - Koehler & Amelang GmbH AN - OPUS4-27611 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nickel, C. A1 - Angelstorf, J. A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Burkart, C. A1 - Gabsch, S. A1 - Giebner, S. A1 - Haase, A. A1 - Hellack, B. A1 - Hollert, H. A1 - Hund-Rinke, K. A1 - Jungmann, D. A1 - Kaminski, H. A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Maes, H.M. A1 - Nogowski, A. A1 - Oetken, M. A1 - Schaeffer, A. A1 - Schiwy, A. A1 - Schlich, K. A1 - Stintz, M. A1 - von der Kammer, F. A1 - Kuhlbusch, T.A.J. T1 - Dynamic light-scattering measurement comparability of nanomaterial suspensions N2 - Increased use of nanomaterials in everyday products leads to their environmental release and therefore, the information need on their fate and behaviour. Nanomaterials have to be suspended with high repeatability and comparability for studies on environmental effects. They also have to be well characterised with a focus on the state of agglomeration and particle size distribution. Dynamic light-scattering (DLS) is a common technique used for these measurements. If suspensions are prepared in different laboratories, then concern has risen about the comparability of the measured results, especially when different DLS instruments are used. Therefore, for quality assurance, a round-robin test was conducted to assess the comparability of different DLS instruments and a dispersion protocol in ten independent laboratories. Polystyrene and TiO2 were chosen as test (nano)materials. For the comparability of the DLS instruments, the average sizes of the PSL and a stabilised TiO2 suspension were measured. The measured average hydrodynamic diameter shows an overall good inter-laboratory comparability. For the PSL suspension, an average hydrodynamic diameter of 201 ± 13 nm and for the TiO2 suspension an average diameter of 224 ± 24 nm were detected. For the TiO2 suspension that was prepared at each laboratory following an established suspension preparation protocol, an average hydrodynamic diameter of 211 ± 11 nm was detected. The measured average particle size (mode) increased up to 284 nm with a high standard deviation of 119 nm if the preparation protocol could not established and different procedures or different equipment were employed. This study shows that no significant differences between the employed DLS instrument types were determined. It was also shown that comparable measurements and suspension preparation could be achieved if well-defined suspension preparation protocols and comparable equipment can be used. KW - Comparison measurement KW - Dynamic light scattering KW - Nanomaterial suspension KW - Standard operation procedure KW - Instrumentation PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2260-2 SN - 1388-0764 SN - 1572-896X VL - 16 SP - 2260-1 EP - 2260-12 PB - Kluwer CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-30193 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -