TY - JOUR A1 - Shaheen, Sabahat A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Blast-Assisted Subsurface Characterisation Using a Novel Distributed Acoustic Sensing Setup Based on Geometric Phases N2 - A novel DAS setup based on geometric phases in coherent heterodyne detection is applied for the first time to the characterisation of the Earth’s subsurface. In addition, an optimisation of the proposed setup in terms of its spatial resolution is also presented for the first time. The surface waves are generated by strong blasts of 25 kg of explosives at a dedicated test site. A 10 km dark fiber link in the vicinity of the test site connected to the test setup records the resulting strain signals. The spike-free and low-noise strain data thus obtained minimize post-processing requirements, making the setup a candidate for real-time seismic monitoring. An analysis of the dispersion characteristics of the generated surface waves is performed using a recently reported optimised seismic interferometric technique. Based on the dispersion characteristics, the shear wave velocities of the surface waves as a function of the depth profile of the Earth’s crust are determined using an optimised evolutionary algorithm. KW - Geophysics KW - Geometric Phase KW - Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor KW - Distributed Acoustic Sensing KW - Earthquake Monitoring KW - Seismology PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-591913 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010030 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-59191 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Shaheen, Sabahat T1 - Earth‘s near surface characterisation using DAS based on geometric phase N2 - Results obtained from field measurements using a novel distributed acoustic sensor based on geometric phase. The target application is Seismology where we attempt to characterise the Earth's subsurface. T2 - Colaboration on Earthquake Monitoring project with Freue University CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 18.09.2023 KW - Geometric Phase KW - Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor KW - Seismology KW - Coherent Heterodyne KW - Subsurface KW - Earth KW - Surface waves KW - Geophysics PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58460 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Shaheen, Sabahat T1 - Distributed acoustic sensing using geometric phase and its application to seismology N2 - This thesis deals with the development of a novel optical fiber sensing scheme based on geometric phase for sensing strain and its application to seismology. Interference of two coherent frequency offset electromagnetic waves gives rise to a geometric phase in the resulting beat signal. The existence of this phase was recently reported along with requisite conditions for its existence. This thesis proposes to detect and use this geometric phase in the context of distributed and dynamic fiber optic strain sensing, also known as distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). In the first part, I devise a novel DAS hardware setup capable of detecting the geometric phase considering that its measurement methods require the measurement of beam intensities and the beat signal’s envelope. The geometric phase is a function of relative intensity and polarisation state of two interfering beams. Therefore, its measurement is verified by determining its relation on these quantities using a polarisation scrambler and a piezoelectric transducer, inline an optical fiber. It is a fundamental study that has implications in coherent optical communication and novel sensing mechanisms. The second part involves using the geometric phase in DAS for measurement of strain. I attempt to replace the traditionally measured dynamic phase in a DAS setup with the geometric phase. This is made possible by the fact that the geometric and dynamic phases are reportedly coupled over every beat period such that their sum remains constant. However, the spatial resolution for geometric phase is lower as it is measured per beat period. I determine an equivalence for the two phases empirically as well as optimum test parameters such as the required frequency offset between the interfering beams. The advantages offered by the use of geometric phase are demonstrated; geometric phase can be measured even when the two interfering beams have non-identical polarisation states, unlike the traditionally measured dynamic phase. Moreover, it does not require phase unwrapping and is therefore free from unwrapping errors. In the third and final part, the setup, after optimisation, is tested in the field to detect seismic waves travelling on the surface of the Earth in response to a set of blasts carried out at a test-site. The surface waves are used for the characterisation of the structure and material properties of the first tens of meters of the Earth with applications in earthquake monitoring, resource exploration and infrastructure planning. In short, this study is the first of its kind to measure geometric phase in beat signal of light using optical fiber medium and to measure strain with it, for which a novel hardware setup and a novel sensing mechanism is designed and tested in addition to its application in real-world seismology measurements. KW - C-OTDR KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing KW - Distributed vibration sensing KW - Geometric phase measurement PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 89 PB - Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-60956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Shaheen, Sabahat T1 - Photonic crystal fibers for microwave signal processing N2 - We present a novel design of an optical True Time Delay Line based on a 19-core Photonic Crystal Fiber that operates in a broad radiofrequency signal processing range from 1 to 67 GHz on a 10-km link, thus enabling simultaneous signal distribution and processing. T2 - 2021 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC) CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 18.10.2021 KW - Delay lines KW - Photonic crytal fibers KW - Optical fibers PY - 2021 SN - 978-1-6654-1601-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/IPC48725.2021.9592934 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-56582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Shaheen, Sabahat A1 - Hicke, Konstantin T1 - Measurement of Geometric Phase using a φ-OTDR setup N2 - Geometric phase showing sensitivity to changes in polarisation state and intensity of backscattered light is measured using a novel φ-OTDR setup based on coherent heterodyne detection. Principle is demonstrated using a polarisation scrambler inline a fiber-under-test. T2 - Optical Fiber Sensors 2022 CY - Alexandria, Virginia, United States DA - 29.08.2022 KW - Coherent Heterodyne KW - Geometric Phase KW - Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor PY - 2022 SN - 978-1-957171-14-2 SP - W4.72 AN - OPUS4-56116 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -