TY - GEN A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Krause, Heike A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Acikalin, Hatice Aydan A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - Study of a self heating process of tetrafluoroethylene by the exothermic dimerization reaction to octafluorocyclobutane T2 - COMSOL Conference CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 2008-11-04 KW - Self heating KW - Free convection KW - Reactive flow KW - Gas reaction PY - 2008 SN - 978-09766792-8-8 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-18611 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Acikalin, Hatice Aydan A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - Transient calculation of the boundary layer flow over spills N2 - In this work, results of numerical simulations and experimental investigations of the mass flow from evaporating liquid pools are presented. Numerical simulations are based on the boundary layer equations combined with an algebraic turbulence model. The experiments were carried out on open air test sites within flat and very rough topographies, at different temperatures with ethanol and cyclohexane as the evaporating liquids. An experimental investigation of the influence of the topography on the evaporation of a liquid pool is conducted. The results of the simulation are validated against experimental data from the open air experiments. Furthermore, a comparison of the simulation results with empirical prediction models has been made. KW - Evaporation KW - Mass transfer KW - Modeling KW - Simulation PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200800527 SN - 0930-7516 SN - 1521-4125 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 306 EP - 311 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-18747 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Acikalin, Hatice Aydan A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - Improvements in the modeling of the self ignition of tetrafluoroethylene N2 - In order to prevent incidents in the industrial production of Teflon® from Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), the safety related aspects of the self-heating process of TFE must be taken into account. Simulations of this self heating process were performed with COMSOL Reaction Engineering Lab® and COMSOL® COMSOL Multiphysics®. A complex reaction net was employed, resulting in a model allows for a good agreement with experimentally achieved results. T2 - COMSOL Conference 2010 CY - Paris, France DA - 2010-11-17 KW - Heating KW - Free convection KW - Reactive flow KW - Gas reaction KW - Self ignition PY - 2010 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-24174 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Acikalin, Hatice Aydan A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - Chemically unstable gases - flammability of ethylene oxide mixtures in sterilization processes N2 - For the assessment of explosion hazards by industrial sterilization processes with ethylene oxide (EO), the flammability regions of 3-component systems EO/nitrogen/air, EO/carbon dioxide/air and EO/water vapor/air were determined. The tests were performed at temperatures of 20 °C and 100 °C and at pressures of 40 kPa and 100 kPa in accordance with the standard test method EN 1839-B. The observed flammability regions are similar in shape and typical for mixtures with ethylene oxide. According to the molecular heat capacities the regions get larger with nitrogen and smaller with carbon dioxide. They become larger with increasing pressure and increasing temperature. Using experimental data a semi-empirical model was created that allows the calculation of flammability limits of process gases in sterilization processes. Such process gases can consist of EO, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and air. The model is based on the assumption that the adiabatic flame temperatures along the boundary curves of a flammability region have a certain temperature profile that is nearly independent of the type of the inert gas. The adiabatic flame temperatures were calculated by using the “Gaseq” Code. Using a temperature profile calculated from only one experimental system EO/inert gas/air it is possible to predict the flammability limits of systems with other inert gases or of process gases containing several inert gases. T2 - AIChE 100 - Spring National Meeting CY - New Orleans, Louisiana, USA DA - 2008-04-06 KW - Explosion protection KW - Process safety KW - Sterilization KW - Flammability limits KW - Gas mixtures PY - 2008 SN - 978-0-8169-1023-6 N1 - Serientitel: P / AIChE, American Institute of Chemical Engineers – Series title: P / AIChE, American Institute of Chemical Engineers IS - 247 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - AIChE CY - New York AN - OPUS4-17483 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Acikalin, Hatice Aydan A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - Berechnung von Explosionsgrenzen ethylenoxidhaltiger Gasphasen in Sterilisatoren / Calculation of flammability limits of gas phases with ethylene oxide in sterilisers N2 - Es wurde ein Verfahren zur Berechnung von Explosionsgrenzen ethylenoxidhaltiger Gasphasen in Sterilisatoren entwickelt. Mit Hilfe der Software GasEq® und des neu entwickelten Makros „SterEx“ für MS-Excel® lassen sich die Explosionsgrenzen für Gemische aus Ethylenoxid, Luft und Inertgasen bei Temperaturen zwischen 20°C und 100°C sowie 0,4 bar und 1,0 bar berechnen. Somit ist es schnell möglich, sichere Betriebsbedingungen für Sterilisationsprozesse mit Ethylenoxid festzulegen. Das halbempirische Modell basiert auf der Annahme konstanter Flammentemperaturprofile an den Explosionsgrenzen in Abhängigkeit der EO-Konzentration für verschiedene Gemische. Durch systematische Zündversuche wurden Explosionsgrenzen für Gemische aus Ethylenoxid, Stickstoff, Kohlenstoffdioxid, Wasserdampf und Luft zur Bestimmung von Modellparametern und zur Validierung des Verfahrens bestimmt. Um die Prozessbedingungen in Sterilisatoren möglichst genau zu simulieren, wurden die Versuche in einem geschlossenen Autoklav in Anlehnung an DIN EN 1839-B durchgeführt. Berechnungen der Explosionsgrenzen von Prozessgasgemischen mit „SterEx“ ergeben eine gute Übereinstimmung mit experimentell ermittelten Werten. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A calculation method for flammability limits of gas phases with ethylene oxide in sterilisers was developed. Using the Software GasEq® and the newly developed Makro “SterEx” for MS-Excel®, flammability limits of mixtures with ethylene oxide, air and inert gases at temperatures between 20°C and 100°C and pressures between 0.4 bar and 1.0 bar can be calculated. This method can be used to easily determine safe operating conditions. The used semi-empirical model is based upon the assumption of constant flame temperature profiles at the flammability limits subject to the EO-concentration for different mixtures. To collect model parameters and to validate the model, several experiments with mixtures of ethylene oxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour and air were carried out to determine flammability limits. To simulate the structural conditions of sterilisers, the experiments were conducted in accordance to DIN EN 1839-B in a closed autoclave with temperatures and pressures relevant for sterilisation processes. The calculation of flammability limits of process gas mixtures with “SterEx” provides good agreement with flammability limits that were determined in experiments. KW - Dry antiseptic KW - Ethylene oxide KW - Explosions KW - Inertisation KW - Safety engineering KW - Sterilisation PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/BMT.2008.042 SN - 0013-5585 SN - 1862-278X VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 265 EP - 269 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-18688 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Acikalin, Hatice Aydan A1 - Steinbach, J. A1 - Flemming, F. A1 - Redeker, T. T1 - Safety characteristics of ethylene oxide/inert gas/air-mixtures in sterilization processes T2 - XVIII. Rocníku mezinárodní konference CY - Ostrava, Czech Republic DA - 2009-09-09 KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Sterilisation KW - Explosionsgrenzen KW - Normspaltweiten PY - 2009 SN - 978-80-7385-067-8 SN - 1803-1803 SP - 503 EP - 515 AN - OPUS4-20270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Steinbach, J. ED - Suter, G. ED - de Rademaeker, E. T1 - Calculation of explosion regions of gas mixtures T2 - 13th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Brugge, Belgium DA - 2010-06-06 KW - Kohlenwasserstoffe KW - Instabile Gase KW - Ethylenoxid Inertisierung KW - Sicherheitstechnik KW - Explosionsgrenzen PY - 2010 SN - 978-90-76019-291 SP - 141 EP - 148 CY - Brugge, Belgium AN - OPUS4-21587 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blankenhagel, Paul A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Mishra, K. B. A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - The capability of commercial CFD code to predict organic peroxide fireball characteristics N2 - Fireballs of liquid organic peroxides differ from those of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Modified equations for predicting the fireball diameter, height, surface emissive power and the duration in dependence of the fuel mass are presented for di-tert-butyl peroxide. They base on 13 steel drum tests with fuel masses from 10 kg to 168 kg. Moreover, computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed using the laminar flamelet approach and a statistically turbulence treatment. Fireballs involving peroxide from 10 kg to 80 kg were simulated and their properties compared to the experimentally developed models. The deviations of each property are partially compensating each other leading to an adequate prediction of thermal safety distances for both, a time-independent and a time-averaged treatment. Simulations prove to be a good tool for predicting thermal radiation hazards of fireball scenarios. KW - Fireball KW - CFD simulation KW - Organic peroxide KW - Fire safety KW - DTBP PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.011 SN - 0304-3894 SN - 1873-3336 VL - 365 SP - 386 EP - 394 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-47054 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Acikalin, Hatice Aydan A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - Die Explosionsgrenzen von Ethylenoxidgemischen bei Sterilisationsprozessen N2 - Für die sicherheitstechnische Beurteilung von Sterilisationsprozessen wurden die Explosionsgrenzen von Gasgemischen aus Ethylenoxid, Inertgas und Luft experimentell bestimmt. Die Messungen sind mit Stickstoff, Kohlenstoffdioxid und Wasserdampf bei 20 und 100 °C sowie bei 0,4 und 1,0 bar durchgeführt worden. Mit Hilfe der Daten wurde ein halbempirisches Modell entwickelt, mit dem die Explosionsfähigkeit von Prozessgasgemischen berechnet werden kann. KW - Ethylenoxid KW - Explosionsgrenze KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Inertisierung KW - Sterilisation PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.200800010 SN - 0009-286X SN - 1522-2640 VL - 80 IS - 5 SP - 643 EP - 647 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-17484 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - Berechnung der Zündtemperatur des Zerfalls von Ethylenoxid und Ethylenoxid/Inertgas-Gemischen in Abhängigkeit vom Druck und vom Behältervolumen T2 - 10. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Deutschland DA - 2010-11-04 KW - Zündtemperatur KW - Ethylenoxid KW - Zerfall KW - Sicherheitstechnik PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-89746-119-2 IS - P-14 SP - 1 EP - 14 CY - Frankfurt/M. AN - OPUS4-22386 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gula, M. A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Acikalin, Hatice Aydan A1 - Grasse, Dennis A1 - Steinbach, J. A1 - Schildberg, H.-P. ED - Suter, G. ED - de Rademaeker, E. T1 - Explosion of chemically unstable gases in large vessels at elevated initial conditions T2 - 13th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Brugge, Belgium DA - 2010-06-06 PY - 2010 SN - 978-90-76019-291 VL - 02 SP - 479 EP - 482 CY - Brugge, Belgium AN - OPUS4-21440 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gula, Michal A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Acikalin, Hatice Aydan A1 - Steinbach, J. A1 - Schildberg, H.-P. A1 - Kobiera, A. T1 - Zerfallsreaktionen chemisch instabiler Gase in Abhängigkeit vom Behältervolumen T2 - 9. Fachtagung "Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit", 6.-7.11.2008 CY - Köthen, Deutschland DA - 2008-11-06 KW - Lachgas KW - 1,2-Butadien KW - 1,3-Butadien KW - Zerfall KW - Volumenabhängigkeit PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-89746-099-7 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - VDI, Hallescher Bezirksverein CY - Halle AN - OPUS4-18369 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holst, N. A1 - Khakpour, Thomas A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - Ignition behavior of methane-oxygen mixtures at elevated conditions N2 - Self-ignition behavior of mixtures of methane and oxygen was investigated in a temperature range from 600 to 800°C. Variations of mixture composition, inert gas content, temperature and filling rate of the ignition autoclave were carried out in order to establish process boundaries for high temperature partial oxidation processes. The tests show that considerably high methane contents are needed to avoid an ignition. Heating-up tests show that ignition is possible at surprisingly low temperatures. This can be attributed to pre-ignition reactions that produce more instable intermediates. T2 - 2011 AIChE Spring meeting & 7th global congress on process safety CY - Chicago, IL, USA DA - 13.03.2011 KW - Safety KW - Explosion KW - Self-ignition KW - Methane KW - Partial oxidation PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-8169-1067-10 IS - Topical 1 / #13 / 13h SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-23626 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gula, Michal A1 - Steinbach, J. A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Acikalin, Hatice Aydan A1 - Schildberg, H.-P. A1 - Kobiera, A. T1 - Apparative Einflüsse auf den explosionsartigen Zerfall von chemisch instabilen Gasen T2 - 10. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Deutschland DA - 2010-11-04 KW - Explosion KW - Chemisch instabil KW - Volumeneinfluss PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-89746-119-2 IS - P-16 SP - 1 EP - 9 CY - Frankfurt/M. AN - OPUS4-22540 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wenzel, B. A1 - Li, Y. A1 - Kraus, Werner A1 - Sorger, D. A1 - Sabri, O. A1 - Brust, P. A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - Pyrrolovesamicols - synthesis, structure and VAChT binding of two 4-fluorobenzoyl regioisomers N2 - This Letter describes the synthesis of two regioisomers of a new class of vesamicol analogs as possible ligands for imaging the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in future PET studies. The two pyrrolovesamicols (±)-6a and (±)-6b were synthesized by nucleophilic ring opening reaction of a tetrahydroindole epoxide precursor with 4-phenylpiperidine. The reaction mechanism of the synthesis was studied by HPLC and the molecular structures were determined by X-ray structure analysis. Unexpected low binding affinities to VAChT (Κi = 312 ± 73 nM for (±)-6a and Κi = 7320 ± 1840 nM for (±)-6b) were determined by competitive binding analysis using a cell line stably transfected with ratVAChT and (–)-[3H]vesamicol. KW - Pyrrolovesamicol KW - Vesamicol KW - VAChT KW - Pyrrole PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.127 SN - 0960-894X SN - 1464-3405 VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 2163 EP - 2166 PB - Pergamon, Elsevier Science CY - New York, NY [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-25574 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -