TY - GEN A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Bösche, Thomas A1 - Carstens, Ole A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Holst, Ralph A1 - Käding, Max A1 - Kaplan, Felix A1 - Löhr, Manuel A1 - Richter, Walter A1 - Saloga, Katrin A1 - Schmidt, Sebastian A1 - Sodeikat, Christian A1 - Thenikl, Thomas T1 - Detektion von Spanndrahtbrüchen mit Schallemissionsanalyse N2 - Dieses Dokument beschreibt das Verfahren Schallemissionsanalyse zur Detektion von Spanndrahtbrüchen in Spannbetonbrücken im Rahmen einer kontinuierlichen Überwachung. Die Überwachung mit Schallemission liefert eine Aussage über die Anzahl von Spanndrahtbrüchen innerhalb des Überwachungszeitraumes und innerhalb der Reichweite der installierten Sensoren. Mit dem Verfahren können die Spanndrahtbrüche lokalisiert werden. Auf Basis einer weitgehend automatisierten Datenanalyse stehen Informationen über Drahtbrüche kurzfristig nach dem Ereignis zur Verfügung. Der Anwendungsbereich des Dokuments umfasst Brücken- und Ingenieurbauwerke mit Spanndrähten mit sofortigem oder nachträglichem Verbund. Spannsysteme ohne Verbund fallen nicht in den Anwendungsbereich. Die beschriebenen Verfahren können auf Spannsysteme ohne Verbund übertragen werden. Mit dem Verfahren Schallemissionsanalyse ist es nicht möglich, Spanndrahtbrüche zu finden, die vor dem Beginn der Überwachung entstanden sind. Das Dokument richtet sich an Baulastträger, Anbieter und Betreiber von Monitoringsystemen auf Basis der Schallemissionsanalyse sowie Ingenieurbüros, welche die Ergebnisse der Überwachung bewerten und Maßnahmen daraus ableiten. Es gibt Hinweise zur Planung, Ausschreibung, Installation und zum Betrieb von Monitoringsystemen zur Detektion von Spanndrahtbrüchen mit Schallemission sowie zur Überprüfung der Funktion installierter Systeme. Zur Funktionskontrolle werden Signale mit der Referenzquelle am Bauwerk ausgelöst. Diese Signale sind zu detektieren, innerhalb der vorgegebenen Genauigkeit zu lokalisieren und die vorgegebene Alarmkette muss angestoßen werden. KW - Schallemission KW - Brücke KW - Spannbeton KW - Spannstahlbruch PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-947971-34-3 VL - Richtlinie SE 05 SP - 1 EP - 33 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin ET - Ausgabe Mai 2024 AN - OPUS4-60679 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmer, Malte A1 - Degener, Sebastian A1 - Bolender, Artjom A1 - Bauer, Andre A1 - Liehr, Alexander A1 - Stark, Andreas A1 - Schell, Norbert A1 - Barriobero-Vila, Pere A1 - Requena, Guillermo A1 - Niendorf, Thomas T1 - Time resolved insights into abnormal grain growth by in situ synchrotron measurements N2 - Large oligo-crystalline or single-crystalline metallic materials are of great interest for numerous applications, and a recently developed strategy for promoting abnormal grain growth induced by a cyclic heat treatment opens up new opportunities to manufacture single crystals with a size of several centimeters. So far, the entire available knowledge on this kind of abnormal grain growth has been elaborated based on time discrete observations and, thus, detailed insights into the interplay of elementary mechanisms are still lacking in open literature. The present study reveals time resolved insights into this kind of abnormal grain growth for the first time. It was possible to break down the influence of the individual heat treatment phases by in situ synchrotron high energy X-ray diffraction analysis during cyclic heat reatment. The results obtained not only help to gain a deep understanding of the abnormal grain growth mechanisms, they will also be the basis for an adjustment of the cyclic heat treatment process to improve its efficiency and to eventually obtain even larger single crystals. KW - Single crystals KW - Grain growth method KW - Synchrotron diffraction KW - High-energy X-ray diffraction KW - Grain boundary migration PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2023.119168 SN - 1359-6454 VL - 257 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-62188 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liehr, Alexander A1 - Dingel, Kristina A1 - Kottke, Daniel A1 - Degener, Sebastian A1 - Meier, David A1 - Sick, Bernhard A1 - Niendorf, Thomas T1 - Data selection strategies for minimizing measurement time in materials characterization N2 - Every new material needs to be assessed and qualified for an envisaged application. A steadily increasing number of new alloys, designed to address challenges in terms of reliability and sustainability, poses significant demands on well-known analysis methods in terms of their efficiency, e.g., in X-ray diffraction analysis. Particularly in laboratory measurements, where the intensities in diffraction experiments tend to be low, a possibility to adapt the exposure time to the prevailing boundary conditions, i.e., the investigated microstructure, is seen to be a very effective approach. The counting time is decisive for, e.g., complex texture, phase, and residual stress measurements. Traditionally, more measurement points and, thus, longer data collection times lead to more accurate information. Here, too short counting times result in poor signal-to-background ratios and dominant signal noise, respectively, rendering subsequent evaluation more difficult or even impossible. Then, it is necessary to repeat experiments with adjusted, usually significantly longer counting time. To prevent redundant measurements, it is state-of-the-art to always consider the entire measurement range, regardless of whether the investigated points are relevant and contribute to the subsequent materials characterization, respectively. Obviously, this kind of approach is extremely time-consuming and, eventually, not efficient. The present study highlights that specific selection strategies, taking into account the prevailing microstructure of the alloy in focus, can decrease counting times in X-ray energy dispersive diffraction experiments without any detrimental effect on data quality for the subsequent analysis. All relevant data, including the code, are carefully assessed and will be the basis for a widely adapted strategy enabling efficient measurements not only in lab environments but also in large-scale facilities. KW - Materials characterization KW - Machine learning KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Measurement optimization PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630831 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96221-1 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-63083 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lauhoff, Christian A1 - Degener, Sebastian A1 - Bolender, Artjom A1 - Liehr, Alexander A1 - Hübner, Leoni A1 - Frenck, Johanna-Maria A1 - Molotnikov, Andrey A1 - Niendorf, Thomas T1 - In Situ Synchrotron Diffraction Assessment of Reversibility of the Martensitic Transformation in Single-Crystalline Co–Ni–Ga Shape Memory Alloy Under Torsion N2 - AbstractHeusler-type Co–Ni–Ga shape memory alloys attracted significant attention due to their excellent functional properties in single-crystalline state under both compressive and tensile loading. The present study investigates the superelastic deformation behavior under torsion. Using a newly installed torsion testing setup, in situ synchrotron diffraction was carried out on single-crystalline material in order to investigate the martensitic phase transformation. Incremental deformation experiments reveal a fully reversible martensitic transformation under torsional loading at room temperature, leading to excellent strain recovery after deformation to 6.5% shear strain. Furthermore, relevant aspects towards the analysis of powder diffraction data obtained for single-crystalline material in transmission mode under torsional loading are presented and critically discussed. KW - Shape memory alloy KW - Pseudoelasticity KW - Martensitic transformation KW - Synchrotron diffraction KW - In situ testing KW - Torsion PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-621872 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40830-024-00496-8 VL - 10 SP - 326 EP - 333 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-62187 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Noack, Siegfried A1 - Steiger, Thomas A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Matschat, Ralf T1 - International comparability of determination of mass fractions of chromium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc in aluminium alloy: Comité consultatif pour la quantité de matière key comparison K42 N2 - The degree of equivalence within the participating national metrology institutes for the measurement results of the mass fractions of the analytes Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in an aluminium alloy was assessed. This interlaboratory comité consultatif pour la quantité de matière key comparison (CCQM-K42) was organised as an activity of the Inorganic Analytical Working Group of CCQM. In total seven laboratories participated, six of them for all analytes. Measurands were the mass fractions of the analytes in a range of 0.05 and 0.2%. As an outcome the consistency of the results for all elements investigated was acceptable, hence satisfactory comparability was established. An aluminium based certified reference material—undisclosed to the analysts which one it was—was used as test sample. For the purpose of this study homogeneity was tested at BAM. Each laboratory was free to choose any analytical method they wanted to use for the analysis. Consequently various methods of measurement were employed: instrumental neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) using fused cast-bead method combined with reconstitution technique, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Metrological traceability of the measurement results to the SI unit had to be demonstrated. Therefore, methods such as spark OES or XRF (without fused cast-bead technique)—both of them being most important methods for the analysis of metals and alloys in industrial laboratories—could not be used in the frame of the key comparison. KW - Aluminium alloy KW - International comparison KW - CCQM-K42 KW - Key comparison PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-010-0641-5 SN - 0949-1775 SN - 1432-0517 VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - 401 EP - 407 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-21628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Dudzus, Thomas A1 - Meier, Klaus A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Hedrich, Martina A1 - Matschat, Ralf T1 - Measurement of oxygen and nitrogen in high purity metals used as national standards for elemental analysis in Germany by classical carrier gas hot extraction (HE) and HE after activation with photons N2 - The special importance of the analysis of non-metals in high purity metals, which will serve as national standards for elemental analysis in Germany, is illustrated for oxygen and nitrogen. The typical range of the mass fraction of oxygen and nitrogen in these materials is below 10.MU.g/g, often close to 1.MU.g/g. The two methods applied at BAM for these measurements are classical carrier gas hot extraction (HE) and carrier gas hot extraction after activation with photons (PAA-HE). The approach, the methods and their advantages and limitations are discussed. Comparative results from the measurement of oxygen and nitrogen in Cu, Fe, Ga, Pb, Sn and W are presented. (author abst.) T2 - 8th International Conference on Ultra-High Purity Base Metals (UHPM-2001) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2001-06-25 KW - Oxygen determination KW - Nitrogen determination KW - High purity metals KW - Carrier gas hot extraction KW - Photon activation analysis PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.43.98 SN - 1345-9678 SN - 1347-5320 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 98 EP - 100 PB - Japan Institute of Metals CY - Sendai AN - OPUS4-1361 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Dudzus, Thomas A1 - Meier, Klaus A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Hedrich, Martina A1 - Matschat, Ralf T1 - The measurement of O and N by classical carrier gas hot extraction (HE) - Carrier gas hot extraction after activation with photons T2 - CENAM CY - Mexico City, Mexico DA - 2002-01-28 PY - 2002 AN - OPUS4-1610 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Merchel, Silke A1 - Dudzus, Thomas A1 - Ecker, Klaus A1 - Hedrich, Martina A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian T1 - Viele (BAM-) Wege führen zu den leichten Elementen T2 - 12. Jahrescolloquium "Analyse von Feststoffen unterschiedlicher Materialien aus Industrie und Umwelt" CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2002-11-19 PY - 2002 SP - 1(?) AN - OPUS4-2024 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frenck, Johanna-Maria A1 - Frenck, Georg A1 - Degener, Sebastian A1 - Vollmer, Malte A1 - Niendorf, Thomas T1 - Interrelationships of stress-induced martensitic phase transformation and pitting corrosion in iron-based shape memory alloys N2 - Orientation dependence of stress-induced martensitic transformation under compression and the influence of a corrosion attack on superelastic properties were investigated for Fe42.7Mn34.7Al13.4Ni7.7Cr1.5 (at.−%) single crystals. The results of incremental strain tests show that the crystallographic orientation has a considerable impact on the superelastic performance, eventually resulting from the formation of twinned or detwinned martensite to accommodate strain as well martensite variant interaction. In order to investigate the effect of a corrosive environment on the mechanical performance and martensitic transformation, compression specimens were immersed in a 5.0 wt.−% NaCl solution for 24 h before tested in incremental strain tests. The immersion of the compression specimens revealed a partial surface corrosion attack including localized pitting corrosion. The localized corrosion attack increased the number of active martensite plates, most probably due to an induced multiaxial stress state. Further investigations on specimens subjected to −6% compressive strain revealed that areas with retransformed martensite serve as nucleation zones for corrosion damage. Stress-induced corrosion cracks developed, which eventually deteriorate functional response. KW - Shape memory alloy (SMA) KW - In situ characterization KW - Corrosion KW - Austenite-to-martensite phase transformation PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2023.102001 VL - 33 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier BV AN - OPUS4-61283 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erxleben, Kjell A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas A1 - Kromm, Arne T1 - In-service and repair welding of pressurized hydrogen pipelines–a review on current challenges and strategies N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier for a sustainable future without fossil fuels. As this requires a reliable transportation infrastructure, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide individual national hydrogen strategies, in addition to newly erected pipelines. In view of the known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials already in use (typically low-alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. Initial comprehensive studies on the hydrogen compatibility of pipeline materials indicate that these materials can be used to a certain extent. Nevertheless, the material compatibility for hydrogen service is currently of great importance. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. In some cases, it is necessary to carry out welding work on pipelines while they are under pressure, e.g., the well-known tapping of NG grids. This in-service welding brings additional challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into two parts: (1) the possible austenitization of the inner piping material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to additional hydrogen absorption, and (2) the welding itself causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significantly increased hydrogen solubility in the respective materials compared to room temperature. In that connection, the knowledge on hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is rare so far due to the missing service experiences. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the possible transferability of the state-of-the-art concepts from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. This is necessary to ensure that no critical material degradation occurs due to the potentially increased hydrogen uptake. For this reason, the paper introduces the state of the art in pipeline hot tapping, encompassing current research projects and their individual solution strategies for the problems that may arise for future hydrogen service. Methods of material testing, their limitations, and possible solutions will be presented and discussed. KW - In-service KW - Welding KW - Hydrogen pipeline KW - Review PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638847 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02127-x SN - 0043-2288 SP - 1 EP - 24 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-63884 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Matschat, Ralf A1 - Dudzus, Thomas A1 - Meier, Klaus A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Hedrich, Martina ED - Hirschfeld, D. T1 - Messung von Sauerstoff und Stickstoff mit klassischer Trägergasheißextraktion und Trägergasheißextraktion nach Aktivierung mit Photonen für die nationalen primären Kalibriernormale T2 - 8. Symposium Nichtmetalle in Metallen - NIM ; 8. Tagung des Gemeinschaftsausschusses "Nichtmetalle in Metallen" der GDMB CY - Münster, Deutschland DA - 2000-03-16 PY - 2000 SN - 3-9806913-1-4 SP - 19 EP - 27 PB - GDMB, Ges. für Bergbau, Metallurgie, Rohstoff- und Umwelttechnik CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-915 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Czeskleba, Denis A1 - Irfan, Muhammad Dary A1 - Wandtke, Karsten A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Wasserstoffdiffusion in hochfesten UP-Schweißverbindungen – einfacher als gedacht N2 - Hochfeste Baustähle werden im modernen Stahlbau aus wirtschaftlichen und konstruktiven Gründen zunehmend eingesetzt, z. B. im Gebäude-, Anlagen- oder Mobilkranbau. Durch den Einsatz von Stählen mit höheren 690 MPa) können durch die Reduzierung der Wanddicke erhebliche Gewichtsreduzierungen und geringere Verarbeitungskosten erreicht werden, insbesondere bei der Verwendung des Unterpulverschweißen (UP) durch seine hohe Abschmelzleistung. Aufgrund ihrer speziellen Mikrostruktur haben hochfeste Stähle eine begrenzte Duktilität und sind anfälliger für wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrisse (HACC). Darüber hinaus führen große mittels UP geschweißter Blechdicken zu hohen Schweißeigenspannungen und langen Diffusionswegen für z.B. durch den Schweißprozess eingebrachten Wasserstoff. Abgesicherte Diffusionskoeffizienten für UP-Schweißungen dieser Festigkeitsklasse sind als Grundlage für die Abschätzung des Zeitintervalls einer möglichen verzögerten Kaltrissbildung oder für Nachwärmung zur Wasserstoffreduktion nur sehr begrenzt verfügbar. Aus diesem Grund wurden experimentelle Versuche zur mikrostruktur-spezifischen Diffusion in S690-Schweißungen durchgeführt. Dazu wurde ein thermomechanisch (TM) gewalzter bzw. vergüteter (QL) Zustand dieses Werkstoffs betrachtet, sowie das jeweilige charakteristische Schweißgut und WEZ. Dazu wurden den Schweißmikrostrukturen lokal Proben entnommen und über Permeations- bzw. Warmauslagerungsversuche die gefügespezifische Diffusion von Raumtemperatur bis 400°C charakterisiert. Im Gegensatz zu bekannten Effekten des Wärmebehandlungszustandes der Grundwerkstoffe auf die Diffusion in MSGSchweißverbindungen, zeigten die Wasserstoffdiffusionskoeffizienten über alle untersuchten Gefügezustände keine signifikanten Unterschiede, insbesondere nicht für die lokale WEZ diverser, untersuchter Streckenergiebereiche. Aus praktischer Anwendersicht können daher dickwandige UP-Verbindungen hinsichtlich einer verzögerten Wasserstoffdiffusion nur anhand der einfach ermittelbaren Diffusionskoeffizienten für den Grundwerkstoffkoeffizient beurteilt werden. Zudem zeigte sich, dass der unterschiedliche Walz- und Wärmebehandlungszustand (TM vs. QL) in UP-Schweißnähten eine untergeordnete Rolle für die Wasserstoffdiffusion und damit für die mögliche Zeitverzögerung der Kaltrissbildung hat. Ergänzende numerische Simulationen der Wasserstoffverteilung bestätigten das Verhalten. T2 - DVS Congress 2025 CY - Essen, Germany DA - 16.09.2025 KW - Unterpulverschweißen KW - Wasserstoffdiffusion KW - Wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrissbildung KW - Wasserstoffrisse PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-96144-299-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.53192/DVSC20250330 VL - 401 SP - 330 EP - 340 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-64132 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thomas, Sebastian T1 - Improvement of Type Approval Regulations of Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Fueled Vehicles using Probabilistic Methods N2 - Composite pressure vessels (CPVs) are becoming the state of the art for storage for compressed hydrogen (CH2) in automotive applications. There is a strong interest of car manufacturers to use lightweight and less-costly gas storage units. In order to reduce the necessary amount of expensive carbon fibre, the nominal safety margins are becoming gradually smaller, pushing the limits of the regulations for type approval. At the same time, the total volume of these vessels increases to extend the range of the vehicles, increasing the consequences for worst-case scenarios like the rupture of the CPVs in service. This presentation presents insights gained in the project “TAnk HYdrogen Automotive” (TAHYA). Its aim is to improve the safety of current regulations for type approval of pressure vessels for the use in hydrogen fueled vehicles, namely GTR No. 13 and ECE R 134. For the assessment of safety, the probabilistic approach developed by division 3.5 of BAM is used. Monte-Carlo-Simulations were conducted leading to the identification of several weak spots, mainly found in the burst test and the batch test. By changing the requirements for burst tests and the approach for batch tests, the identified weak spots can be strongly reduced. T2 - Colloquium of Department 3 CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Monte-Carlo Simulation KW - Safety Assessment KW - Pressure Vessel PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian A1 - Erxleben, Kjell A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Repair Welding of In-Service Hydrogen Pipelines - Concepts and Challenges N2 - Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow for a more sustainable fossil fuel free future. As this necessitates a reliable transport infrastructure, repurposing of the existing natural gas grid is planned. With regards to the well-known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of utilized materials must be investigated. First comprehensive studies on pipeline material hydrogen compatibility indicate that these materials can be applied to a certain extent. Nonetheless, the material compatibility is currently of high interest and focus of numerous research projects worldwide. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. As part of these, in some cases it is necessary to do weldments onto pipelines while they are pressurized. This in-service welding introduces additional challenges for the material compatibility. Due to the resulting high temperatures, the metallurgical changes in the material and of course the presence of high-pressure hydrogen in the pipeline, additional investigations need to be conducted to ensure that no critical material degradation because of increased hydrogen absorption occurs and an overall material compatibility is given. For this reason, the present paper introduces in-service welding on pipelines. An overview of current research projects that deal with the application of in-service welding specifically on hydrogen pipelines and the emerging problems when applying these techniques on hydrogen pipelines is given. Methods of material testing, their limits and possible solutions are presented and discussed. T2 - 2024 15th International Pipeline Conference CY - Calgary, Alberta, Canada DA - 23.09.2024 KW - Hydrogen KW - Pipeline KW - Welding KW - In-Service PY - 2024 SN - 978-0-7918-8856-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2024-133052 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) CY - New York AN - OPUS4-62262 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Chruscicki, Sebastian A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias A1 - Costard, René A1 - Kind, Thomas A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Agasty, Amit T1 - Measuring Dynamic Behavior and Damage Evolution of a Reinforced Concrete Wall Subjected to Explosive Blasts using Embedded Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors N2 - Results from highly dynamic and static strain measurements, respectively, using embedded distributed fiber optic sensors in a steel-reinforced concrete wall under explosive blast-loading are presented, detailing the structure’s dynamic behavior and the evolutions of cracks. T2 - 28th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS-28) CY - Hamamatsu, Japan DA - 20.11.2023 KW - Distributed acoustic sensing KW - DAS KW - Structural response KW - Blast experiment KW - Embedded fiber optic sensor PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Optica CY - Washington D.C., USA AN - OPUS4-59096 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Thomas, Sebastian T1 - Consequences of the reduced minimum burst pressure on the production surveillance N2 - First the acceptance rates resulting from the analysis of different minimum burst ratios and standards are displayed and explained. Especially the problems resulting from a further reduction if the minimum burst ratio are shown. For a better understanding of these results the process of analysing the acceptance rate is explained in detail. This contains the alleged contradiction between safety of samples due to its scatter while the rejected sample provides a higher mean strength. Then the importance of batch testing is explained and leads to the recommendation to have a strong interaction between provided mean strength and requested maximum of production scatter. T2 - 8 th WG on rev GTR 13 CY - Online meeting DA - 02.03.2020 KW - Minimum burst ratio KW - Production scatter KW - Mean burst pressure KW - Batch testing KW - Acceptance rate PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53147 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Thomas, Sebastian A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Wang, Bin T1 - Safety criteria for the transport of hydrogen in permanently mounted composite pressure vessels N2 - The recent growth of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by battery vehicles or tube-trailers, both in composite pressure vessels. As a transport regulation, the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions, and is used for national transport in the EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the behaviour of each individual pressure vessel, regardless of the pressure of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from generally possible worst case scenarios such as sudden rupture. In 2012, the BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national transport requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc. to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. This results in a requirement that becomes more restrictive as the product of pressure and volume increases. In the studies presented here, the safety measures for hydrogen road transport are identified and reviewed through a number of safety measures from countries including Japan, the USA and China. Subsequently, the failure consequences of using trailer vehicles, the related risk and the chance are evaluated. A benefit-related risk criterion is suggested to add to regulations and to be defined as a safety goal in standards for hydrogen transport vehicles and for mounted pressure vessels. Finally, an idea is given for generating probabilistic safety data and for highly efficient evaluation without a significant increase of effort. T2 - ICHS 2019 CY - Adelaide, Australia DA - 24.09.2019 KW - F-N-diagram KW - Chance-risk analysis KW - Pressure-volume product KW - Limit of acceptable consequence KW - Minimum burst pressure PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511589 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.268 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 46 IS - 23 SP - 12577 EP - 12593 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51158 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erxleben, Kjell A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas A1 - Kromm, Arne T1 - In-service and repair welding of pressurized hydrogen pipelines–a review on current challenges and strategies N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier for a sustainable future without fossil fuels. As this requires a reliable transportation infrastructure, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide individual national hydrogen strategies, in addition to newly erected pipelines. In view of the known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials already in use (typically low-alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. Initial comprehensive studies on the hydrogen compatibility of pipeline materials indicate that these materials can be used to a certain extent. Nevertheless, the material compatibility for hydrogen service is currently of great importance. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. In some cases, it is necessary to carry out welding work on pipelines while they are under pressure, e.g., the well-known tapping of NG grids. This in-service welding brings additional challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into two parts: (1) the possible austenitization of the inner piping material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to additional hydrogen absorption, and (2) the welding itself causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significantly increased hydrogen solubility in the respective materials compared to room temperature. In that connection, the knowledge on hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is rare so far due to the missing service experiences. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the possible transferability of the state-of-the-art concepts from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. This is necessary to ensure that no critical material degradation occurs due to the potentially increased hydrogen uptake. For this reason, the paper introduces the state of the art in pipeline hot tapping, encompassing current research projects and their individual solution strategies for the problems that may arise for future hydrogen service. Methods of material testing, their limitations, and possible solutions will be presented and discussed. KW - In-service KW - Hydrogen KW - Repair welding KW - Pipeline PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638944 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02127-x SN - 0043-2288 SP - 1 EP - 24 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-63894 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erxleben, Kjell A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Hadick, C. A1 - Schu, K. T1 - Quantification of hydrogen uptake during in-service hydrogen pipeline welding N2 - Hydrogen must be transported on a large scale from producers to consumers to ensure the energy transition. The necessary pipeline grid is achieved by conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and building new pipelines. Welding during service as part e.g. of “hot-tapping” is unavoidable for maintenance/repair/expansion. Based on existing studies, the basic material compatibility of (low-alloyed) pipeline steels with hydrogen is postulated. However, this cannot be assumed for the case of in-service welding on pipelines in pressurized condition. The reason is the increased temperature e.g. by preheating and (in particular) during welding of the single passes. As a result, the inner pipeline surface undergoes multiple short-term heating but to high temperatures. In particular, the first passes can result in a temperature close to the austenitic transformation of the material for small wall thicknesses. Both increase the hydrogen uptake into the welded joint. If hydrogen embrittlement is likely to occur, depends on the hydrogen uptake, which must be quantified. For this purpose, welding experiments on pressurized demonstrators were conducted. The hydrogen uptake at 100 bar was compared to reference experiments with nitrogen. A new sample extraction routine for the quantification of the weld-zone specific hydrogen uptake was established. Comprehensive experiments with different steels (P235, L360, L485), wall thicknesses (4.1 mm to 7.8 mm) and diameters (DN50 and DN200) were conducted. In addition, the influence of the welding layer sequence on the hydrogen uptake between single- and multi-layer welds was investigated. Analytical approaches were used to approximate the hydrogen uptake in the respective weld zones. The main findings were that the layer sequence and especially the wall thickness have a large influence on the hydrogen uptake. T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.05.2025 KW - In-service KW - Hydrogen KW - Pipeline KW - Repair welding KW - component test PY - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-63166 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erxleben, Kjell A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Kromm, Arne T1 - Reparaturschweißen zukünftiger, in Betrieb befindlicher Wasserstoffpipelines N2 - Wasserstoff leistet als Energieträger der Zukunft einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Energieversorgung, wobei der Transport auf Basis des europäischen Ferngasleitungsnetzes erfolgen wird. Bisherige Untersuchungen zur Werkstoffkompatibilität zeigen, dass die hier verwendeten, niedriglegierten Rohrstähle für Wasserstofftransport unter normalen Betriebsbedingungen (≤ 60 °C, max. 100 bar) grundsätzlich geeignet sind. Die Eignung kann nicht ohne Weiteres übertragen werden, sobald Reparaturschweißungen beispielsweise aufgrund von Wartungsarbeiten an druckführenden, in Betrieb befindlichen, Hochdruckgasleitungen erfolgen. Aus technisch-ökonomischen Gründen werden Schweißarbeiten dabei im Betrieb unter fortwährendem Druck und Gasfluss durchgeführt. Dies soll auch bei Wasserstoffpipelines erfolgen. Dazu im Erdgasnetz angewandte und etablierte Konzepte sind beispielsweise das „Hot-Tapping“ und „Stoppling“. Beim „Hot-Tapping“ wird eine druckführende Pipeline durch Anflanschen eines abgeschlossenen, druckdichten Systems aus Absperrventil und Bohrvorrichtung angebohrt. Dazu müssen sogenannte Überschieber (aus vorgeformten Zylinderhalbschalen) durch Längsnaht verbunden und dann mit Rohrrundnähten am Produktrohr verbunden werden. Für das zum überwiegenden Teil durchgeführte E-Hand-Schweißen sind dabei Vorwärmtemperaturen von ca. 100 °C bzw. 250 °C für die maximale Zwischenlagentemperatur einzuhalten. Besonderer Fokus liegt auf der Betrachtung dünnwandiger Leitungen, da hier beim Schweißen der Rundnähte die Austenitisierungstemperatur an der Innenseite der Pipeline überschritten wird. Dadurch wird eine signifikant höhere Wasserstoffaufnahme in den Leitungsstahl vermutet, mit einer möglichen Degradation der mechanischen Kennwerte bzw. Rissbildung. Durch die langen Schweiß- und Abkühlzeiten wird der Rohrleitungsstahl zudem teilweise stundenlang Temperaturen von bis zu 250 °C ausgesetzt. Neben der klassischen „Versprödung“ muss daher eventuell auch ein sogenannter Hochtemperatur-Wasserstoffangriff betrachtet werden. Diese vorliegende Studie gibt Einblick zur Übertragbarkeit der bekannten Konzepte aus der Erdgastechnik zum Reparaturschweißen. Dazu werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen momentaner Prüfkonzepte sowie deren Weiterentwicklungen aufgezeigt. Dies umfasst bspw. geeignete Methodiken zur Werkstoffprüfung als auch skalierte Bauteilversuche unter realistischen Druckgas-Betriebsbedingungen einer Pipeline. In diesem Rahmen erfolgt auch die Kurzvorstellung des Kooperationsprojektes von BAM, DVGW und Ferngasnetzbetreibern „H2-SuD“ zum Einfluss der Temperaturführung und Rohrgeometrie auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme. T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2024 CY - Erfurt, Germany DA - 16.09.2024 KW - Reparaturschweißen KW - Pipeline KW - Wasserstoff KW - Im Betrieb PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-96144-269-0 VL - 395 SP - 341 EP - 349 AN - OPUS4-61478 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian A1 - Erxleben, Kjell A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Herausforderungen beim Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoff-Ferngasleitungen N2 - Als Energieträger der Zukunft kommt grünem Wasserstoff große Bedeutung bei der Energiewende und der zukünftigen, nachhaltigen Energieversorgung zu Teil. Zum effizienten und sicheren Transport des Wasserstoffs ist die Bereitstellung einer Pipeline-Infrastruktur geplant. Die meisten Länder verfolgen hierbei die Strategie der Umwidmung bestehender Erdgastransportleitungen, ergänzt durch Errichtung neuer Pipelines. Die bestehenden Erdgasnetze sind dabei aus unterschiedlichsten Rohrgeometrien und Materialien zusammengesetzt. Bei der Umwidmung von Erdgaspipelines zum Transport von Wasserstoff müssen daher Fragen der Materialverträglichkeit hinsichtlich des als Wasserstoffversprödung bekannten Phänomens der Beeinträchtigung der mechanischen Eigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe durch Wasserstoff betrachtet werden. Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse und Feldversuche deuten darauf hin, dass die niedriglegierten, ferritischen Stähle, aus denen die Ferngasleitungen des Erdgasnetzes überwiegend bestehen, für den Transport von Wasserstoff unter normalen Betriebsbedingungen geeignet sind. Eine Frage, die bislang weniger Aufmerksamkeit erhielt, ist die, wie sich das Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoffpipelines auf die Materialkompatibilität auswirkt. Im Erdgasnetz sind etablierte Verfahren wie beispielsweise das „Hot-Tapping“ unumgänglich für die Instandhaltung und Erweiterung des Netzes. Hierbei werden an eine im Betrieb befindliche Pipeline geteilte T-Stücke aufgeschweißt, über die die Pipeline dann mit geeigneten Bohrvorrichtungen während eines ununterbrochenen Betriebs angebohrt werden kann. Um zu beurteilen, ob diese Verfahren gefahrlos auf Wasserstoffpipelines übertragen werden können, müssen Problemstellungen betrachtet werden, die sich durch den Wärmeeintrag ins Material beim Schweißen ergeben. Wasserstofflöslichkeit und Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit sind temperaturabhängig. Erhöhte Temperaturen könnten eine Wasserstoffaufnahme ins Material bewirken, die zu einer kritischen Degradation der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Materials führen könnte. Die Temperaturen, die beim Schweißen erreicht werden, führen lokal zur Überschreitung der Austenitisierungstemperatur. Austenit weist eine deutlich höhere Löslichkeit von Wasserstoff auf, während die Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit des Wasserstoffs in dieser Phase deutlich herabgesetzt ist. Es wird vermutet, dass dies zu einer lokal erhöhten Wasserstoffkonzentration führt. Damit geht ein erhöhtes Risiko einer kritischen Materialdegradation einher. Durch die lange Zeitdauer beim Schweißen von mehrlagigen Rundkehlnähten an großen Pipelines, einschließlich einer möglichen Vorwärmprozedur, ist weiterhin zu klären, ob der aus Anwendungsfällen in der Petrochemie bekannte Hochtemperaturwasserstoffangriff auftritt. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert einen Überblick über das Schweißen im Betrieb an Gaspipelines, hierbei auftretenden Herausforderungen bei der möglichen Anwendung auf Wasserstoffleitungen. Dabei werden auch aktuelle Forschungsprojekte zum Thema Schweißen an Wasserstoffpipelines im Betrieb eingehend diskutiert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden erste Ergebnisse des gemeinschaftlichen Forschungsprojektes „H2-SuD: Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2-Ferngasleitungen“ des Deutschen Vereins des Gas- und Wasserfaches (DVGW), der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und deutscher Gasnetzbetreiber (Open Grid Europe, ONTRAS Gastransport, u.v.m.) präsentiert. T2 - 53. Sondertagung - Schweißen im Anlagen-und Behälterbau 2025 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 18.03.2025 KW - Materialdegradation KW - Pipeline KW - Schweißen KW - Wasserstoff PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-96144-290-4 (Print) SN - 978-3-96144-291-1 (E-Book) VL - 2025 SP - 106 EP - 115 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-62911 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian A1 - Erxleben, Kjell A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoff-Ferngasleitungen N2 - Wasserstoff gilt als Energieträger für die Erreichung der Klimaziele und einer nachhaltigen zukünftigen Energieversorgung. Für den notwendigen Transport des Wasserstoffs in großem Maßstab und über weite Entfernungen ist eine zuverlässige Pipeline-Infrastruktur erforderlich. Umfassende weltweite Forschungsprojekte deuten auf die allgemeine Kompatibilität der verwendeten überwiegend ferritischen Stähle für die vorgesehenen Betriebsbedingungen von bis zu 60 °C bei 100 bar Wasserstoff hin. Dies ist jedoch nicht direkt übertragbar auf schweißtechnische Reparatur- und Wartungsarbeiten an im Betrieb befindlichen Pipelines. Ein im Erdgasnetz etabliertes Verfahren stellt das „Hot-Tapping“ dar, bei dem eine unter Druck stehende Pipeline im Betrieb angebohrt wird. Hierfür kommt ein an die Rohrleitung geschweißtes Formstück zum Einsatz, das die Montage der Bohr-/Lochschneidemaschine ermöglicht. In den Richtlinien EIGA 121/14 bzw. AIGA 033/14 wird darauf hingewiesen, dass das Anbohren von Wasserstoffleitungen kein Routineverfahren darstellt: “[…] a hydrogen hot-tap shall not be considered a routine procedure […]“. Dieser Aussage liegt unter anderem zugrunde, dass das Anschweißen des Formstücks an das Rohr und alle zu erwartenden Wärmebehandlungen vor und nach dem Schweißen eine lokale Temperaturerhöhung verursachen. Insbesondere auch an der Rohrinnenfläche, die dem Wasserstoff ausgesetzt ist. Diese erhöhten Temperaturen begünstigen die Absorption und Diffusion von Wasserstoff in das Material. Besonders zu beachten ist außerdem die lokal auftretende kurzzeitige Austenitisierung des Materials, die eine lokal stark erhöhte Wasserstoffkonzentration verursachen kann. Aus den genannten Gründen gibt diese Studie einen kurzen Überblick über die derzeit weltweit verfügbaren Forschungsprojekte zum Schweißen von Wasserstoff-Pipelines im Betrieb. Vorgestellt werden unter anderem erste Ergebnisse des Kooperationsforschungsprojektes H2SuD, das derzeit an der BAM bearbeitet wird. T2 - 6. Symposium Materialtechnik CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany DA - 20.02.2025 KW - Materialdegradation KW - Pipeline KW - Schweißen KW - Wasserstoff PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632731 SN - 978-3-8440-9961-4 SN - 978-3-8191-0041-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.21268/20250506-12 SN - 2364-0804 SN - 3052-3524 N1 - Serientitel: Fortschrittsberichte der Materialforschung und Werkstofftechnik – Series title: Bulletin of Materials Research and Engineering VL - 15 SP - 381 EP - 390 PB - Shaker Verlag CY - Düren AN - OPUS4-63273 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erxleben, Kjell A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Hadick, C. A1 - Schu, K. T1 - Component test concept for evaluation of in-service welding on pressurized hydrogen pipelines N2 - Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow and most countries will achieve large-scale hydrogen transport through the conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and the construction of new pipelines. The interaction between hydrogen and the pipeline materials differs fundamentally from that of NG, as hydrogen is readily absorbed into the material. Considering the possible hydrogen embrittlement (HE), the compatibility of the pipeline materials (low-alloyed steels with a wide strength/thickness range) must be investigated. However, pipelines require intervention for maintenance, repair, or grid expansion with welding on/onto the pipelines while in service, i.e. the well-known "hot tapping" and "plugging" or “stoppling”. The challenges compared to NG can be broadly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen and the welding itself. Both result in a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and could potentially pose challenges in terms of HE. Emphasis is placed on the word "could" because knowledge of "hot tapping" on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due a lack of service experience. To this end, this study proposes a concept for a component-like demonstrator with the objectives: (1) safe feasibility of "hot tapping" on pressurized model hydrogen pipeline sections, (2) facilitate ex-post sample extraction for the purpose of quantifying the absorbed hydrogen concentrations, and (3) ensure in-situ temperature measurement during welding to monitor the pipeline surface temperature. For safety reasons in the event of an unintentional "burn-through", a solid cylinder was inserted in the demonstrator to restrict the hydrogen gas volume to a small, pressurized layer. Reference pipeline surface temperature measurements were ensured on comparable, unpressurized geometries. The investigated range of welding conditions was investigated for representative material/thickness combinations (DN50 to DN200), suggesting the feasibility of the demonstrator for the determination of reliable in-service welding conditions for both installed and new pipelines for hydrogen service. T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.05.2025 KW - In-service KW - Hydrogen KW - Pipeline KW - Repair welding KW - component test PY - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-63168 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Buttler, Sabine A1 - Penk, Sibylle A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Witt, Angelika T1 - Development of certified reference materials for the determination of cadmium and acrylamide in cocoa N2 - Since 1 January 2019 a maximum content of 0.6 mg kg−1 cadmium (Cd) in cocoa powder sold to the final consumer or as an ingredient in sweetened cocoa powder sold to the final consumer (drinking chocolate) is set by the Commission Regulation (EU) No. 488/2014. Monitoring compliance with the specified limit value requires analytical measuring methods and reference materials for quality control. However, suitable certified reference materials intended for quality assurance and quality control purposes are still lacking. Therefore, three cocoa reference materials (ERM®-BD513, ERM®-514 and ERM®-515) were developed according to the requirements of ISO 17034 and the recommendations of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of reference material development, including material preparation, assessment of homogeneity and stability, characterisation and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fractions was based upon an interlaboratory comparison study involving 19 expert laboratories for Cd and 12 laboratories for acrylamide. The certified mass fractions and expanded uncertainties (k = 2) of the reference materials were (0.181 ± 0.009) mg kg−1 Cd (ERM®-BD513), (0.541 ± 0.024) mg kg−1 Cd (ERM®-BD514) and (0.690 ± 0.029) mg kg−1 Cd (ERM®-BD515). Acrylamide contents are given for information. KW - Certified reference material KW - Quality assurance KW - Cocoa KW - Cadmium KW - Acrylamide KW - Food analysis PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508656 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02719-0 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 412 IS - 19 SP - 4659 EP - 4668 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50865 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Buttler, Sabine A1 - Penk, Sibylle A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Witt, Angelika T1 - Correction to: "Development of certified reference materials for the determination of cadmium and acrylamide in cocoa" N2 - The article "Development of certified reference materials for the determination of cadmium and acrylamide in cocoa" was originally published in the journal "Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry" Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 412, issue 19, page 4659–4668, the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to ©The Author(s) 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527908 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03428-y SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 SP - 1 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-52790 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riedel, Juliane A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Sassenroth, Diana A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Buttler, Sabine A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Penk, Sibylle A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Development and certification of a reference material for zearalenone in maize germ oil N2 - Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium fungi, is a common contaminant of cereal-based food worldwide. Due to frequent occurrences associated with high levels of ZEN, maize oil is a particular source of exposure. Although a European maximumlevel for ZEN in maize oil exists according to Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1126/2007 along with a newly developed international standard method for analysis, certified reference materials (CRM) are still not available. To overcome this lack, the first CRM for the determination of ZEN in contaminated maize germ oil (ERM®-BC715) was developed in the frame of a European Reference Materials (ERM®) project according to the requirements of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of CRM development including preparation, homogeneity and stability studies, and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fraction was based upon an in-house study using high-performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Simultaneously, to support the in-house certification study, an interlaboratory comparison study was conducted with 13 expert laboratories using different analytical methods. The certified mass fraction and expanded uncertainty (k=2) of ERM®-BC715 (362± 22) μg kg−1 ZEN are traceable to the SI. This reference material is intended for analytical quality control and contributes to the improvement of consumer protection and food safety. KW - Fusarium mycotoxin KW - Vegetable edible oil KW - Food analysis KW - European Reference Material KW - Quality assurance PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-531831 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03532-z SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 413 IS - 21 SP - 5483 EP - 5491 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53183 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Jörg Manfred A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bütefisch, Sebastian A1 - Weimann, Thomas A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - A New XPS Test Material for More Reliable Analysis of Microstructures N2 - A reference material is required for small‐area XPS because it has been used more frequently for surface control in recent years and many operators use incorrect field of views. To address this problem, we developed a test material starting in 2019. We optimised this XPS test material dedicated to the control of analysis position on the sample, with respect to the following factors: type of XPS instruments available on the market, the manufacturing process and sample handling. Test structures are now aligned along lines instead of on a circle radius, so that the individual structures can be accessed more quickly and easily. In addition, a larger test structure of 300 μm and another one in an intermediate size of 18 μm were added. Smaller test structures under 50 μm have been annotated with finder grids/arrows around them so that they are easier to find. Further, the manufacturing process was changed from e‐beam lithography to a mask process to be able to offer the test material at a favourable price. The use of masks also had to be adapted for the new manufacturing process so that the smallest square structures are also realised as such and do not show any distortion of the structure boundaries. The quality control using a metrological SEM confirmed a very reproducible manufacturing process. It is demonstrated that the test material can be successfully employed to find the most suitable beam size of the XPS system used for the analysis of small (μm range) surface features. KW - Small-area measurements KW - Test material KW - XPS KW - XPS imaging PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-616577 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7367 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-61657 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique A1 - Florek, S. A1 - Becker-Ross, H. A1 - Huang, M.-D. A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Heinrich, Hans-Joachim A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Zirconium permanent modifiers for graphite furnaces used in absorption spectrometry: understanding their structure and mechanism of action N2 - The mechanism of action of zirconium permanent modifiers on graphite surfaces was investigated in order to understand its influence on the analytical signal in atomic and molecular absorption spectrometry (AAS/MAS). For this, the molecule formation of CaF was studied, which is used for the indirect analytical determination of fluorine in high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). The kinetics of this reaction was established by monitoring its molecular spectrum at different atomisation temperatures. An Arrhenius plot showed a pseudo-first order reaction with respect to fluorine (n = 1). An intermediate state was isolated, and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods: scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEMEDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS), and Raman microspectroscopy. We propose here a mechanism, where ZrO2 acts as a heterogeneous catalyst: after a pyrolytic step, an intermediate state of ZrO(OCaF) is activated, and at higher temperatures, CaF(g) is released from the zirconium-coated graphite surface. No evidence of the formation of zirconium carbide was found. Consequently, as the CaF formation is catalysed by a heterogeneous catalyst, surface modifications with ZrO2 nanoparticles and ZrO xerogels were investigated in order to increase the surface area. Their influence was evaluated in the molecule formation of CaF, CaCl, CaBr, and CaI. Graphite furnace modification with zirconium oxide nanoparticles proves to be the best choice for fluorine analysis with a signal enhancement of more than eleven times with respect a non-coated graphite furnace. However, the influence of zirconium modifications in the analytical signals of Cl, and I is lower than the F signals or even negative in case of the Br. Understanding zirconium modifiers as heterogeneous catalysts offers a new perspective to AAS and MAS, and reveals the potential of surface analytical methods for development of improved permanent modifiers and graphite furnace coatings. KW - Zirconium KW - HR-CS-MAS KW - Graphite furnace KW - Nanoparticles KW - Xerogel KW - Calcium monofluoride KW - Absorption spectrometry PY - 2018 UR - https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/ja/c8ja00190a DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C8JA00190A SN - 0267-9477 VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 2034 EP - 2042 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-46775 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thomas, Sebastian T1 - WP8 RCS standardisation work, probabilistic safety assessment & statistic - PSB meeting #3 N2 - Achievements within WP8 in the TAHYA Project during the month 18 to 24, including ongoing work and next steps. Including safety definition, introduction to probabilistic Approach, failure rate, consequence and risk Definition, introduction monte-carlo-Simulation. T2 - TAHYA PSB meeting 3 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.11.2019 KW - TAHYA project PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bouabadi, Bouchra A1 - Hilger, André A1 - Kamm, Paul H. A1 - Neu, Tillmann R. A1 - Kardjilov, Nikolay A1 - Sintschuk, Michael A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Schedel‐Niedrig, Thomas A1 - Abou‐Ras, Daniel A1 - García‐Moreno, Francisco A1 - Risse, Sebastian T1 - Morphological Evolution of Sn‐Metal‐Based Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using Operando X‐Ray Imaging N2 - Sn‐based electrodes are promising candidates for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. However, it suffers from deleterious micro‐structural deformation as it undergoes drastic volume changes upon lithium insertion and extraction. Progress in designing these materials is limited to complex structures. There is a significant need to develop an alloy‐based anode that can be industrially manufactured and offers high reversible capacity. This necessitates a profound understanding of the interplay between structural changes and electrochemical performance. Here, operando X‐ray imaging is used to correlate the morphological evolution to electrochemical performance in foil and foam systems. The 3D Sn‐foam‐like structure electrode is fabricated in‐house as a practical approach to accommodate the volume expansion and alleviate the mechanical stress experienced upon alloying/dealloying. Results show that generating pores in Sn electrodes can help manage the volume expansion and mitigate the severe mechanical stress in thick electrodes during alloying/dealloying processes. The foam electrode demonstrates superior electrochemical performance compared to non‐porous Sn foil with an equivalent absolute capacity. This work advances the understanding of the real‐time morphological evolution of Sn bulky electrodes. KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - X-ray imaging KW - Lithium-ion battery PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640112 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202414892 SN - 2198-3844 VL - 12 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-64011 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peters, Stefan A1 - Kunkel, Benny A1 - Cakir, Cafer Tufan A1 - Kabelitz, Anke A1 - Witte, Steffen A1 - Bernstein, Thomas A1 - Bartling, Stephan A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Abdel-Mageed, Ali Mohamed A1 - Wohlrab, Sebastian A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana T1 - Time-, space- and energy-resolved in situ characterization of catalysts by X-ray absorption spectroscopy N2 - A novel setup for dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with simultaneous resolution of space, time and energy for in situ characterization of solid materials is demonstrated. KW - Dispersive XAS KW - Catalysis KW - In situ KW - Structure analysis PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-584924 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cc03277a SN - 1359-7345 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-58492 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -