TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Damerau, T. A1 - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Spadaro, G. T1 - Photooxidative and thermooxidative degradation of conjugated polymers T2 - 1st International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation (MoDeSt 2000) CY - Palermo, Italy DA - 2000-09-03 PY - 2000 SN - 0969-806X VL - 63 IS - 1 PB - Pergamon CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-2436 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Neubert, Dietmar T1 - ZnS as Fire Retardant in PVC-P T2 - 2nd International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation (MoDeSt) CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2002-06-30 PY - 2002 VL - 82 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-2437 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grell, M. A1 - Long, X. A1 - Bradley, D. A1 - Bernius, M. A1 - Chamberlin, T. A1 - Inbasekaran, M. A1 - Woo, E. P. A1 - Hennecke, Manfred A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - A liquid crystalline mainchain conjugated polymer for polarized electroluminescence applications T2 - 4th European Conference on Molecular Electronics (ECME 97) CY - Cambridge, England, UK DA - 1997-09-07 PY - 1997 CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-2432 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Chemiluminescence - A promising new testing method for plastic optical fibres? T2 - 7th International Plastic Optical Fibres Conference (POF-7) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1998-10-05 PY - 1998 SN - 3-905084-55-4 VL - 7 SP - 248 EP - 249 PB - AKM AG CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-2433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Grell, M. A1 - Bradley, D. A1 - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Gerhard-Multhaupt, R. T1 - Polarized fluorescence and orientational order parameters of a liquid crystalline conjugated polymer T2 - European Conference on Macromolecular Physics: Molecular Orientation in Polymers, Generation, Characterisation, Application CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 1999-09-30 PY - 1999 N1 - Serientitel: Europhysics conference abstracts – Series title: Europhysics conference abstracts IS - 23H SP - 46 CY - Potsdam AN - OPUS4-2434 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hartwig, A. A1 - Pütz, D. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Wendschuh-Josties, M. T1 - Combustion behaviour of epoxide based nanocomposites with ammonium and phosponium bentonites N2 - The influence of different organobentonites on the decomposition and the combustion behaviour of an epoxy resin were examined. The epoxy resin is a cationically polymerised cycloaliphatic epoxy resin flexibilised with poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF), with hydroxyl endgroups. The bentonite was modified with either an ammonium or a phosphonium salt. The thermal decomposition of the PTHF induced by the initiator, used for the cationic polymerisation, did neither take place for the nanocomposite based on the ammonium bentonite nor for that based on the phosphonium bentonite. This improved decomposition characteristic lead to a larger time to ignition for both kinds of nanocomposites compared to the not modified polymer, which is not the case for other polymer/clay nanocomposites described in the literature. The fire behaviour was investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), a horizontal burner test and a cone calorimeter. The forced flaming conditions in the cone calorimeter were varied using different external heat fluxes between 30 and 70 kW · m-2. The fire behaviour of the nanocomposites was improved in comparison to the polymer, and phosphonium bentonite was superior to ammonium bentonite. The main mechanism is a barrier formation resulting in a reduction of the fire growth rate, which was more pronounced in the case of high external heat fluxes. KW - Cationic polymerisation KW - Clay KW - Combustion KW - Degradation KW - Epoxide KW - Nanocomposite PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200300047 SN - 1022-1352 SN - 1521-3935 VL - 204 IS - 18 SP - 2247 EP - 2257 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-2801 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tidjani, Adams A1 - Wald, Oliver A1 - Pohl, M.-M. A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride-nanocomposites: I-Characterization and thermal stability of nanocomposites produced under nitrogen and in air N2 - The morphology and thermal behaviour of polypropylene–graft–maleic anhydride (PP–g–MA) layered silicate (montmorillonite) nanocomposites were investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. The study focuses on the influence of the presence of oxygen during the preparation of PP–g–MA–nanocomposite using two different modified clays. The nanocomposites show tactoid, intercalated and exfoliated structures side by side with different dominant states depending on the clay used and on the processing conditions. The systems are described as multi-component blends rather than binary blends since the organic ions do not only change the mixing behaviour, but also influence material properties. Beside the physical barrier property of the clay layers also chemical processes were found to play an important role. KW - Polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride KW - Montmorillonites KW - Nanocomposites KW - X-ray KW - Thermal stability PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00174-5 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 82 IS - 1 SP - 133 EP - 140 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-2773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schwarz, U. A1 - Reinemann, S. ED - Lewin, M. T1 - Fire Retarded Polypropylene/Flax Biocomposites T2 - 14th Conference on Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials ; 14th Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy CY - Stamford, CT, USA DA - 2003-06-02 KW - Fire retardancy KW - PP/Flax Biocomposite KW - Expandable Graphite KW - Ammonium Polyphosphate KW - TG-FTIR KW - Cone Calorimeter PY - 2003 SN - 1-569-65930-3 VL - 14 SP - 219 EP - 228 PB - BCC CY - Norwalk, Conn. AN - OPUS4-2815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy Mechanisms of Red Phosphorus in Thermoplastics N2 - The thermal decomposition and the fire behavior of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 (PA-66) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) containing red phosphorus (P4) were investigated. For glass fiber reinforced PA-66, P4 promotes char formation in the condensed phase. Barrier effects and the reduction of combustible volatiles were identified as fire retardancy mechanisms. For HIPS, P4 acts in the gas phase, mainly trapping radicals. The heat release per mass loss polymer is reduced due to an incomplete combustion. T2 - 12th International Conference Additives 2003 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 2003-04-06 PY - 2003 UR - http://www.executive-conference.com/conferences/archives/abstracts2003/add03_abs5b.html SP - 1(?) EP - 10(?) PB - ECM CY - Plymouth, Mich. AN - OPUS4-2502 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Fire Retardancy Mechanisms of Phosphorus in Thermoplastics KW - Fire retardancy KW - Red Phosphorus KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - TG-FTIR KW - TG-MS KW - HIPS KW - PBT KW - PA 66 PY - 2004 SN - 0743-0515 VL - 91 SP - 152 EP - 153 PB - Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-3971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Residue, Charring and Intumescence N2 - The exploration of condensed phase mechanisms such as charring and intumescence has been pushed forward in the last decades, since it is believed that focusing on these concepts will bring materials closer to an efficient and ecologically friendly fire retardancy. They promise to concentrate efficient fire retardancy at the key position between pyrolysis zone and gas phase. Examples of residue/char forming and intumescent materials are used to illustrate the influence of mass and heat barrier effects on the fire behavior of materials and general results are presented. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and structure-property relationships in fire retardancy is presented. KW - Fire retardancy KW - Nanocomposites KW - Red Phosphorus KW - Intumescence KW - Cone Calorimeter PY - 2006 SN - 1-59623-221-8 VL - XV SP - 15 EP - 21 PB - BCC Research CY - Norwalk, Conn. AN - OPUS4-4068 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Red Phosphorus, Nanocomposites and Intumescence Catings - Three Examples of Advanced Fire Retardancy T2 - SFB Kolloquium am Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg CY - Freiburg, Germany DA - 2003-10-29 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4056 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy of Polymers: Science between Macromolecular Chemistry and Fire Engineering T2 - Hochpolymer- und Kunststoffkolloquium, Technische Universität Darmstadt CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 2003-10-30 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4057 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy of Polymers T2 - Bayer AG CY - Dormagen, Germany DA - 2003-11-04 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4058 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Behavior Assessment of Nanocomposites T2 - Nanocomposites 2003 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 2003-11-10 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4059 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire retardancy of Polymers Using Barrier Effects T2 - 8. Rudolstädter Kunststofftag CY - Rudolstadt, Germany DA - 2003-05-21 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire retardancy of Polypropylene/Flax Blends T2 - 14th Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy; Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials CY - Stamford, CT, USA DA - 2003-06-02 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4046 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flammschutz von Polymeren durch Oberflächenmodifizierung T2 - Habilitänden-Workshop 2003, GDCH Fachgruppe Makromolekulare Chemie CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 2003-07-14 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4047 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy of Polymers T2 - BASF AG CY - Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany DA - 2003-09-11 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4048 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Barier Effects for the Fire Retardancy of Polymers T2 - 9th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection of Materials, FRPM '03 CY - Lille, France DA - 2003-09-17 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4049 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - red phosphorus, nanocomposites and Intumescence Coatings - Three Examples of Advanced Fire Retardancy T2 - SFB Kolloquium am Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg CY - Freiburg, Germany DA - 2003-10-29 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4050 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Combustion Behaviour and Fire Retardancy of Polymers T2 - Clariant GmbH CY - Hürth, Germany DA - 2003-02-04 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4044 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Brandverhalten und Flammschutz von Polymeren T2 - ITC-CPV Institutskolloquium des Forschungszentrums Karlsruhe CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2004-07-27 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4176 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy Mechanisms of Phosphorus in Thermoplastics T2 - 228th ACS National Meeting, Fall 2004 CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA DA - 2004-08-22 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4177 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flammschutz von Polymeren T2 - Institutskolloquium des Instituts für Polymerforschung IPF CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2004-04-30 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4170 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Residue, Charring and Intumescence T2 - 15th Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy; Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials CY - Stamford, CT, USA DA - 2004-06-06 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4171 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Troitzsch, J. T1 - Untersuchungen von Wirkmechanismen - ein Beitrag zur gezielten Optimierung von Polymer-Flammschutzmittel-Systemen T2 - 7. Fachtagung Kunststoffe, Brandschutz und Flammschutzmittel, Neue Entwicklungen und Anwendungen CY - Würzburg, Deutschland DA - 2004-12-01 KW - Fire retardancy KW - Nanocomposites KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - Red Phosphorus KW - Intumescence PY - 2004 SP - D1 EP - D11 PB - SKZ CY - Würzburg AN - OPUS4-5286 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Effect of Red Phosphorus and Melamine Polyphosphate on the Fire Behavior of HIPS N2 - Pyrolysis and fire behavior of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) containing red phosphorus and melamine polyphosphate were investigated. The thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition were characterized using thermogravimetry coupled with FTIR and MS, respectively. The fire behavior was monitored with a cone calorimeter using different external heat fluxes and determining the LOI. Red phosphorus reduced the heat release in HIPS due to radical trapping in the gas phase. The reduction in effective heat of combustion was accompanied by an increase of incomplete combustion products such as smoke and carbon monoxide. Melamine polyphosphate in HIPS acted in the condensed phase with barrier formation. The heat release rate was reduced, whereas the total heat evolved, smoke and carbon monoxide formation were not influenced significantly. Using both fire retardants, the resulting fire retardancy was characterized mainly by superposition. KW - HIPS KW - Red Phosphorus KW - TG-FTIR KW - TG-MS KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - LOI KW - Fire retardancy KW - Melamine Polyphosphate PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904105043451 SN - 0734-9041 SN - 1530-8049 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 30 PB - Sage CY - London AN - OPUS4-5287 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Untersuchungen von Wirkmechanismen - ein Beitrag zur gezielten Optimierung von Polmer-Flammschutzmittel-Systemen T2 - 7. Fachtagung des SKZ "Brandschutz und Flammschutzmittel" CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 2004-12-01 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-5283 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Some comments on the use of cone calorimeter data T2 - Developments in Calorimetry Workshop CY - London, England DA - 2006-02-16 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12109 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Mechanisms of phosphorus flame retardants T2 - Fire Retardants 2006 CY - London, England DA - 2006-02-14 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12110 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Mechanisms of Phosphorous Flame Retardants T2 - 12th International Flame Retardants 2006 Conference CY - London, England, UK DA - 2006-02-14 PY - 2006 SN - 0-9541216-7-8 SP - 153 EP - 154 PB - Interscience Communications CY - London AN - OPUS4-12078 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Hartwig, A. A1 - Pütz, D. T1 - Phosphonium-modified layered silicate epoxy resins nanocomposites and their combinations with ATH and organo-phosphorus fire retardants N2 - Phosphonium-modified layered silicate epoxy resin nanocomposites were evaluated by testing the thermal/thermo-mechanical properties [differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), torsional pendulum, Sharpy toughness], flammability (limiting oxygen index LOI) and fire behavior (cone calorimeter with different irradiations). The morphology of the composites was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The drying conditions of phosphonium-modified layered silicate were varied in order to improve the nanocomposite formation and properties. The results were compared with using a commercial ammonium-modified montmorillonite. Enhanced nanocomposite formation was found for the commercial systems due to the amount of excess surfactant, but this effect was overcompensated through the advanced morphology of the phosphonium-modified systems. Several fire retardancy mechanisms and their specific influence on the different fire properties, such as ignitability, flammability, flame spread, total heat release (fire load), and the production of CO and smoke were discussed comprehensively. The main mechanism of layered silicate is a barrier formation influencing the flame spread in developing fires. Several minor mechanisms are significant, but important fire properties such as flammability or fire load are hardly influenced. Hence combinations with aluminum hydroxide and organo-phosphorus flame retardants were evaluated. The combination with aluminum hydroxide was a promising approach since it shows superposition in properties such as the fire load and only in some properties very little antagonism. The combination with an organo-phosphorus flame retardant disillusions, since it was characterized mainly by antagonism. KW - Flame retardance KW - Nanocomposites KW - Organoclay KW - Epoxy resin KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.686 SN - 1042-7147 SN - 1099-1581 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 281 EP - 293 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-12519 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Wirkmechanismen von phosphorhaltigen Flammschutzmitteln T2 - SKZ-Fachtagung Kunststoffe, Brandschutz und Flammschutzmittel, Neue Entwicklungen und Anwendungen CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 2006-06-21 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12502 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Cone calorimeter: A tool for the research and development of polymeric materials T2 - Kolloquium des Department "Materialien und Systeme zum Schutz und Wohlbefinden des menschlichen Körpers" der Eidgenössischen Materialprüfungs- und Forschungs-Anstalt (EMPA) CY - St. Gallen, Switzerland DA - 2006-06-01 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12503 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Wirkmechanismen von phosphorhaltigen Flammschutzmitteln T2 - 8. SKZ-Fachtagung "Kunststoffe, Brandschutz und Flammschutzmittel" CY - Würzburg, Deutschland DA - 2006-06-21 PY - 2006 SP - D1-D6, 1-16 PB - SKZ CY - Würzburg AN - OPUS4-12537 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perez, R.M. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Effective halogen-free flame retardants for carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composites N2 - DOPO-based flame retardants with tailored chemical structures are proposed for carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Critical properties related to the fracture toughness are maintained, effectively allowing the use of such compounds in composites for demanding applications. KW - Fire retardancy KW - DOPO KW - Epoxy resin KW - LOI KW - UL94 PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0134-4 SN - 0022-2461 SN - 1573-4803 VL - 41 IS - 15 SP - 4981 EP - 4984 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - New York, USA AN - OPUS4-12641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Perez-Graterol, R. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. T1 - Novel Phosphorus-Containing Poly(ether sulfone)s and Their Blends with an Epoxy Resin: Thermal Decomposition and Fire Retardancy N2 - Summary: The decomposition of novel phosphorus-containing poly(oxyphenylene-sulfonyl-phenylene-oxy-diphenyl phenylene phosphine oxide) (PSU_I), 2,5-dihydroxy-1-biphenylene-phosphine oxide based polysulfone (PSU_II), poly(sulfonyl-diphenylphenylene phosphonate) (PSU_P) and bisphenol A-based polysulfone (PSU) is studied. The influence of the chemical structure, charring and phosphorus release is discussed based on the mass loss, kinetics and products. The pyrolysis and fire behaviour of blends with epoxy resin (EP) are studied. For EP-PSU_II, phosphorus initiates water elimination and changes the decomposition pathway of EP. The fire behaviour of EP-PSU shows some improvements, whereas the heat release rate is crucially reduced for EP-PSU_II due to simultaneous char formation and flame inhibition. KW - Epoxy KW - Flame retardance KW - High performance polymers KW - Polysulfones KW - Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200600182 SN - 1022-1352 SN - 1521-3935 VL - 207 IS - 16 SP - 1501 EP - 1514 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-12650 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy of Textiles: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, Requirements T2 - Internationale Chemiefasertagung CY - Dornbirn, Austria DA - 2005-09-21 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-10974 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Some Comments on Fire Retardancy Mechanisms in Polymer Nanocomposites T2 - 8th International Symposium on Polymers for Advanced Technologies CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2005-09-12 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-10977 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Some Comments on Fire Retardancy Mechanisms in Polymer Nanocomposites T2 - 10th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection of Materials (10th European Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers), FRPM '05, BAM, Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2005-09-07 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-10978 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Assessing the performance of intumescent coatings using bench-scaled cone calorimeter T2 - European Coatings Conference - Fire Retardant Coatings CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-14 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pawlowski, Kristin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Mechanisms of Aryl Phosphates as Flame Retardants in PC/ABS N2 - The pyrolysis and the fire behaviour of PC/ABS containing various aryl phosphates and their combinations with aluminium hydroxide oxide, talc and zinc borate were investigated. Main interest was focused on the flame retardant effect and mechanism of aryl phosphates (e.g. BDP) in PC/ABS, especially in combination with the other additives. Therefore the thermal and thermo oxidative decomposition was characterised by the means of thermogravimetry analysis and thermogravimetry coupled with infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The results were verified with further methods, e.g. pyrolysis-gaschromatography/mass spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS). Kinetic analysis and evolved gas analysis were used to study the pyrolysis mechanisms and to expose existent synergisms in the combined systems. The fire behaviour was investigated by cone calorimeter. The flammability was determined by LOI and UL 94. The chemical compositions of the residues were also examined. T2 - 17th Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy CY - Stamford, CT, USA DA - 2006-05-22 KW - Aryl Phosphate KW - TG-FTIR KW - PC/ABS KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - Fire retardancy PY - 2006 SN - 1-59623-221-8 VL - 17 SP - 132 EP - 142 PB - BCC Research CY - Norwalk, Conn. AN - OPUS4-13982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Knoll, Uta T1 - Some comments on the main fire retardancy mechanisms in polymer nanocomposites N2 - Barrier formation and increasing the melt viscosity are addressed as the two main general fire retardancy mechanisms of polymer nanocomposites. They result in specific impacts on fire properties that consequentially cause varying flame retardancy efficiency in different fire tests. The barrier formation retards mainly flame spread (peak of heat release rate) in developing fires, but does not reduce fire load (total heat evolved), ignitability or flammability (limiting oxygen index, UL 94). Furthermore, this flame retardancy effect increases with increasing irradiation and vanishes with decreasing irradiation. The increased melt viscosity prevents dripping, which is beneficial or disadvantageous depending on the fire test used. In some test, it become the dominant influence, transforming self-extinguishing samples into flammable materials or causing wicking. Advantages and the limits are sketched comprehensively for exploiting the main general fire retardancy mechanisms of polymer nanocomposites. It is concluded that barrier formation and changing the melt viscosity in nanocomposites are not sufficient for most applications, but must be accompanied by additional mechanisms in special systems or in combination with other flame retardants. KW - Flame retardance KW - Nanocomposites KW - Organoclay KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Flammability PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.792 SN - 1042-7147 SN - 1099-1581 VL - 17 IS - 9-10 SP - 772 EP - 777 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-13868 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Perez, R. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. T1 - Influence of the oxidation state of phosphorus on the decomposition and fire behaviour of flame-retarded epoxy resin composites N2 - A systematic and comparative evaluation of the pyrolysis of halogen-free flame-retarded epoxy resins containing phosphine oxide, phosphinate, phosphonate, and phosphate (phosphorus contents around 2.6 wt.%) and the fire behaviour of their carbon fibre composites is presented. Decomposition pathways are proposed based on the thermal analysis (TG), TG coupled with evolved gas analysis (TG-FTIR), kinetics and analysis of the residue with FTIR and XPS. All organophosphorus-modified hardeners containing phenoxy groups lead to a reduced decomposition temperature and mass loss step for the main decomposition of the cured epoxy resin. With increasing oxidation state of the phosphorus the thermally stable residue increases, whereas the release of phosphorus-containing volatiles decreases. The flammability of the composites was investigated with LOI and UL 94 and the fire behaviour for forced-flaming conditions with cone calorimeter tests performed using different irradiations. The flame retardancy mechanisms are discussed. With increasing oxidation state of the phosphorus additional charring is observed, whereas the flame inhibition, which plays the more important role for the performance of the composites, decreases. The processing and the mechanical performance (delamination resistance, flexural properties and interlaminar bonding strength) of the fibre-reinforced composites containing phosphorus were maintained at a high level and, in some cases, even improved. The potential for optimising flame retardancy while maintaining mechanical properties is highlighted in this study. KW - Fire retardant KW - Composites KW - Organophosphorus-containing epoxy resin PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.10.022 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 47 IS - 26 SP - 8495 EP - 8508 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14054 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perez, R.M. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Effective halogen-free flame retardancy for a monocomponent polyfunctional epoxy using an oligomeric organophosphorus compound N2 - Oligomeric organo-phosphorus flame retardants are proposed for a monocomponent polyfunctional epoxy resin system (RTM6) without significantly deteriorating the overall performance of the resulting material. KW - DOPO KW - Epoxy resin KW - Fire retardancy KW - LOI PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-1079-3 SN - 0022-2461 SN - 1573-4803 VL - 41 IS - 24 SP - 8347 EP - 8351 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - New York, USA AN - OPUS4-14112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perez, R.M. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Novel phosphorus-modified polysulfone as a combined flame retardant and toughness modifier for epoxy resins N2 - A novel phosphorus-modified polysulfone (P-PSu) was employed as a combined toughness modifier and a source of flame retardancy for a DGEBA/DDS thermosetting system. In comparison to the results of a commercially available polysulfone (PSu), commonly used as a toughness modifier, the chemorheological changes during curing measured by means of temperature-modulated DSC revealed an earlier occurrence of mobility restrictions in the P-PSu-modified epoxy. A higher viscosity and secondary epoxy-modifier reactions induced a sooner vitrification of the reacting mixture; effects that effectively prevented any phase separation and morphology development in the resulting material during cure. Thus, only about a 20% increase in fracture toughness was observed in the epoxy modified with 20 wt.% of P-PSu, cured under standard conditions at 180 °C for 2 h. Blends of the phosphorus-modified and the standard polysulfone (PSu) were also prepared in various mixing ratios and were used to modify the same thermosetting system. Again, no evidence for phase separation of the P-PSu was found in the epoxy modified with the P-PSu/PSu blends cured under the selected experimental conditions. The particular microstructures formed upon curing these novel materials are attributed to a separation of PSu from a miscible P-PSu–epoxy mixture. Nevertheless, the blends of P-PSu/PSu were found to be effective toughness/flame retardancy enhancers owing to the simultaneous microstructure development and polymer interpenetration. KW - Flame retardants KW - Phosphorus-modified polysulfone KW - Fracture toughness PY - 2007 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 778 EP - 790 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14515 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Assessing the performance of intumescent coatings using bench-scaled cone calorimeter and finite difference simulations N2 - A method was developed to assess the heat insulation performance of intumescent coatings. The method consists of temperature measurements using the bench-scaled experimental set-up of a cone calorimeter and finite difference simulation to calculate the effective thermal conductivity dependent on time/temperature. This simulation procedure was also adapted to the small scale test furnace, in which the standard time-temperature curve is applied to a larger sample and thus which provides results relevant for approval. Investigations on temperature and calculated effective thermal conduction were performed on intumescent coatings in both experimental set-ups using various coating thicknesses. The results correspond to each other as well as showing the limits of transferability between both fire tests. It is shown that bench-scaled cone calorimeter tests are a valuable tool for assessing and predicting the performance of intumescent coatings in larger tests relevant for approval. The correlation fails for processes at surface temperatures above 750°C, which are not reached in the cone calorimeter, but are attained in the small scale furnace set-up. KW - Intumescent coatings KW - Cone calorimetry KW - Numerical analysis KW - Small scale test furnace PY - 2007 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 187 EP - 205 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-14645 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Perez, R. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. T1 - Pyrolysis of Epoxy Resins and Fire Behavior of Epoxy Resin Composites Flame-Retarded with 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide Additives N2 - The pyrolysis of an epoxy resin and the fire behavior of corresponding carbon fiber-reinforced composites, both flame-retarded with either 10-ethyl-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide or 1,3,5-tris[2-(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide-10-)ethyl]1, 3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, are investigated. The different fire retardancy mechanisms are discussed, and their influence on the fire properties assessed, in particular for flammability (limiting oxygen index, UL 94) and developing fires (cone calorimeter with different external heat fluxes of 35, 50, and 70 kW m-2). Adding the flame retardants containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide affects the fire behavior by both condensed phase and gas phase mechanisms. Interactions between the additives and the epoxy resin result in a change in the decomposition pathways and an increased char formation. The release of phosphorous products results in significant flame inhibition. The fire properties achieved are thus interesting with respect to industrial exploration. KW - Flame retardance KW - Thermosets KW - Composites KW - Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) KW - Pyrolysis KW - High performance polymers KW - Epoxy resin PY - 2007 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - 2260 EP - 2269 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-14573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Development of fire retarded materials - The use of the Cone Calorimeter and the Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter T2 - 17. Ulm-Freiberger Kalorimetrietage CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 2007-03-28 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14688 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -