TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Wilkie, C. A. ED - Morgan, A.B. T1 - Uses of fire tests in materials flammability development PY - 2010 SN - 978-1-4200-8399-6 IS - Chapter 15 SP - 387 EP - 420 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton, FL, USA ET - Second Edition AN - OPUS4-21085 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brehme, Sven A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Fischer, O. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Bykov, Y. A1 - Döring, M. T1 - Phosphorus polyester versus aluminium phosphinate in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT): Flame retardancy performance and mechanisms N2 - Pyrolysis and fire behaviour of a phosphorus polyester (PET-P-DOPO) have been investigated. The glycol ether of the hydroquinone derivative of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide was used as a reactive halogen-free flame retardant in PET-P-DOPO. PET-P-DOPO is proposed as an alternative to poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with established halogen-free additives. It exhibits a high LOI (39.3%) and achieves V-0 classification in the UL 94 test. Three different mechanisms (flame inhibition, charring and a protection effect by the intumescent char) contribute to the flame retardancy in PET-P-DOPO and were quantified with respect to different fire risks. The fire load was reduced by 66% of the PBT characteristic. The reduction is the superposition of the relative reduction due to flame inhibition (factor 0.625) and charring (factor 0.545). The peak of heat release rate (pHRR) was reduced by 83% due to flame inhibition, charring and the protection properties of the char (factor 0.486). The strength of all three mechanisms is in the same order of magnitude. The intumescent multicellular structure enables the char to act as an efficient protection layer. PBT flame-retarded with aluminium diethylphosphinate was used as a benchmark to assess the performance of PET-P-DOPO absolutely, as well as versus the phosphorus content. PET-P-DOPO exhibits superior fire retardancy, in particular due to the additional prolongation of the time to ignition and increase in char yield. PET-P-DOPO is a promising alternative material for creating halogen-free flame-retarded polyesters. KW - Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) KW - Fire retardancy KW - Aluminium phosphinate KW - 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.035 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 96 IS - 5 SP - 875 EP - 884 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-23469 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Bench scale methods in flame-retarded polymers development - Labormethoden zur Entwicklung flammgeschützter Polymere T2 - 11th National and 1st International Conference Trends in Fire Dafety and Innovative Flame Retardants for Plastics CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 2010-11-24 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-23414 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Photooxidative and thermooxidative degradation of conjugated polymers T2 - 1st International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation (MoDeSt) CY - Palermo, Italy DA - 2000-09-03 PY - 2000 AN - OPUS4-23156 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Thermooxidative stability of poly(phenyl-1,4-phenylene vinylene) monitored with chemilumineszenz T2 - 200th Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Seminar CY - Wiesbaden, Germany DA - 1998-06-24 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-23145 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Chemiluminescence - A promising new testing method for plastic optical fibers T2 - 7th International Plastic Optical Fibres Conference CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1998-10-12 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-23146 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Polarized fluorescence and orientational order parameters of a liquid crystalline conjugated polymer T2 - European Conference on Macromolecular Physics CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 1999-09-30 PY - 1999 AN - OPUS4-23152 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perret, Birgit A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Stöß, K. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Diederichs, J. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Krämer, J. A1 - Altstädt, V. T1 - Novel DOPO-based flame retardants in high-performance carbon fibre epoxy composites for aviation N2 - Two novel, halogen-free, phosphorus-based oligomeric flame retardants are investigated in the commercial epoxy resin RTM6 and ~70 wt.% carbon fibre RTM6 composites (RTM6-CF) with respect to pyrolysis and fire behaviour. The flame retardants are based on 9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) units linked to the star-shaped aliphatic ground body tetra-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] pentarythrit (DOPP), or heterocyclic tris-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl] isocyanurate (DOPI), respectively. The glass transition temperature is reduced by adding DOPP and DOPI, but the mechanical properties of the composites (e.g. interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and Gc in mode I and II) remain unchanged. Decomposition models are proposed based on mass loss, evolved gas analysis (TG–FTIR) and condensed product analysis (hot stage cell within FTIR). The fire behaviour is investigated comprehensively (UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimeter). Both flame retardants act in the gas phase through flame inhibition and in the condensed phase through charring. The UL 94 of RTM6 is improved from HB to V-1 and V-0; the LOI from 25% to 34–38%. Peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat evolved (THE) are lowered by 31-49% and 40–44%, respectively. Adding CF increases the residue, reduces the THE, but suppresses the charring due to RTM6 and flame retardants. Thus the THE of RTM6-CF is reduced by about 25% when DOPI and DOPP are added. However, UL 94: V-0 and LOI of 45% and 48% are achieved with ~0.6 wt.% phosphorus. KW - Epoxy resin (RTM6) KW - DOPO KW - Carbon fibre reinforced composites KW - Mechanical properties KW - Flame retardancy PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.02.008 SN - 0014-3057 SN - 1873-1945 VL - 47 IS - 5 SP - 1081 EP - 1089 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-23548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pawlowski, Kristin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame retardancy mechanisms of aryl phosphates in combination with boehmite in bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends N2 - The influence of nano-dispersed 5 wt.% boehmite (AlOOH) and 5 wt.% AlOOH combined with bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) in bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (PC/ABS) + poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), and 1 wt.% AlOOH with and without BDP, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), on PC/ABS + PTFE has been investigated. Possible flame retardancy mechanisms are revealed. Thermogravimetry (TG) and evolved gas analysis (TG-FTIR) are used to study pyrolysis, a cone calorimeter applying different external heat fluxes is used to investigate fire behaviour, and LOI and UL 94 are used to investigate flammability. Fire residues were investigated using ATR-FTIR. Adding 5 wt.% AlOOH decreases the peak heat release rate, as also has been reported for polymer nanocomposites with other layered structures. AlOOH releases water, and adding 5 wt.% AlOOH crucially influences thermal decomposition by enhancing the hydrolysis of PC and of BDP. For PC/ABS + PTFE + BDP + 5 wt.% AlOOH, the formation of AlPO4, for instance, results in antagonistic effects on the charring of PC + BDP, whereas synergy is observed in LOI. When only 1 wt.% AlOOH is added to the PC/ABS + PTFE with and without BDP, RDP and TPP, respectively, no significant influence is observed on thermal decomposition, UL 94, LOI or performance in the cone calorimeter. KW - Aryl phosphates KW - Boehmite KW - PC/ABS KW - Flammability KW - Nanocomposites KW - Flame retardant PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.01.002 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 657 EP - 667 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-17121 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame Retardancy Mechanisms of Aluminium Phosphinate in Combination with Melamine Cyanurate in Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) N2 - The flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi) and its combination with melamine cyanurate (MC) in glass-fibre-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT/GF) were analysed using TGA including evolved gas analysis (TGA-FTIR), cone calorimeter measurements using various irradiations, flammability tests (limited oxygen index, LOI, UL 94) and chemical analyses of residues (FTIR, SEM/EDX). AlPi decomposed mainly through the formation of diethylphosphinic acid and aluminium phosphate and influenced the decomposition of the PBT only slightly. AlPi acted mainly through flame inhibition. A halogen-free V-0 PBT/GF material was achieved with a LOI of 44%. Additional charring influenced the flammability. MC decomposed independently of the polymer and showed some fuel dilution effects. KW - Flame retardance KW - Metal phosphinate KW - Polyester KW - Pyrolysis KW - Thermogravimetric analysis PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200700330 SN - 1438-7492 SN - 1439-2054 VL - 293 IS - 3 SP - 206 EP - 217 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-17122 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flammschutzprüfungen zur Charakterisierung einer Schlüsseleigenschaft von Polymerwerkstoffen T2 - 5. Würzburger Compoundiertage, SKZ CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 2009-05-13 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19402 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flammschutzmechanismen in Polymeren - Hintergrund und Nutzen für die Praxis T2 - 10. Fachtagung SKZ: Kunststoffe, Brandschutz und Flammschutzmittel CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 2009-05-13 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19390 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flammschutznormen für den Einsatz von Kunststoffen in den Bereichen Bau, Elektronik/Elektrotechnik und Mobilität T2 - Trends und Entwicklungen flammgeschützter Kunststoffe CY - Blankenhain, Germany DA - 2009-06-09 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19486 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gallo, Emanuela A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Russo, P. A1 - Acierno, Domenico T1 - Halogen-free flame retarded poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) using metal oxides/PBT nanocomposites in combination with aluminium phosphinate N2 - The flame retardancy of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) containing aluminium diethlyphosphinate (AlPi) and/or nanometric metal oxides such as TiO2 or Al2O3 was investigated. In particular the different active flame retardancy mechanisms were discovered. Thermal analysis, evolved gas analysis (TG-FTIR), flammability tests (LOI, UL 94), cone calorimeter measurements and chemical analyses of residues (ATR-FTIR) were used. AlPi acts mainly in the gas phase through the release of diethylphosphic acid, which provides flame inhibition. Part of AlPi remains in the solid phase reacting with the PBT to phosphinate-terephthalate salts that decompose to aluminium phosphate at higher temperatures. The metal oxides interact with the PBT decomposition and promote the formation of additional stable carbonaceous char in the condensed phase. A combination of metal oxides and AlPi gains the better classification in the UL 94 test thanks to the combination of the different mechanisms. KW - Poly(butylene terephthalate) KW - Flammability KW - Metal oxide nanocomposite KW - Metal phosphinate PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.04.014 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 94 IS - 8 SP - 1245 EP - 1253 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-19516 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pawlowski, Kristin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Fichera, Mario Augusto A1 - Jäger, Christian T1 - Flame retardancy mechanisms of bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) in combination with zinc borate in bisphenol A polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends N2 - Bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (PC/ABS) with and without bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) and 5 wt.% zinc borate (Znb) were investigated. The pyrolysis was studied by thermogravimetry (TG), TG-FTIR and NMR, the fire behaviour with a cone calorimeter applying different heat fluxes, LOI and UL 94. Fire residues were examined with NMR. BDP affects the decomposition of PC/ABS and acts as a flame retardant in the gas and condensed phases. The addition of Znb results in an additional hydrolysis of PC. The fire behaviour is similar to PC/ABS, aside from a slightly increased LOI and a reduced peak heat release rate, both caused by borates improving the barrier properties of the char. In PC/ABS + BDP + Znb, the addition of Znb yields a borate network and amorphous phosphates. Znb also reacts with BDP to form alpha-zinc phosphate and borophosphates that suppress the original flame retardancy mechanisms of BDP. The inorganic–organic residue formed provides more effective flame retardancy, in particular at low irradiation in the cone calorimeter, and a clear synergy in LOI, whereas for more developed fires BDP + Znb become less effective than BDP in PC/ABS with respect to the total heat evolved. KW - Flame retardancy KW - PC/ABS KW - Aryl phosphate KW - Zinc borate KW - Flammability PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2009.10.007 SN - 0040-6031 SN - 1872-762X VL - 498 IS - 1-2 SP - 92 EP - 99 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-20746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pikacz, E. A1 - Seefeldt, Henrik A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Karrasch, Andrea A1 - Jäger, Christian T1 - Flame retardancy in PC/Silicone rubber blends using BDP and additional additives T2 - 20th Annual conference on recent advances in flame retardancy of polymeric materials CY - Stamford, CT, USA DA - 2009-06-01 KW - Flame retardancy KW - PC blend KW - Aryl phosphate PY - 2009 SN - 1-59623-509-8 VL - 20 IS - Chapter IV-B SP - 236 EP - 246 CY - Wellesley, MA, USA AN - OPUS4-20703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Perret, Birgit A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Stöß, K. A1 - Diederichs, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Krämer, J. A1 - Altstädt, V. ED - Lewin, M. T1 - Novel phosphorus-based flame retardants for epoxy resins and carbon fiber composites: Decomposition mechanisms and fire behavior T2 - 21st Annual conference on recent advances on flame retardancy of polymeric materials CY - Stamford, USA DA - 2010-05-24 KW - DOPO KW - Fire retardancy KW - Flammability KW - Pyrolysis KW - Epoxy resin KW - Composites PY - 2010 SN - 1-59623-619-1 VL - 21 SP - 134 EP - 145 PB - BCC Research AN - OPUS4-22162 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Understanding Fire Retardancy Mechanisms in Polymer Composites: A Key for Future Development T2 - Institutskolloquium DLR CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 2010-08-18 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22224 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy in Composites: A Journey from Nano to Intermediate Scale T2 - Sixth International Conference on Composites In Fire: CIF6 CY - Newcastle upon Tyne, England DA - 2011-06-09 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23826 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Chemiluminescence - An advanced method for small extent, early stages and accelerated testing of the thermooxidative degradation in polymers T2 - Makromolekulares Kolloquium CY - Freiburg, Germany DA - 2000-02-24 PY - 2000 AN - OPUS4-3447 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame Retardant Mechanisms of Red Phosphorus and Magnesium Hydroxide in High Impact Polystyrene N2 - The flame retardant mechanisms of red phosphorus, magnesium hydroxide and red phosphorus combined with magnesium hydroxide were studied in high impact polystyrene by means of comprehensive decomposition studies and combustion tests. The study is intended to illuminate prerequisites and the potential of red phosphorus as a fire retardant for hydrocarbon polymers in the condensed phase and in the gas phase. Thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition, decomposition kinetics and the product gases evolved were characterized using thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, respectively. Fire behaviour was investigated with a cone calorimeter using different external heat fluxes, whereas the flammability was determined by limited oxygen indices. The combustion residues were analysed using XPS. Red phosphorus reduced the heat release in HIPS due to radical trapping in the gas phase. Magnesium hydroxide influenced fire behaviour by heat sink mechanisms, release of water and the formation of a magnesia layer acting as a barrier. The combination of both flame retardants in HIPS nearly resulted in a superposition. A slight synergy in barrier characteristics was due to the formation of magnesium phosphate, whereas a slight anti-synergism occurred in flammability and in the gas phase action. The latter effect is controlled by a decreased fuel rate due to the barrier layer rather than by an initiation of red phosphorus oxidation in the condensed phase. KW - Fire retardancy KW - Polystyrene KW - Pyrolysis KW - TG-FTIR KW - Red Phosphorus KW - Mg(OH)2 KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - Additives KW - Thermogravimetric analysis PY - 2004 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200400255 SN - 1022-1352 SN - 1521-3935 VL - 205 IS - 16 SP - 2185 EP - 2196 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-4488 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites: new Flame Retardant Apporoach for polymeric Materials T2 - Hannover-Messe 2003 CY - Hanover, Germany DA - 2003-04-07 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Okamoto, M. T1 - Fire retardancy based on polymer layered silicate nanocomposites KW - Fire retardancy KW - Nanocomposites KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - LOI KW - UL94 KW - Rheology PY - 2004 SN - 4-88231-479-7 SP - 242 EP - 257 PB - CMC Publ. AN - OPUS4-5497 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Pötschke, P. A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Abdel-Goad, M. T1 - Fire behaviour of polyamide 6/multiwall carbon nanotube naocomposites N2 - Nanocomposites of polyamide 6 with 5 wt.% multiwall carbon nanotubes are investigated to clarify their potential as regards the fire retardancy of polymers. The nanocomposites are investigated using SEM, electrical resistivity, and oscillatory shear rheology. The pyrolysis is characterized using thermal analysis. The fire behaviour is investigated with a cone calorimeter using different external heat fluxes, by means of the limiting oxygen index and the UL 94 classification. The fire residue is characterized using SEM. The comprehensive fire behaviour characterization not only allows the materials’ potential for implementation in different fire scenarios and fire tests to be assessed, but also provides detailed insight into the active mechanisms. The increased melt viscosity of the nanocomposites and the fibre-network character of the nanofiller are the dominant mechanisms influencing fire performance. The changes are found to be adjuvant with respect to forced flaming conditions in the cone calorimeter, but also deleterious in terms of flammability. KW - Carbon Nanotubes KW - Nanocomposites KW - Flame retardancy KW - Rheology KW - Thermal Analysis KW - Fire retardancy KW - Cone Calorimeter PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.11.023 SN - 0014-3057 SN - 1873-1945 VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 1061 EP - 1070 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-7142 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Knoll, Uta T1 - Some comments on the use of cone calorimeter data N2 - The cone calorimeter has become one of the most important and widely used instruments for the research and development of fire retarded polymeric materials. The paper addresses three important ways in which the principal setup influences the results — factors which sometimes do not receive due consideration when drawing conclusions. The paper discusses in detail the impact on cone calorimeter results of the choice of external heat flux, the influence on the peak of heat release rate of sample thickness and thermal feedback from the back of the sample, and the influence on irradiance of the horizontal and vertical distances from the cone heater. KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - Fire retardancy KW - Fire testing KW - Nanocomposites KW - Intumescence PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.016 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 88 IS - 3 SP - 540 EP - 547 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-7211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Braun, Ulrike ED - Le Bras, M. T1 - Barrier effects for the fire retardancy of polymers T2 - 9th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection of Materials CY - Lille, France DA - 2003-09-15 KW - Fire retardancy KW - Nanocomposites KW - Red Phosphorus KW - Mg(OH)2 KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - LOI PY - 2005 SN - 0-85404-582-1 VL - 9 SP - 264 EP - 275 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-7377 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Neubert, Dietmar A1 - Schriever, Robert T1 - TG-MS and TG-FTIR applied for an unambiguous thermal analysis of intumescent coatings N2 - Thermogravimetry (TG), thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectroscopy (TG-MS) and thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) were used to characterise the thermo-oxidative behaviour of two intumescent coating materials. The temperature dependence, the corresponding volatile products and the amount of residue of the different processes were determined. Using both TG-MS and TG-FTIR results in an unambiguous interpretation of the volatile products. Characteristics such as the influence of endothermic reactions, the release of non-flammable gases, the dehydrogenation enhancing the char formation and the stability of the cellular char were discussed in detail. It was demonstrated, that TG, TG-MS and TG-FTIR are powerful methods to investigate mechanisms in intumescent coatings and that they are suitable methods in respect to quality assurance and unambiguous identification of such materials. KW - Intumescent coating materials KW - TG KW - TG-FTIR KW - TG-MS PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022272707412 SN - 1388-6150 SN - 1418-2874 SN - 0368-4466 SN - 1572-8943 VL - 70 IS - 3 SP - 897 EP - 909 PB - Kluwer Academic Publ. CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-2133 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schwarz, U. A1 - Reinemann, S. T1 - Fire Retardancy of Polypropylene/Flax Blends N2 - A comprehensive characterization of the thermal and the fire behaviour is presented for polypropylene (PP) flax compounds containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expandable graphite as fire retardants. Thermogravimetry coupled with an evolved gas analysis (TG-FTIR) was performed to ensure a significant thermal analysis. The fire response under forced flaming conditions was studied using a cone calorimeter. The external heat flux was varied between 30 and 70 kW m-2 so that the results could be evaluated for different fire scenarios and tests. Different flammability tests (UL 94, limiting oxygen index, glow wire test, GMI 60261) were performed and the results compared with the cone calorimeter data. The different char forming mechanisms are described and the resulting fire retardancy is classified. The successful and ecological friendly fire retardancy is a technological breakthrough for PP/flax biocomposites. KW - Biosomposites KW - Flame retardancy KW - Flax PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00692-X SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 44 IS - 20 SP - 6241 EP - 6250 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-2640 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Schriever, Robert A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Influence of external heat flux and coating thickness on the thermal insulation properties of two different intumescent coatings using cone calorimeter and numerical analysis N2 - Polymeric intumescent coatings are fire protective materials that increase their thermal resistance when exposed to high temperatures to prevent building structures from damage. The idea of the investigation was to develop a simple test method to determine the time dependent thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings. Therefore steel plates were coated with two different intumescent systems. During cone calorimeter tests the temperature at the back side of the coated plates was measured. These results were used to calculate the time dependent thermal resistance of the protective layer with the simulation program IOPT2D for different external heat fluxes and different layer thickness. KW - Intumescent coatings KW - Thermal resistance KW - Cone calorimetry KW - Numerical analysis PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.823 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 151 EP - 162 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-2633 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Layered silicate polymer nanocomposites: new approach or illusion for fire retardancy? Investigations of the potentials and the tasks using a model system N2 - Polymeric nanocomposites are discussed as one of the most promising advanced materials whose nanoscale effects can be exploited for industry. Layered silicate polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride nanocomposites are investigated as a model to clarify the potential of such materials in terms of fire retardancy. The nanostructure is characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and shear viscosity. The fire behavior is characterized using different external heat fluxes in cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index and UL 94 classification. A comprehensive fire behavior characterization is presented which enables an assessment of the materials’ potential with respect to different fire scenarios and fire tests. The influence of morphology and the active mechanisms are discussed, such as barrier formation and changed melt viscosity. To our knowledge, it is the first attempt to illuminate the concept’s strengths, such as the reduction of flame spread, and weaknesses, such as the lack of influence on ignitability, in a clear, comprehensive and detailed manner. KW - Fire retardancy KW - Nanocomposites KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - LOI KW - UL94 KW - Flame retardance KW - poly(propylene) (PP) KW - Organoclay PY - 2004 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jissue/109085890 SN - 1042-7147 SN - 1099-1581 VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - 355 EP - 364 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-3706 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Chemiluminescence - An advanced method for small extent, early stages and accelerated testing of the thermooxidative degradation in polymers T2 - Makromolekulares Kolloquium Freiburg CY - Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany DA - 2000-02-24 PY - 2000 SP - 45 CY - Freiburg im Breisgau AN - OPUS4-2435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Damerau, T. A1 - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Spadaro, G. T1 - Photooxidative and thermooxidative degradation of conjugated polymers T2 - 1st International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation (MoDeSt 2000) CY - Palermo, Italy DA - 2000-09-03 PY - 2000 SN - 0969-806X VL - 63 IS - 1 PB - Pergamon CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-2436 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Neubert, Dietmar T1 - ZnS as Fire Retardant in PVC-P T2 - 2nd International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation (MoDeSt) CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2002-06-30 PY - 2002 VL - 82 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-2437 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grell, M. A1 - Long, X. A1 - Bradley, D. A1 - Bernius, M. A1 - Chamberlin, T. A1 - Inbasekaran, M. A1 - Woo, E. P. A1 - Hennecke, Manfred A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - A liquid crystalline mainchain conjugated polymer for polarized electroluminescence applications T2 - 4th European Conference on Molecular Electronics (ECME 97) CY - Cambridge, England, UK DA - 1997-09-07 PY - 1997 CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-2432 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Chemiluminescence - A promising new testing method for plastic optical fibres? T2 - 7th International Plastic Optical Fibres Conference (POF-7) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1998-10-05 PY - 1998 SN - 3-905084-55-4 VL - 7 SP - 248 EP - 249 PB - AKM AG CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-2433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Grell, M. A1 - Bradley, D. A1 - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Gerhard-Multhaupt, R. T1 - Polarized fluorescence and orientational order parameters of a liquid crystalline conjugated polymer T2 - European Conference on Macromolecular Physics: Molecular Orientation in Polymers, Generation, Characterisation, Application CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 1999-09-30 PY - 1999 N1 - Serientitel: Europhysics conference abstracts – Series title: Europhysics conference abstracts IS - 23H SP - 46 CY - Potsdam AN - OPUS4-2434 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hartwig, A. A1 - Pütz, D. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Wendschuh-Josties, M. T1 - Combustion behaviour of epoxide based nanocomposites with ammonium and phosponium bentonites N2 - The influence of different organobentonites on the decomposition and the combustion behaviour of an epoxy resin were examined. The epoxy resin is a cationically polymerised cycloaliphatic epoxy resin flexibilised with poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF), with hydroxyl endgroups. The bentonite was modified with either an ammonium or a phosphonium salt. The thermal decomposition of the PTHF induced by the initiator, used for the cationic polymerisation, did neither take place for the nanocomposite based on the ammonium bentonite nor for that based on the phosphonium bentonite. This improved decomposition characteristic lead to a larger time to ignition for both kinds of nanocomposites compared to the not modified polymer, which is not the case for other polymer/clay nanocomposites described in the literature. The fire behaviour was investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), a horizontal burner test and a cone calorimeter. The forced flaming conditions in the cone calorimeter were varied using different external heat fluxes between 30 and 70 kW · m-2. The fire behaviour of the nanocomposites was improved in comparison to the polymer, and phosphonium bentonite was superior to ammonium bentonite. The main mechanism is a barrier formation resulting in a reduction of the fire growth rate, which was more pronounced in the case of high external heat fluxes. KW - Cationic polymerisation KW - Clay KW - Combustion KW - Degradation KW - Epoxide KW - Nanocomposite PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200300047 SN - 1022-1352 SN - 1521-3935 VL - 204 IS - 18 SP - 2247 EP - 2257 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-2801 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tidjani, Adams A1 - Wald, Oliver A1 - Pohl, M.-M. A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride-nanocomposites: I-Characterization and thermal stability of nanocomposites produced under nitrogen and in air N2 - The morphology and thermal behaviour of polypropylene–graft–maleic anhydride (PP–g–MA) layered silicate (montmorillonite) nanocomposites were investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. The study focuses on the influence of the presence of oxygen during the preparation of PP–g–MA–nanocomposite using two different modified clays. The nanocomposites show tactoid, intercalated and exfoliated structures side by side with different dominant states depending on the clay used and on the processing conditions. The systems are described as multi-component blends rather than binary blends since the organic ions do not only change the mixing behaviour, but also influence material properties. Beside the physical barrier property of the clay layers also chemical processes were found to play an important role. KW - Polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride KW - Montmorillonites KW - Nanocomposites KW - X-ray KW - Thermal stability PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00174-5 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 82 IS - 1 SP - 133 EP - 140 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-2773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schwarz, U. A1 - Reinemann, S. ED - Lewin, M. T1 - Fire Retarded Polypropylene/Flax Biocomposites T2 - 14th Conference on Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials ; 14th Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy CY - Stamford, CT, USA DA - 2003-06-02 KW - Fire retardancy KW - PP/Flax Biocomposite KW - Expandable Graphite KW - Ammonium Polyphosphate KW - TG-FTIR KW - Cone Calorimeter PY - 2003 SN - 1-569-65930-3 VL - 14 SP - 219 EP - 228 PB - BCC CY - Norwalk, Conn. AN - OPUS4-2815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy Mechanisms of Red Phosphorus in Thermoplastics N2 - The thermal decomposition and the fire behavior of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 (PA-66) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) containing red phosphorus (P4) were investigated. For glass fiber reinforced PA-66, P4 promotes char formation in the condensed phase. Barrier effects and the reduction of combustible volatiles were identified as fire retardancy mechanisms. For HIPS, P4 acts in the gas phase, mainly trapping radicals. The heat release per mass loss polymer is reduced due to an incomplete combustion. T2 - 12th International Conference Additives 2003 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 2003-04-06 PY - 2003 UR - http://www.executive-conference.com/conferences/archives/abstracts2003/add03_abs5b.html SP - 1(?) EP - 10(?) PB - ECM CY - Plymouth, Mich. AN - OPUS4-2502 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Fire Retardancy Mechanisms of Phosphorus in Thermoplastics KW - Fire retardancy KW - Red Phosphorus KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - TG-FTIR KW - TG-MS KW - HIPS KW - PBT KW - PA 66 PY - 2004 SN - 0743-0515 VL - 91 SP - 152 EP - 153 PB - Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-3971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Residue, Charring and Intumescence N2 - The exploration of condensed phase mechanisms such as charring and intumescence has been pushed forward in the last decades, since it is believed that focusing on these concepts will bring materials closer to an efficient and ecologically friendly fire retardancy. They promise to concentrate efficient fire retardancy at the key position between pyrolysis zone and gas phase. Examples of residue/char forming and intumescent materials are used to illustrate the influence of mass and heat barrier effects on the fire behavior of materials and general results are presented. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and structure-property relationships in fire retardancy is presented. KW - Fire retardancy KW - Nanocomposites KW - Red Phosphorus KW - Intumescence KW - Cone Calorimeter PY - 2006 SN - 1-59623-221-8 VL - XV SP - 15 EP - 21 PB - BCC Research CY - Norwalk, Conn. AN - OPUS4-4068 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Red Phosphorus, Nanocomposites and Intumescence Catings - Three Examples of Advanced Fire Retardancy T2 - SFB Kolloquium am Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg CY - Freiburg, Germany DA - 2003-10-29 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4056 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy of Polymers: Science between Macromolecular Chemistry and Fire Engineering T2 - Hochpolymer- und Kunststoffkolloquium, Technische Universität Darmstadt CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 2003-10-30 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4057 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy of Polymers T2 - Bayer AG CY - Dormagen, Germany DA - 2003-11-04 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4058 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Behavior Assessment of Nanocomposites T2 - Nanocomposites 2003 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 2003-11-10 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4059 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire retardancy of Polymers Using Barrier Effects T2 - 8. Rudolstädter Kunststofftag CY - Rudolstadt, Germany DA - 2003-05-21 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire retardancy of Polypropylene/Flax Blends T2 - 14th Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy; Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials CY - Stamford, CT, USA DA - 2003-06-02 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4046 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flammschutz von Polymeren durch Oberflächenmodifizierung T2 - Habilitänden-Workshop 2003, GDCH Fachgruppe Makromolekulare Chemie CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 2003-07-14 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4047 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Fire Retardancy of Polymers T2 - BASF AG CY - Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany DA - 2003-09-11 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4048 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -