TY - JOUR A1 - Hieronymus, Hartmut A1 - Fischer, J. A1 - Heinrich, Sebastian A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Lange, T. A1 - Klemm, E. T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Untersuchungen zum Betrieb von Mikroreaktoren im Explosionsbereich N2 - Es wird eine Methode zur sicherheitstechnischen Untersuchung von Mikroreaktoren und mikrostrukturierten Komponenten, die im Explosionsbereich betrieben werden sollen, vorgestellt. Mikrostrukturierte Reaktoren sind nicht inhärent sicher, wenngleich der Bereich der sicheren Betriebsbedingungen gegenüber konventionellen Reaktoren erweitert ist. Der Explosionsbereich kann durch die Mikrostrukturen eingeengt werden. Am Beispiel von Ethylen/Sauerstoff-Gemischen und Ethylen/N2O-Gemischen wird hinsichtlich der Ausbreitung von Detonationen durch Kapillarrohre gezeigt, dass die sogenannte λ/3-Regel angewandt werden kann. Darüber hinaus werden erste Ergebnisse der Untersuchung der Ausbreitung von Explosionen durch einen Mikroreaktor mit rechteckigem Strömungskanal vorgestellt. KW - Detonationszellbreite KW - Explosionsgrenzen KW - Mikroreaktoren KW - Sicherheitstechnik KW - Detonation cell width KW - Explosion limit KW - Microreactor KW - Saftey engineering PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201100112 SN - 0009-286X SN - 1522-2640 VL - 83 IS - 10 SP - 1742 EP - 1747 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-24486 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Fischer, J. A1 - Heinrich, Sebastian A1 - Lange, T. A1 - Hieronymus, Hartmut A1 - Klemm, E. T1 - Are micro reactors inherently safe? An investigation of gas phase explosion propagation limits on ethene mixtures N2 - A method for the determination of safety properties for micro reactors and micro structured components is presented. Micro structured reactors are not inherently safe but the range of safe operating conditions of micro reactors are extended since the explosion region is reduced. The λ/3 rule was demonstrated to be applicable to micro scale tubes for stoichiometric mixtures of ethane–oxygen and ethane–nitrous oxide. Furthermore first results from an investigation concerning detonation propagation through a micro reactor of non-ideal geometry are shown. Initial pressure investigated is ranging from low pressure up to 100 kPa. KW - Micro reactor KW - Explosion propagation limits KW - Chemical safety KW - Investigation method PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2011.08.006 SN - 0957-5820 SN - 1744-3598 VL - 90 IS - 2 SP - 77 EP - 82 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-25594 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heinrich, Sebastian T1 - Safety aspects of heterogeneously catalysed oxidations inside the explosion region in micro reactors T2 - IMRET 12 The International Conferences on Microreaction Technology CY - Lyon, France DA - 2012-02-20 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25585 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lange, T. A1 - Heinrich, Sebastian A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Hieronymus, Hartmut A1 - Klemm, E. T1 - Reaction engineering investigations of the heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation of o-xylene in the explosion regime using a microfixed bed reactor N2 - The heterogeneously catalyzed selective gas phase oxidation of o-xylene was investigated, using a microstructured fixed bed reactor, inside of the explosion regime. The reaction was carried out with high amounts of o-xylene in air and stoichiometric with oxygen using a V2O5/TiO2-catalyst prepared through grafting. There were no significant losses in the selectivity to phthalic anhydride observable, during the measurements in the explosion regime, with feed compositions of up to 7 vol% o-xylene. Also the space-time yield was up to 2.3 times higher in comparison to conventional reaction conditions. An increase of the selectivity to total oxidation products was observed at higher o-xylene concentrations between 10 and 25 vol% o-xylene, which possibly was caused by the formation of a hotspot. The investigation of the used catalyst revealed a thermally induced deactivation due to phase transition of anatase into rutil and formation of crystalline vanadium oxide. Despite that expected hotspot at high oxylene concentrations, there was no ignition or explosion of the gas mixture observable. KW - O-xylene oxidation KW - Phthalic anhydride KW - V2O5/TiO2-catalyst KW - Microfixed bed reactor KW - Explosion regime KW - Hotspot PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.10.072 SN - 0009-2509 VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 440 EP - 448 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-25463 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinrich, Sebastian A1 - Edeling, Florian A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Hieronymus, Hartmut A1 - Lange, T. A1 - Klemm, E. T1 - Catalyst as ignition source of an explosion inside a microreactor N2 - The present issue reports on a specific aspect of safety engineering of the heterogeneously catalysed oxidation of ethene in a continuous-flow microreactor. Conversion of ethene and the corresponding surface temperature of the catalyst were monitored for different reactor temperatures and total flow rates with a stoichiometric ethene/oxygen mixture for total oxidation. Safe operation of the highly exothermic oxidation was possible, but not in the whole parameter range. At high reactor temperatures and flow rates, ignition of an explosion inside the microreactor caused by a hot spot on the surface of the catalyst was observed for the first time. KW - Catalyst KW - Ethene KW - Explosions KW - Hot spot KW - Microstructure KW - Safety PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2012.08.049 SN - 0009-2509 VL - 84 SP - 540 EP - 543 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-26782 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Heinrich, Sebastian A1 - Edeling, Florian A1 - Hieronymus, Hartmut A1 - Lange, T. A1 - Klemm, E. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - Explosion initiation, propagation, and suppression inside a micro structured reactor N2 - The present contribution reports on specific aspects of safety engineering in heterogeneously catalysed oxidation reactions. Results for ethene-oxygen-mixtures in a continuous-flow micro reactor are reported related to the safety issues of the ethylene oxide process. Initial pressure is ranging from below 1 bar up to 10 bar at initial temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 673 K. Micro structured reactors offer an extended range of operating conditions. The key issue to be discussed in the present contribution is how to safely operate a micro reactor at conditions in conventional devices to be characterised as inside the explosion region. Within certain limits suppression of explosion inside a micro reactor can be achieved. This holds true for chain reactions as well as runaway reactions. Nevertheless it is not possible to safely operate micro structured reactors at any condition. Therefore, explosion propagation through a Micro structured reactor and initiation of gas phase explosions by hot spots inside the reactor were investigated. The investigation methods applied are subject to actual standardization. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Micro reactor KW - Explosion KW - Safety PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1331101 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 601 EP - 606 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heinrich, Sebastian T1 - Hot Spots als Zündquelle in Mirkoreaktoren mit Wandkatalysator T2 - Jahrestreffen Reaktionstechnik 2013 CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 2013-05-06 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28593 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lange, T. A1 - Heinrich, Sebastian A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Hieronymus, Hartmut A1 - Klemm, E. T1 - Partial oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride inside of the explosion regime using a micro structured reactor N2 - The heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase oxidation of o-xylene (oX) to phthalic anhydride (PA) was investigated above the lower explosion limit of appr. 2 vol.% oxylene in air using a micro structured reactor. For these investigations a V2O5/T1O2 grafting catalyst was applied as micro fixed bed and as wall catalyst. Up to 7 voL% 0-xylene, selectivities as well as space-time-yields to PA could be increased siginificantly. At o-xylene concentrations higher than 7 vol. %, the selectivity and space-time-yield to PSA decreased, probably due to a hotspot, which was predicted at high o-xylene concentrations with an approximation and could be indirectly approved by thermal deactivation of the used catalyst. T2 - 2012 AIChE Annual meeting CY - Pittsburgh, PA, USA DA - 28.10.2012 KW - O-xylene oxidation KW - V2O5/TiO2 catalyst KW - Micro structured reactor KW - Explosion regime KW - Micro reactor KW - Explosion KW - Phthalic anhydride KW - Partial oxidation PY - 2013 SN - 9781622767380 SP - 90 EP - 93 AN - OPUS4-28706 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Dudzus, Thomas A1 - Meier, Klaus A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Hedrich, Martina A1 - Matschat, Ralf T1 - Measurement of oxygen and nitrogen in high purity metals used as national standards for elemental analysis in Germany by classical carrier gas hot extraction (HE) and HE after activation with photons N2 - The special importance of the analysis of non-metals in high purity metals, which will serve as national standards for elemental analysis in Germany, is illustrated for oxygen and nitrogen. The typical range of the mass fraction of oxygen and nitrogen in these materials is below 10.MU.g/g, often close to 1.MU.g/g. The two methods applied at BAM for these measurements are classical carrier gas hot extraction (HE) and carrier gas hot extraction after activation with photons (PAA-HE). The approach, the methods and their advantages and limitations are discussed. Comparative results from the measurement of oxygen and nitrogen in Cu, Fe, Ga, Pb, Sn and W are presented. (author abst.) T2 - 8th International Conference on Ultra-High Purity Base Metals (UHPM-2001) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2001-06-25 KW - Oxygen determination KW - Nitrogen determination KW - High purity metals KW - Carrier gas hot extraction KW - Photon activation analysis PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.43.98 SN - 1345-9678 SN - 1347-5320 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 98 EP - 100 PB - Japan Institute of Metals CY - Sendai AN - OPUS4-1361 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian T1 - Measurement of Nitrogen in Steel by Carrier Gas Hot Extraction - a Challenge in Calibration T2 - 6th International Workshop on progress in analytical chemistry in the steel and metals industries CY - Luxembourg, Luxembourg DA - 2002-05-14 PY - 2002 SP - 1(?) AN - OPUS4-1629 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Dudzus, Thomas A1 - Meier, Klaus A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Hedrich, Martina A1 - Matschat, Ralf T1 - The measurement of O and N by classical carrier gas hot extraction (HE) - Carrier gas hot extraction after activation with photons T2 - CENAM CY - Mexico City, Mexico DA - 2002-01-28 PY - 2002 AN - OPUS4-1610 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Matschat, Ralf A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Noack, Siegfried ED - Abiko, K. ED - Takaki, S. T1 - Activities of Division "Inorganic Chemical Analysis; Reference Materials" of BAM in the Field of Analysis of Metals T2 - 9th international conference on ultrahigh-purity base metals CY - Sendai, Japan DA - 2002-10-14 PY - 2002 SP - 297 EP - 302 CY - Sendai AN - OPUS4-1602 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Merchel, Silke A1 - Dudzus, Thomas A1 - Ecker, Klaus A1 - Hedrich, Martina A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian T1 - Viele (BAM-) Wege führen zu den leichten Elementen T2 - 12. Jahrescolloquium "Analyse von Feststoffen unterschiedlicher Materialien aus Industrie und Umwelt" CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2002-11-19 PY - 2002 SP - 1(?) AN - OPUS4-2024 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Matschat, Ralf A1 - Dudzus, Thomas A1 - Meier, Klaus A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Hedrich, Martina ED - Hirschfeld, D. T1 - Messung von Sauerstoff und Stickstoff mit klassischer Trägergasheißextraktion und Trägergasheißextraktion nach Aktivierung mit Photonen für die nationalen primären Kalibriernormale T2 - 8. Symposium Nichtmetalle in Metallen - NIM ; 8. Tagung des Gemeinschaftsausschusses "Nichtmetalle in Metallen" der GDMB CY - Münster, Deutschland DA - 2000-03-16 PY - 2000 SN - 3-9806913-1-4 SP - 19 EP - 27 PB - GDMB, Ges. für Bergbau, Metallurgie, Rohstoff- und Umwelttechnik CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-915 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique A1 - Florek, S. A1 - Becker-Ross, H. A1 - Huang, M.-D. A1 - Heinrich, Hans-Joachim A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Determination of boron isotope ratios by high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry using graphite furnace vaporizers N2 - Boron isotope amount ratios n(10B)/n(11B) have been determined by monitoring the absorption spectrum of boron monohydride (BH) in a graphite furnace using high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS). Bands (0→0) and (1→1) for the electronic transition X1Σ+ → A1Π were evaluated around wavelengths 433.1 nm and 437.1 nm respectively. Clean and free of memory effect molecular spectra of BH were recorded. In order to eliminate the memory effect of boron, a combination of 2% (v/v) hydrogen gas in argon and 1% trifluoromethane in argon, an acid solution of calcium chloride and mannitol as chemical modifiers was used. Partial least square regression (PLS) for analysis of samples and reference materials were applied. For this, a spectral library with different isotopes ratios for PLS regression was built. Results obtained around the 433.1 nm and 437.1 nm spectral regions are metrologically compatible with those reported by mass spectrometric methods. Moreover, for the evaluated region of 437 nm, an accuracy of 0.15‰ is obtained as the average deviation from the isotope reference materials. Expanded uncertainties with a coverage factor of k = 2 range between 0.15 and 0.44‰. This accuracy and precision are compatible with those obtained by mass spectrometry for boron isotope ratio measurements. KW - Boron isotopes KW - Isotope ratios KW - Boron monohydride KW - Molecular absorption KW - High-resolution continuum source absorption spectrometry KW - Graphite furnace KW - Memory effect KW - HR-CS-MAS PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0584854717302537 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2017.08.012 SN - 0584-8547 VL - 136 SP - 116 EP - 122 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands AN - OPUS4-42071 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Certified reference materials: CRM - ERM - EURONORM T2 - Reference Materials and Interlaboratory Comparisons II CY - Medlov, Czech Republic DA - 2005-11-07 KW - CRM KW - ERM KW - ECRM PY - 2005 SN - 80-86380-30-0 SP - 7 EP - 12 PB - Cesky metrologicky institut CY - Medlov AN - OPUS4-11253 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wienold, Julia A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich T1 - Effort on calibration of infrared spark ablation of copper with synthetic copper standards N2 - Two types of copper samples, compact certified copper reference materials and calibration samples prepared from liquid doped, pressed copper powders, were studied in terms of accuracy of obtained calibration functions originating from infrared spark ablation. Additionally, corresponding particle size distributions of the aerosols from infrared spark ablation were recorded. It is shown that the differences in quantification results, originating from the two sets of calibration functions, could not mainly be ascribed to different particle size distributions of the two copper sample types. Possible other causes, as different ablation rates, parts of melting and differences of the chemical constitutions of the two sample types were explored. KW - Calibration KW - Spark ablation KW - Synthetic standard KW - Particle size distribution KW - Fractionation KW - Laser ablation KW - ICP-MS PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2011.04.005 SN - 0584-8547 SN - 0038-6987 VL - 66 IS - 6 SP - 432 EP - 438 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-24065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wienold, Julia A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Lange, Britta A1 - Giray, Thorsten A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Matschat, Ralf A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Elemental analysis of copper and magnesium alloy samples using IR-laser ablation in comparison with spark and glow discharge methods N2 - Three methods for direct solid sampling of bulk material namely IR laser ablation, glow discharge and spark OES, were compared with respect to analytical figures of merit obtained for elemental analysis with atomic spectrometry. Matrices investigated were copper, pressed doped copper powder, and magnesium alloys. For the vast majority of analytes, statistical equivalence regarding precision (usually ≤ 5%) and the performance of the calibrations between the compared methods was demonstrated. KW - LA-ICP-MS KW - GD-MS KW - Spark-OES KW - LA-ICP-OES KW - Copper KW - Magnesium PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/b903251g SN - 0267-9477 SN - 1364-5544 VL - 24 SP - 1570 EP - 1574 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-20257 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rosner, M. T1 - Trends in selected fields of reference material production N2 - For more than 110 years, BAM has been producing reference materials for a wide range of application fields. With the development of new analytical methods and new applications as well as continuously emerging more stringent requirements of laboratory accreditation with regard to quality control and metrological traceability, the demand and requirements for reference materials are increasing. This trend article gives an overview of general developments in the field of reference materials as well as developments in selected fields of application in which BAM is active. This includes inorganic and metal analysis, gas analysis, food and consumer products, and geological samples. In addition to these more traditional fields of application, developments in the areas of optical spectroscopy, particulary fluorescence methods, and nanomaterials are considered. T2 - 150 years BAM: Science with impact CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.01.2021 KW - Reference material KW - ISO REMCO KW - Gas analysis KW - Food KW - Nanomaterials KW - Fluorescence PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548407 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-03996-7 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 414 IS - Topical collection: Analytical methods and applications in the materials and life sciences SP - 4281 EP - 4289 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique A1 - Florek, S. A1 - Becker-Ross, H. A1 - Huang, M.-D. A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Heinrich, Hans-Joachim A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Zirconium permanent modifiers for graphite furnaces used in absorption spectrometry: understanding their structure and mechanism of action N2 - The mechanism of action of zirconium permanent modifiers on graphite surfaces was investigated in order to understand its influence on the analytical signal in atomic and molecular absorption spectrometry (AAS/MAS). For this, the molecule formation of CaF was studied, which is used for the indirect analytical determination of fluorine in high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). The kinetics of this reaction was established by monitoring its molecular spectrum at different atomisation temperatures. An Arrhenius plot showed a pseudo-first order reaction with respect to fluorine (n = 1). An intermediate state was isolated, and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods: scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEMEDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS), and Raman microspectroscopy. We propose here a mechanism, where ZrO2 acts as a heterogeneous catalyst: after a pyrolytic step, an intermediate state of ZrO(OCaF) is activated, and at higher temperatures, CaF(g) is released from the zirconium-coated graphite surface. No evidence of the formation of zirconium carbide was found. Consequently, as the CaF formation is catalysed by a heterogeneous catalyst, surface modifications with ZrO2 nanoparticles and ZrO xerogels were investigated in order to increase the surface area. Their influence was evaluated in the molecule formation of CaF, CaCl, CaBr, and CaI. Graphite furnace modification with zirconium oxide nanoparticles proves to be the best choice for fluorine analysis with a signal enhancement of more than eleven times with respect a non-coated graphite furnace. However, the influence of zirconium modifications in the analytical signals of Cl, and I is lower than the F signals or even negative in case of the Br. Understanding zirconium modifiers as heterogeneous catalysts offers a new perspective to AAS and MAS, and reveals the potential of surface analytical methods for development of improved permanent modifiers and graphite furnace coatings. KW - Zirconium KW - HR-CS-MAS KW - Graphite furnace KW - Nanoparticles KW - Xerogel KW - Calcium monofluoride KW - Absorption spectrometry PY - 2018 UR - https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/ja/c8ja00190a DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C8JA00190A SN - 0267-9477 VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 2034 EP - 2042 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-46775 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -