TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Andrea A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian T1 - Investigation on the heavy-metal content of zinc-air button cells N2 - Within the framework of a German government project (initiated by the Federal Environment Agency) to check the compliance of commercially available batteries with the German Battery Ordinance concerning their heavy metal contents, 18 different types of commercially available zinc-air button cells were analysed for their cadmium, lead and mercury contents. After microwave assisted dissolution with aqua regia, Cd and Pb were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Hg was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and atomic absorption spectrometry. Cd contents were found to be much lower than the permitted limits; Pb contents were also found to be below the limits. Hg contents were found to be near the limits, and in one case the limit was exceeded. KW - Zinc-air button cell KW - Heavy metals KW - ICP-MS KW - ICP OES KW - Determination of Cd, Pb and Hg PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.12.004 SN - 0956-053X VL - 28 IS - 8 SP - 1493 EP - 1497 PB - Pergamon Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-17543 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Richter, A. A1 - Richter, Silke T1 - Investigation on the heavy metal content of zinc-carbon and alkaline manganese dry cells N2 - The objective of this work was to test the compliance of commercially available batteries with the German Battery Ordinance, a project of the German government that was initiated by the Federal Environment Agency. Different types of commercially available dry cells were analysed for their cadmium, lead and mercury contents. The dry cells underwent mechanical pre-treatment, separation of the different components and microwave-assisted digestion before determination of the heavy metals. Mercury is sometimes added to prevent the generation of gaseous hydrogen from the electrochemical process. Lead could be present since it is sometimes used as an alloying element of zinc. Cadmium has no technical importance and is an undesirable impurity. None of the batteries contained higher heavy metal mass fractions than the permissible limits. KW - Lead KW - Mercury KW - Cadmium KW - Battery KW - Analysis KW - Dry cell KW - Zinc-carbon KW - Alkaline manganese KW - German Battery Ordinance PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.042 SN - 0956-053X VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 1213 EP - 1217 PB - Pergamon Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-18572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Silke T1 - Spurenbestimmung in Metallmatrices mit ICP-MS an der BAM T2 - GDMB Chemikerausschuss Vollversamlung CY - Eisenbach, Germany DA - 2003-11-04 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-3733 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Matschat, Ralf A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Czerwensky, Michael A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Heinrich, Hans-Joachim ED - Abiko, K. ED - Takaki, S. T1 - The System of Primary Pure Metals Established at BAM - Recent Developments T2 - 9th international conference on ultrahigh-purity base metals CY - Sendai, Japan DA - 2002-10-14 PY - 2002 SP - 119 CY - Sendai AN - OPUS4-1601 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Reinholdsson, F. A1 - Pettersson, J. A1 - Gustavsson, I. T1 - An intercomparison study of analytical methods for the determination of magnesium in low alloy steel N2 - In an intercomparison study three low alloy steel materials were analyzed on their content of the trace element Mg, and five different analytical techniques were used, namely spark-OES, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry (ICP-TOFMS), inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS), and glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS). Solid steel discs were used for analysis with spark-OES and GD-MS. For the analyses with ICP-OES, ICP-TOFMS, and ICP-QMS steel chips were wet-digested in aqua regia, and the wet-digestion was performed either in polypropylene tubes placed in a heating block or in Teflon pressure vessels using a microwave assisted system. The Mg concentrations obtained for the three steel materials were: 2.0, 2.8, and 10.3 µg g-1, respectively, and the spread in results was acceptable, giving RSD values in the range of 20–30%. KW - Mg KW - Steel KW - Spark-OES KW - ICP-OES KW - ICP-MS KW - GD-MS PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100187 SN - 1611-3683 SN - 0177-4832 VL - 83 IS - 2 SP - 146 EP - 149 PB - Verl. Stahleisen CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-25647 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus A1 - Orts Gil, Guillermo A1 - Petrov, Sergej A1 - Oleszak, Franz A1 - Maneck, Heinz-Eberhard A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Haase, Oskar A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Mach, Reinhard T1 - Plasma-thermal purification and annealing of carbon nanotubes N2 - We have developed a very fast and entirely gas-phase based purification technique for carbon nanotubes (CNT) that allows removing metal and metal oxide impurities with high effectiveness. CNT agglomerates from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis which contained carbon encapsulated catalysts were injected into an atmospheric plasma torch. Very high heating rates allow for quasi-instantaneous vaporization of catalyst particles. This way, metal vapors are hyposized to break mechanically instable encapsulations and effuse from incomplete ones faster than thermally induced graphitization stabilizes such particle encapsulations. The ash content of multi-walled (MW) CNT samples was reduced to less than 15% of the initial value within a few milliseconds. Also the metal content of single-walled (SW) CNT agglomerates was significantly reduced. Repeated injection of CNT agglomerates into the plasma torch resulted in higher-purity products of improved structural integrity and increased oxidation resistance. PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.04.049 SN - 0008-6223 SN - 1873-3891 VL - 50 IS - 10 SP - 3934 EP - 3942 PB - Pergamon Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-25986 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Czerwensky, Michael A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Matschat, Ralf T1 - Spurenbestimmung in Metallmatrices mit ICP-MS T2 - 6. Symposium Massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse / 18. ICP-MS Anwendertreffen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-10-06 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4768 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Meckelburg, Angela A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Matschat, Ralf T1 - Determination of trace elements in iron ore, cast iron and steel materials using ICP-MS T2 - IGAS-Jahreskolloquium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2007-11-08 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-16259 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, T. A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Matschat, Ralf A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich T1 - Determination of the total purity of a high-purity silver material to be used as a primary standard for element determination N2 - A candidate material for the use as primary standard for silver determination was characterized with respect to total purity. Except the radioactive elements and He, all possible impurities were considered. Based on glow discharge mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and carrier gas hot extraction measurements, the demonstrated total purity and its standard uncertainty is w(Ag) = (99.999 52 ± 0.000 11) %. The purity value and its uncertainty is dominated by the contributions from the measurements of the nonmetallic impurities, namely S, N, C and O. KW - Silver KW - Purity KW - Total purity KW - Primary standard KW - Element determination PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-013-0988-5 SN - 0949-1775 SN - 1432-0517 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 341 EP - 349 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-28971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassler, J. A1 - Barth, P. A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Matschat, Ralf T1 - Determination of trace elements in high-purity copper by ETV-ICP OES using halocarbons as chemical modifiers N2 - Inspired by the globule arc technique a new electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ETV-ICP OES) method was developed for the analysis of high-purity copper materials. The performance of the method was investigated for the analytes Ag, Al, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Te, Ti, Zn and Zr. ETV parameters were optimized regarding the release of the analytes, the transport efficiency and the quality of analytical results in terms of precision, trueness and power of detection. The influence of CCl2F2, CHClF2, C2H2F4 and CHF3 as gaseous halogenation modifiers was investigated. A sufficient in situ analyte matrix separation was achieved by using CHF3 as halogenating reagent avoiding a high matrix input from the molten copper sample into the ETV system and the plasma. A complete release from the samples was obtained for all investigated analytes except Se and Te. Acceptable results for the determination of the trace elements Ag, Al, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Si, Sn, Ti, Zn and Zr in high-purity copper were achieved. The method includes a preceding sample preparation step of oxidizing the surface of copper samples which results in a significantly enhanced sensitivity. In addition to the calibration with copper samples, the feasibility of the calibration with liquid multi-element solutions was investigated. Except for Ag, Mg and Ni all analytes could be analyzed using aqueous calibration solutions. The trueness of the method was tested by the determination of analyte contents of certified reference materials. Limits of quantification ranging from 0.6 ng g-1 to 29 ng g-1 were achieved. The developed direct solid sampling method is time and cost effective and well suited for the characterization of high-purity copper materials. The method can be automated to a large extent and is applicable for processes accompanying analyses. In contrast to all other investigated trace elements, Se and Te were not released from the matrix at measurable levels under the used conditions. The determination of these elements is still under investigation and will be reported in a succeeding publication. KW - ETV KW - Copper KW - Impurities PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ja10149h SN - 0267-9477 SN - 1364-5544 VL - 26 IS - 12 SP - 2404 EP - 2418 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-29615 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -