TY - JOUR A1 - Flores, E. A1 - Idrees, F. A1 - Moussay, P. A1 - Viallon, J. A1 - Wielgosz, R. A1 - Fernández, T. A1 - Ramírez, S. A1 - Rojo, A. A1 - Shinji, U. A1 - Waldén, J. A1 - Sega, M. A1 - Sang-Hyub, O. A1 - Macé, T. A1 - Couret, C. A1 - Qiao, H. A1 - Smeulders, D. A1 - Guenther, F.R. A1 - Thorn, W.J. III A1 - Tshilongo, J. A1 - Ntsasa, N.G. A1 - Stovcík, V. A1 - Valková, M. A1 - Konopelko, L. A1 - Gromova, E. A1 - Nieuwenkamp, G. A1 - Wessel, R. M. A1 - Milton, M. A1 - Harling, A. A1 - Vargha, G. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Kohl, Anka A1 - Schulz, Gert T1 - Final report on international comparison CCQM-K74: Nitrogen dioxide, 10 µmol/mol N2 - There is a high international priority attached to activities which reduce NOx in the atmosphere. The current level of permitted emissions is typically between 50 µmol/mol and 100 µmol/mol, but lower values are expected in the future. Currently, ambient air quality monitoring regulations also require the measurement of NOx mole fractions as low as 0.2 µmol/mol. The production of accurate standards at these levels of mole fractions requires either dilution of a stable higher concentration gas standard or production by a dynamic technique, for example one based on permeation tubes. The CCQM-K74 key comparison was designed to evaluate the level of comparability of National Metrology Institutes' measurement capabilities and standards for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at a nominal mole fraction of 10 µmol/mol. The measurements of this key comparison took place from June 2009 to May 2010. Seventeen laboratories took part in this comparison coordinated by the BIPM and VSL. The key comparison reference value was based on BIPM measurement results, and the standard measurement uncertainty of the reference value was 0.042 µmol/mol. This key comparison demonstrated that the results of the majority of the participants agreed within limits of ±3% relative to the reference value. The results of only one laboratory lay significantly outside these limits. Likewise this comparison made clear that a full interpretation of the results of the comparison needed to take into account the presence of nitric acid (in the range 100 nmol/mol to 350 nmol/mol) in the cylinders circulated as part of the comparison, as well as the possible presence of nitric acid in the primary standards used by participating laboratories. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA). DatesIssue 1A (Technical Supplement 2012) KW - Ringversuch KW - NO2 KW - Spurenverunreinigungen KW - Meßverfahren PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/49/1A/08005 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 49 IS - 08005 SP - 1 EP - 117 PB - Inst. of Physics Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-25927 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flores, E. A1 - Idrees, F. A1 - Moussay, P. A1 - Viallon, J. A1 - Wielgosz, R. A1 - Fernández, T. A1 - Rojo, A. A1 - Ramírez, S. A1 - Aoki, N. A1 - Kato, K. A1 - Jeongsoon, L. A1 - Moon, D. A1 - Kim, J.-S. A1 - Harling, A. A1 - Milton, M. A1 - Smeulders, D. A1 - Guenther, F.R. A1 - Gameson, L. A1 - Botha, A. A1 - Tshilongo, J. A1 - Ntsasa, N.G. A1 - Valková, M. A1 - Konopelko, L. A1 - Kustikov, Y.A. A1 - Ballandovich, V. S. A1 - Gromova, E.V. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Kohl, Anka A1 - Schulz, Gert T1 - Final report of the pilot study CCQM-P110-B1: A comparison of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in nitrogen standards at 10 µmol/mol by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) N2 - This pilot study compares the performance of participants in analyzing gas mixtures of nitrogen dioxide in nitrogen by comparison with in-house gravimetric standards using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). In this study the same gas mixtures were used as in the key comparison CCQM-K74, which was designed to evaluate the level of comparability of National Metrology Institutes' measurement capabilities for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at a nominal mole fraction of 10 µmol/mol. In the comparison CCQM-K74 most of the participants used chemiluminescence, with a small number using UV absorption or FT-IR spectroscopy, and thus it is of interest to improve understanding of the comparative performance of these techniques because they do not exhibit any cross-sensitivity to nitric acid (HNO3), which was known to be present in the mixtures used for the comparison. The results of this pilot study indicate good consistency and a level of agreement similar to that reported in the comparison CCQM-K74, demonstrating that FT-IR can be operated as a comparison method when calibrated with appropriate gas standards and can achieve similar measurement uncertainties to chemiluminescence and UV absorption techniques. An additional pilot study, CCQM-P110-B2, was conducted on the same gas mixtures in parallel with this pilot study. The second study addressed FT-IR spectroscopy when used to measure the gas mixtures with respect to reference spectra. The results of this second study will be reported elsewhere. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM-GAWG. DatesIssue 1A (Technical Supplement 2012) KW - Ringversuch KW - NO2 KW - Spurenverunreinigungen KW - FT-IR-Spektroskopie PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/49/1A/08006 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 49 IS - 08006 SP - 1 EP - 76 PB - Inst. of Physics Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-25928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Schulz, Günter A1 - Rikowski, E. T1 - Zur Charakterisierung von Si-Polymeren durch flüssigchromatographische Verfahren in Kopplung mit der MALDI-TOF-MS N2 - Summary. The coupling of the three liquid chromatographic modes with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is suitable for the determination of the molecular, functional, and chemical heterogeneities of Si polymers. Silsesquioxanes and siloxanes serve as examples for this method of structure identification. The substance specific construction of the SEC calibration curve by means of MALDI-MS is shown. Zusammenfassung. Die Kopplung der drei flüssigchromatographischen Modi mit MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie ist zur Bestimmung der molekularen, funktionalen und chemischen Verteilungen von Si-Polymeren geeignet. Silsesquioxane und Siloxane dienen als Beispiele für diese Art der Strukturerkennung. Die substanzspezifische Konstruktion einer SEC-Eichkurve mit Hilfe der MALDI-MS wird gezeigt. KW - Si polymer characterization KW - LC/MALDI-TOF-MS PY - 1999 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00010162 SN - 0026-9247 SN - 1434-4475 VL - 130 IS - 1 SP - 163 EP - 174 PB - Springer CY - Wien AN - OPUS4-2163 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Schulz, Günter A1 - Rikowski, E. ED - Auner, N. T1 - Synthesis of Polyhedral Hexa-, Octa-, Deca- and Dodeca-Silsesquioxanes, Separation by NP-HPLC, SEC and LAC, Characterization by MALDI-TOF-MS KW - Silsesquioxanes KW - NP-HPLC KW - LAC KW - SEC KW - MALDI-TOF-MS PY - 2000 SN - 3-527-29854-1 SP - 545 ff. PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-2187 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rikowski, E. A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Schulz, Günter T1 - Synthesis of Polyhedral Hexa-, Octa-, Deca- and Dodeca Silsesquioxanes, Separation by NP-HPLC, SEC and LACCC, Characterization by MALDI-TOF-MS T2 - 4. Münchener Silikontage CY - München, Germany DA - 1998-04-07 PY - 1998 VL - 4 AN - OPUS4-2234 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Schulz, Günter A1 - Rikowski, E. T1 - Characterization of silicon polymers (silsesquioxanes, dendrimers and copolymers) by means of different modes of Liquid Chromatography and MALDI-TOF-MS PY - 1998 PB - Messe München GmbH CY - München AN - OPUS4-2236 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Schulz, Günter A1 - Rikowski, E. T1 - Zur Charakterisierung von Si-Polymeren durch MALDI-TOF-MS in Kopplung mit flüssigchromatographischen Arbeitsweisen T2 - InCom '99 CY - Düsseldorf, Deutschland DA - 1999-03-22 PY - 1999 AN - OPUS4-2238 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Mechtel, M. A1 - Klimmasch, T. A1 - Klinke, E. T1 - The action of outdoor weathering on the scratch resistance and reflow ability of automotive clearcoats T2 - 7th Nürnberg Congress CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 2003-04-07 PY - 2003 SN - 3-87870-146-2 VL - 2 SP - 295 EP - 309 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-2820 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rikowski, E. A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Schulz, Günter T1 - Characterization of silicon-polymers by liquid chromatography and MALDI-TOF-MS T2 - 37th IUPAC Congress ; 27th GDCh General Meeting CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1999-08-14 PY - 1999 SN - 3-924763-80-1 PB - Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-2241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schulz, Günter A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Rikowski, E. ED - Cherdron, H. T1 - Nachweis neuer Si-Polymerstrukturen durch die Kopplung der SEC mit der MALDI-TOF-MS T2 - Symposium on Tailormade Polymers CY - Merseburg, Deutschland DA - 2000-03-20 PY - 2000 SN - 3-527-30325-1 SN - 1022-1360 N1 - Serientitel: Macromolecular symposia – Series title: Macromolecular symposia IS - 163 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-2244 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz-Forberg, Bernd A1 - Wieser, Karol E. T1 - Transportbehälterlager (Teil 1). Sicherheit von Gefahrguttransporten - Prüfung von Sphärengußbehältern zur Beförderung und Lagerung bestrahlter Brennelemente und radioaktiver Abfälle PY - 1987 SN - 1434-9728 SN - 1436-4948 SN - 0372-2457 SN - 0376-1185 VL - 28 IS - 2 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-2332 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brehme, R. A1 - Gründemann, E. A1 - Schneider, M. A1 - Radeglia, Reiner A1 - Reck, Günter A1 - Schulz, Burkhard T1 - Aza-enamines X - Formylation of Pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde Hydrazones at the Hydrazonoazomethine C-Atom N2 - 1,3-Disubstituted 1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde-N,N-di­methylhydrazones 1 reacted with the Vilsmeier-Haackreagent, corresponding to the aza-enamine concept, in an electrophilicsubstitution reaction at the azomethine C-atom yielding the 1,4,5-triaza-pentadieniumsalts 2. These were hydrolysed to give2-hydrazono-2-(1H-pyrazole-4-yl)ethanals 3. The electrophilic attack did not takeplace at the vinylogous position 5' of the pyrazoles. KW - Aza-enamines KW - Hydrazones KW - Heterocycles KW - Formylation KW - Alpha-oxoethanals PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-40527 SN - 0039-7881 SN - 1437-210X IS - 10 SP - 1615 EP - 1619 PB - Thieme [u.a.] CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-2617 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz-Forberg, Bernd A1 - Hübner, Heinz W. A1 - Wieser, Karol E. T1 - Model Testing of Heavy Spent Full Casks and Waste Packagings T2 - 5th International Symposium on Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - Las Vegas, NV, Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika DA - 1978-05-07 PY - 1978 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 424 EP - 436 CY - Springfield, Va. AN - OPUS4-8822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Günther A1 - Schulze, Bruno A1 - Schulz, E. T1 - Prüfung der vorbeugenden Wirkung von Holzschutzmitteln gegen Termiten PY - 1942 SN - 0372-7076 IS - II. Folge/Heft 3 SP - 40 EP - 55 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-28408 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Müller, A. A1 - Linß, E. A1 - Schulz, T. A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart ED - Jones, M.R. ED - Newlands, M.D. ED - Halliday, J.E. ED - Csetenyi, L.J. ED - Li, Z. ED - McCarthy, M.J. ED - Dyer, T.D. T1 - Reducing sulphates in crushed concrete: improving the building material properties of recycled concrete aggregates N2 - The material properties of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) are correlated to the sorting accuracy of the former demolition waste. Impurities like wood, clay bricks or gypsum can lead to inferior building material properties. Harmful substances like heavy metals or organic pollutants should be minimised as well. Hence the non-concrete materials have to be separated from the concrete material stream. This can be done during the demolition process by using selective dismantling techniques. Alternatively a variety sorting and classifying techniques to purify the crushed concrete can be utilized. A research project, funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, investigated the possibilities of gaining recycled concrete aggregates of a high quality for the reuse in the production of concrete. The work focuses especially on how gypsum respectively sulphates in the crushed concrete can be reduced. Sulphates can impair the setting behaviour of concrete and also damage set concrete by causing expansion. Therefore the content of sulphates in RCA is restricted by guidelines and standards in Germany. Generally, gypsum in construction waste originates from interior fittings like gypsum walls, floor screeds, plaster boards and also plaster. Most of these materials can be reconstructed using selective dismantling techniques. This can be achieved either by manual labour or by using mechanical equipment e.g. to remove floor screeds by milling. Depending on the specific deconstruction site it can be more effective and/or more environmentally compatible to remove sulphates by treating the crushed concrete. Applicable treatments for sulphate reduction include dry processes like manual sorting of gypsum wall blocks as well as wet treatments e.g. jigging. In addition this research project an environmental performance evaluation was undertaken to assess different techniques for reducing sulphates in recycled concrete aggregates. T2 - Tagung 'Cocrete in the low carbon era' CY - Dundee, Great Britain DA - 2012-07-09 KW - Building material properties KW - Environmental performance evaluation KW - Gypsum KW - Recycled concrete aggregates KW - Sulphates PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-9573263-0-9 SP - 687 EP - 698 AN - OPUS4-26211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Schulz, S. A1 - Werlitz, T. A1 - Bülow, E. A1 - Wetzlich, S. A1 - Tietböhl, J. A1 - Frieslich, C. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Influence of heat treatment on the corrosion of steels in CCS environment T2 - TMS 2012 - 141st Annual Meeting & Exhibition CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 2012-03-11 KW - CCS KW - Carbon capture and storage KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Pipeline KW - Carbon KW - Heat treatment KW - CO2-storage PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-11829-607-3 VL - 1 IS - Supplemental Proceedings SP - 103 EP - 110 PB - John Wiley & Sons CY - Hoboken, NJ, USA AN - OPUS4-28007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Matyschik, Jan A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schulz, T. A1 - Linß, E. A1 - Müller, A. T1 - Optimierung des Rückbaus/Abbruchs von Gebäuden zur Rückgewinnung und Aufbereitung von Baustoffen unter Schadstoffentfrachtung (insbes. Sulfat) des RCMaterials sowie ökobilanzieller Vergleich von Primär- und Sekundärrohstoffeinsatz inkl. Wiederverwertung N2 - Aufgrund der großen Massenströme ist das Recycling von Baurestmassen von besonderer Bedeutung für die Schonung von natürlichen Ressourcen. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für ein hochwertiges Recycling, wie z.B. eine Wiederverwertung von aufbereitetem Bauschutt/Altbeton als rezyklierte Gesteinskörnung im Hochbau, ist die Einhaltung von Grenzwerten für Stör- und Schadstoffe. Dabei steht der Sulfatgehalt im Eluat von Bauschutt besonders im Fokus. In der vorliegenden Studie wird untersucht, wie durch die Optimierung von Abbrucharbeiten und Bauschuttaufbereitung hochwertige Gesteinskörnungen aus Altbeton gewonnen werden können. Anhand von Literatur- und Datenrecherchen werden zunächst Sulfatquellen in Gebäuden sowie verfügbare Abbruch- und Aufbereitungstechniken zusammengestellt. Am Beispiel von unterschiedlichen Gebäudetypen werden Szenarien für selektiven und nicht selektiven Abbruch (Schwerpunkt: Sulfatentfachtung) in Hinblick auf ihre Umweltwirkungen ökobilanziell bewertet. Ergänzt werden diese Bewertungen durch Untersuchungen an realen Bauschuttmaterialien und Abbruchprojekten. Auf dieser Basis werden Handlungsempfehlungen für die Gewinnung von hochwertigen RC-Gesteinskörnungen erarbeitet und diskutiert.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Due to the large-scale mass flow of construction and demolition wastes, the recycling of those residues is of particular importance for the conservation of natural resources. An important requirement for recycling on a high level, like the reuse of crushed concrete as recycled concrete aggregate, is the observation of limits for hazardous substances and impurities. This study is focusing on the reduction of sulphates in the eluate of crushed concrete. An investigation of possibilities to optimize demolition and dismantling as well as treatment of crushed concrete with the objective of gaining recycled concrete aggregates of high quality. Based on a literature research and a data review the origins of sulfates in buildings and also the availability of techniques for demolition and treatment of crushed concrete are listed and evaluated. Using the examples of different building types scenarios for selective dismantling and non-selective demolition (focused on reducing suphates) are evaluated in terms of affecting the environment. In addition samples from real demolition construction sites and plants for treatment of construction rubble were investigated. Based on these results recommendations for the production of high quality recycled concrete aggregates are worked out. KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung KW - Abbruch KW - Ökobilanzielle Bewertung KW - RC-Beton KW - Gips KW - Abbruchverfahren KW - Hochwertiges Recycling KW - Ökobilanzielle Betrachtung KW - Sulfatentfachtung KW - Demolition/dismantling KW - Treatment of C&D wastes KW - High-grade recycling KW - Environmental LCA KW - Reduction of sulphates PY - 2012 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/optimierung-des-rueckbausabbaus-von-gebaeuden-zur SN - 1862-4804 SP - 1 EP - 227 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-26999 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Wüstenberg, Hermann A1 - Szafarska, E. A1 - Schulz, Eduard A1 - Rathgeb, Werner T1 - Auswertung und Bewertung der Messergebnisse von Ultraschall-Stutzenkantenprüfungen T2 - DGZfP DACH Jahrestagung 1987 CY - Lindau, Germany DA - 1987-05-25 PY - 1987 AN - OPUS4-18835 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm der BAM in Kooperation mit QuoData und PTB N2 - Bei der Bewertung der Verlässlichkeit der im Labor gewonnenen Prüfergebnisse spielen Ringversuche eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) unterstützt deshalb den weiteren Ausbau des Ringversuchsprogramms des im Jahr 2007 gegründeten Kompetenzzentrums zur Qualitätssicherung für Prüfungen von Gefahrgütern und Gefahrstoffen auf physikalische Gefahren (Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances, CEQAT-DGHS). Bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden besteht ein Verbesserungsbedarf. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenentwicklung, -verbesserung und -validierung abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. T2 - 14. Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik (BAM-PTB-Kolloquium) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.06.2016 KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Ringversuch KW - Prüfmethode KW - Validierung KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-9817853-5-7 SN - 0938-5533 SP - 143 EP - 143 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38464 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Prasetiadi, A. E. A1 - Jost, M. A1 - Schulz, Bärbel A1 - Quibeldey, M. A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Follmann, R. A1 - Jakoby, R. T1 - Liquid-Crystal-Based Amplitude Tuner Fabricated N2 - A 30GHz liquid-crystal-based amplitude tuner is proposed for the first time. The amplitude of a signal can be controlled by using the interference principle. An input signal is divided into a tunable liquid crystal phase shifter and a fixed transmission line. Later, the divided signals are combined together at the output port. The output amplitude depends on the phase difference between the tunable and the fixed line. The low temperature co-fired ceramic technology is utilized to fabricate the device. The measurement shows an attenuation range of 11 dB to 30 dB with a maximum biasing voltage of 100V. T2 - 12th European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference CY - Nürnberg, Germany DA - 09.10.2017 KW - LTCC technology KW - Liquid crystals KW - RF components PY - 2017 SN - 978-2-87487-048-4 SN - 2325-0305 SP - 345 EP - 348 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-44752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, Cordula A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Schwarz, Silke T1 - Classification of chemicals according to UN-GHS and EU-CLP: A review of physical hazard classes and their intricate interfaces to transport and former EU legislation N2 - The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN-GHS) is being implemented in more and more countries all over the world; the EU has done so with the CLP-Regulation (EU-CLP). Compared to the undeniably important questions on health and environmental hazards, the classification of physical hazards of chemicals often has not been in the focus, although their implementation can be challenging and there are traps and pitfalls to be avoided. The following overview of the classification systematics for physical hazards aims at a principle understanding without detailing all criteria or test methods. Similarities and differences between the classification systems of the UN-GHS and EU-CLP, the transport of dangerous goods and the former EU system are reviewed with regard to the physical hazard classes. Available physical hazard classifications for the transport of dangerous goods and according to the former EU system can be used as available information when classifying according to the GHS. However, the interfaces of these classification systems and their limitations have to be understood well when concluding on GHS/CLP classifications. This applies not only to industry when applying CLP but especially to legislators when adapting legislation that in one way or another refers to the classification of chemicals. KW - Chemicals classification KW - Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals KW - Hazardous chemicals KW - Physical hazards KW - UN-GHS KW - EU-CLP KW - CLP-regulation PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-450012 UR - https://osjournal.org/ojs/index.php/OSJ/article/view/1389 DO - https://doi.org/10.23954/osj.v3i2.1389 SN - 2466-4308 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 24 PB - NVO Start CY - Temerin AN - OPUS4-45001 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vossmeyer, T. A1 - Reck, Günter A1 - Katsikas, L. A1 - Haupt, E. T. K. A1 - Schulz, Burkhard A1 - Weller, H. T1 - A "double-diamond superlattice" built up of Cd17S4(SCH2CH20H)26 clusters N2 - A simple preparation of Cd17S4(SCH2CH2OH)26 clusters in aqueous solution leads to the formation of colorless blocky crystals. X-ray structure determinations revealed a superlattice framework built up of covalently linked clusters. This superlattice is best described as two enlarged and interlaced diamond or zinc blende lattices. Because both the superlattice and the clusters display the same structural features, the crystal structure resembles the self-similarities known from fractal geometry. The optical spectrum of the cluster solution displays a sharp transition around 290 nanometers with a large Absorption coefficient (~84,000 per molar per centimeter). KW - superlattice KW - cluster KW - X-ray structure determination PY - 1995 DO - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5203.1476 SN - 0036-8075 SN - 1095-9203 VL - 267 IS - 5203 SP - 1476 EP - 1479 PB - AAAS, American Association for the Advancement of Science CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-44409 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm für die Chemikaliensicherheit -Methodenvalidierung N2 - Bei der Bewertung der Verlässlichkeit der im Labor gewonnenen Prüfergebnisse spielen Ringversuche eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) unterstützt deshalb den weiteren Ausbau des Ringversuchsprogramms des im Jahr 2007 gegründeten Kompetenzzentrums zur Qualitätssicherung für Prüfungen von Gefahrgütern und Gefahrstoffen auf physikalische Gefahren (Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances, CEQAT-DGHS). Bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden besteht ein Verbesserungsbedarf. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenentwicklung, -verbesserung und -validierung und auf die Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit der jeweiligen Prüfmethode abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. T2 - Behörden-Erfahungsaustausch CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 4. Juni 2018 KW - Prüfmethode KW - Methodenvalidierung KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45297 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaiser, T. M. A1 - Braune, C. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Schulz-Kornas, E. T1 - Nano-indentation of native phytoliths and dental tissues: implications for herbivore-plant combat and dental wear proxies N2 - Tooth wear induced by abrasive particles is a key process affecting dental function and life expectancy in mammals. Abrasive particles may be plant endogenous opal phytoliths, exogene wind-blown quartz dust or rain borne mineral particles ingested by mammals. Nano-indentation hardness of abrasive particles and dental tissues is a significant yet not fully established parameter of this tribological system. We provide consistent nano-indentation hardness data for some of the major antagonists in the dental tribosystem (tooth enamel, tooth dentine and opaline phytoliths from silica controlled cultivation). All indentation data were gathered from native tissues under stable and controlled conditions and thus maximize comparability to natural systems. Here we show that native (hydrated) wild boar enamel exceeds any hardness measures known for dry herbivore tooth enamel by at least 3 GPa. The native tooth enamel is not necessarily softer then environmental quartz grit, although there is little overlap. The native hardness of the tooth enamel exceeds that of any silica phytolith hardness recently published. Further, we find that native reed phytoliths equal native suine dentine in hardness, but does not exceed native suine enamel. We also find that native suine enamel is significantly harder than dry enamel and dry phytoliths are harder than native phytoliths. Our data challenge the claim that the culprit of tooth wear may be the food we chew, but suggest instead that wear may relates more to exogenous than endogenous abrasives. KW - Phytolith KW - Indentation hardness KW - Enamel KW - Dentine KW - Tooth wear PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-451417 UR - http://zoobank.org/5C7DBB2B-B27D-4CE6-9656-33C4A0DA0F39 DO - https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.2.22678 VL - 2 SP - 55 EP - 63 PB - PENSOFT CY - USA AN - OPUS4-45141 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schulz, T. A1 - Linsz, E. T1 - Environmental evaluation of different ways to produce recycled concrete aggregates N2 - Due to the great quantities of construction and demolition waste in Europe, the reuse of building material waste as secondary raw materials is of particular importance. A recycling of building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several aspects: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and the related protection of natural resources as well as the saving of landfill sites. In recent years sulphates originating from gypsum in secondary building materials, made of construction and demolition waste, received growing attention. Sulphates are unwanted in secondary building materials for concrete production as well as for other use e.g. in unbounded layers. The content of gypsum resp. sulphates in secondary aggregates can be reduced by different methods. Depending on the type of material different steps for selective dismantling can be used to separate gypsum containing residues from concrete rubble. Furthermore some steps for the processing of building rubble are suitable for the reduction of sulphates in the produced aggregates. An environmental evaluation of different ways for the production of recycled concrete aggregates was performed with regard to a reduction of sulphates in the secondary building material. The use of techniques for selective dismantling was environmentally advantegous for the deconstruction of three investigated model houses. T2 - SUM2014 - 2nd Symposium on urban mining CY - Bergamo, Italy DA - 19.05.2014 KW - Recycling KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Building waste KW - Construction PY - 2014 SN - 9788862650311 SP - Session C 6, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-30825 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm für die Chemikaliensicherheit – Methodenvalidierung N2 - Bei der Bewertung der Verlässlichkeit der im Labor gewonnenen Prüfergebnisse spielen Ringversuche eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) unterstützt deshalb den weiteren Ausbau des Ringversuchsprogramms des im Jahr 2007 gegründeten Kompetenzzentrums zur Qualitätssicherung für Prüfungen von Gefahrgütern und Gefahrstoffen auf physikalische Gefahren (Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances, CEQAT-DGHS). Bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden besteht ein Verbesserungsbedarf. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenentwicklung, -verbesserung und -validierung und auf die Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit der jeweiligen Prüfmethode abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. T2 - 13. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 16.11.2017 KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Ringversuch KW - Prüfmethode KW - Validierung KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-96057-032-5 SP - 1 EP - 13 CY - Köthen AN - OPUS4-43299 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prasetiadi, A. E. A1 - Jost, M. A1 - Schulz, Baerbel A1 - Quibeldey, M. A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Follmann, R. A1 - Jakoby, R. T1 - Liquid-crystal-based amplitude tuner and tunable SIW filter fabricated in LTCC technology N2 - Tunable microwave devices will play an important role in future wireless systems, in which high-frequency bands, e.g. millimeter waves, will become promising, due to its huge spectrum availability. At such frequency bands, liquid crystals (LCs) exhibit low microwave loss, which is excellent compared with the other tuning elements. In this paper, LC-based microwave components are fabricated by using low temperature co-fired ceramic technology, allowing the integration of the LC into microwave structures. The first component, the Amplitude tuner, controls the signal’s amplitude by using the interference concept, which exhibits a tunable attenuation range from 11 dB to 30 dB at 30 GHz. The second component is a 3-pole tunable bandpass filter, which is realized by using a substrate integrated waveguide topology, enabling a device with comparatively high-quality factors (Q-factors). The measurement results show Q-factors in the range of 68 to 100 for a frequency tuning of 29.4–30.1 GHz, i.e. a tuning range of 700 MHz, accompanied by an insertion loss 2 dB to 4 dB. KW - Passive components and circuits KW - Filters KW - Microwave technology PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1759078718000600 SN - 1759-0787 VL - 10 IS - 5-6 SP - 674 EP - 681 PB - Cambridge University Press AN - OPUS4-46985 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wieser, Karol E. A1 - Schulz-Forberg, Bernd A1 - Jais, Manfred T1 - Acceleration and Strain Measurements Performed on Casks for Radioactive Materials under Impact Conditions T2 - 6th International Symposium on Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1980-11-10 PY - 1981 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 1183 EP - 1191 CY - Springfield, Va. AN - OPUS4-2319 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz-Forberg, Bernd A1 - Wieser, Karol E. T1 - GFK-Tanks zur Lagerung brennbarer Flüssigkeiten PY - 1976 SN - 1434-9728 SN - 1436-4948 SN - 0372-2457 SN - 0376-1185 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 8 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-2315 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grunwald, M. A. A1 - Hagenlocher, S. E. A1 - Turkanovic, L. A1 - Bauch, S. M. A1 - Wachsmann, S. B. A1 - Altevogt, L. A. A1 - Ebert, M. A1 - Knöller, J. A. A1 - Raab, A. R. A1 - Schulz, F. A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed A. A1 - Zens, A. A1 - Huber, P. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Bilitiewski, U. A1 - Laschat, S. T1 - Does thermotropic liquid crystalline self-assembly control biological activity in amphiphilic amino acids? – tyrosine ILCs as a case study N2 - Amphiphilic amino acids represent promising scaffolds for biologically active soft matter. In order to understand the bulk self-assembly of amphiphilic amino acids into thermotropic liquid crystalline phases and their biological properties a series of tyrosine ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) was synthesized, carrying a benzoate unit with 0–3 alkoxy chains at the tyrosine unit and a cationic guanidinium head group. Investigation of the mesomorphic properties by polarizing optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (WAXS, SAXS) revealed smectic A bilayers (SmAd) for ILCs with 4-alkoxy- and 3,4-dialkoxybenzoates, whereas ILCs with 3,4,5-trisalkoxybenzoates showed hexagonal columnar mesophases (Colh ), while different counterions had only a minor influence. Dielectric measurements revealed a slightly higher dipole moment of non-mesomorphic tyrosine-benzoates as compared to their mesomorphic counterparts. The absence of lipophilic side chains on the benzoate unit was important for the biological activity. Thus, non-mesomorphic tyrosine benzoates and crown ether benzoates devoid of additional side chains at the benzoate unit displayed the highest cytotoxicities (against L929 mouse fibroblast cell line) and antimicrobial activity (against Escherichia coli DTolC and Staphylococcus aureus) and promising selectivity ratio in favour of antimicrobial activity. KW - Liquid Crystals PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp00485f SN - 1463-9076 VL - 25 IS - 26 SP - 17639 EP - 17656 PB - RCS AN - OPUS4-57796 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hartmann, S. A1 - Shaporin, A. A1 - Hermann, S. A1 - Bonitz, J. A1 - Heggen, M. A1 - Meszmer, P. A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Hölck, O. A1 - Blaudeck, T. A1 - Schulz, S. E. A1 - Mehner, J. A1 - Gessner, T. A1 - Wunderle, B. T1 - Towards nanoreliability of CNT-based sensor applications: Investigations of CNT-metal interfaces combining molecular dynamics simulations, advanced in situ experiments and analytics N2 - In this paper we present results of our recent efforts to understand the mechanical interface behaviour of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded in metal matrices. We conducted experimental pull-out tests of CNTs embedded in Pd or Au and found Maximum forces in the range 10 - 102 nN. These values are in good agreement with forces obtained from molecular Dynamics simulations taking into account surface functional Groups (SFGs) covalently linked to the CNT material. The dominant failure mode in experiment is a CNT rupture, which can be explained with the presence of SFGs. To qualify the existence of SFGs on our used CNT material, we pursue investigations by means of fluorescence labeling of surface species in combination with Raman imaging. We also report of a tensile test system to perform pull-out tests inside a transmission electron microscope to obtain in situ images of CNT-metal interfaces under mechanical loads at the atomic scale. T2 - 2015 16th International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 20.4.2015 KW - Carbon nanotube CNT KW - Metal matrix KW - Pull-out test KW - Molecular dynamics simulation KW - Surface functional groups KW - Fluorescence labeling KW - Raman imaging KW - Tensile test inside a TEM PY - 2015 SN - 978-1-4799-9950-7 VL - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-37625 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Menner, A. A1 - Kumru, M.E. A1 - Sezai Sarac, A. A1 - Bistritz, Martina A1 - Schulz, Eckhard T1 - Poly(carbazole-co-acrylamide) electrocoated carbon fibers and their adhesion behaviour to an epoxy resin matrix N2 - The surface properties of original high strength and preoxidized high modulus carbon fibers were altered by electrocopolymerizing acryl amide and carbazole and therefore depositing a copolymer coating onto the fibers. Scanning electron microscopy and zeta-potential measurements confirmed the presence of a rough but dense and continuous electrocoating with a basic surface character. Therefore, lsquogoodrsquo adhesion behavior between the electrocoated carbon fibers and an epoxy resin matrix should be expected. The interfacial adhesion was measured using the single fiber pull-out and single fiber indentation test. It was shown that only lsquointermediatersquo adhesion was present between the carbon fibers and the electrocoating, but superior adhesion between the coating and epoxy resin exists. The single fiber model composites always failed at the fiber/electrocoating interface. However, as shown by using the indentation test, the interfacial adhesion between fibers and electrocoating can be significantly improved if preoxidized fibers are used as substrate for electropolymerization. A very high tensile strength for the electrocoating can be expected as derived from the single fiber pull-out tests. PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013749019958 SN - 0022-2461 SN - 1573-4803 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 461 EP - 471 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - Norwell, Mass. AN - OPUS4-6844 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Prasetiadi, A .E. A1 - Jost, M. A1 - Schulz, Bärbel A1 - Quibelday, M. A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Follmann, R. A1 - Jakoby, R. T1 - Liquid-Crystal-Based Amplitude Tuner Fabricated N2 - 30GHz liquid-crystal-based amplitude tuner is proposed for the first time. The amplitude of a signal can be controlled by using the interference principle. An input Signal is divided into a tunable liquid crystal phase shifter and a fixed transmission line. Later, the divided signals are combined together at the output port. The output amplitude depends on the phase difference between the tunable and the fixed line. The low temperature co-fired ceramic technology is utilized to fabricate the device. The measurement shows an attenuation range of 11 dB to 30 dB with a maximum biasing voltage of 100V. T2 - 47th European Microwave Conference CY - Nürnberg, Germany DA - 10.10.2017 KW - LTCC technology KW - Liquid crystals KW - RF components PY - 2017 SN - 978-2-87487-047-7 SN - 2325-0305 SP - 1085 EP - 1088 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-44753 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jost, M. A1 - Strunck, S. A1 - Heunisch, Andreas A1 - Wiens, A. A1 - Prasetiadi, A.E. A1 - Weickhmann, C. A1 - Schulz, Bärbel A1 - Quibeldey, M. A1 - Karabey, O.H. A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Follmann, R. A1 - Koether, D. A1 - Jakoby, R. T1 - Continuously tuneable liquid crystal based stripline phase shifter realised in LTCC technology N2 - This work presents the design, fabrication and measurements of a low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) integrated liquid crystal (LC) phase shifter. The effective permittivity of the phase shifter and therefore its differential phase shift can be tuned continuously by orienting the LC directors with electric fields. The phase-shift demonstrator is designed for Ka-band frequencies around 30 GHz and represents a stripline filled with LC, embedded inside an LTCC multilayer structure, which provides a space-qualified and hermetically-sealed LC cavity within an RF-capable material system. The total length of the device is 37 mm while the phase shifting LC section has a length of 14.6 mm. At 30 GHz it exhibits a differential phase shift of 60° with an insertion loss around 6 dB, resulting in a figure of merit around 10°/dB. An advantage is that the insertion loss is nearly independent of the tuning state of the LC. The response time of the phase shifter, depending on the desired LC orientation, is between 62 ms and 37 s. T2 - EuMC 2015 - 45th European microwave conference CY - Paris, France DA - 07.09.2015 PY - 2015 SN - 978-2-87487-039-2 SP - 1260 EP - 1263 AN - OPUS4-35268 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -