TY - JOUR A1 - Bernal, S. A. A1 - Dhandapani, Y. A1 - Elakneswaran, Y. A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Gruyaert, E. A1 - Juenger, M. C. G. A1 - Lothenbach, B. A1 - Olonade, K. A. A1 - Sakoparnig, M. A1 - Shi, Z. A1 - Thiel, C. A1 - Van den Heede, P. A1 - Vanoutrive, H. A1 - von Greve-Dierfeld, S. A1 - De Belie, N. A1 - Provis, J. L. T1 - Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: A critical review of the standardised testing methods to determine carbonation resistance of concrete N2 - The chemical reaction between CO2 and a blended Portland cement concrete, referred to as carbonation, can lead to reduced performance, particularly when concrete is exposed to elevated levels of CO2 (i.e., accelerated carbonation conditions). When slight changes in concrete mix designs or testing conditions are adopted, conflicting carbonation results are often reported. The RILEM TC 281-CCC ‘Carbonation of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials’ has conducted a critical analysis of the standardised testing methodologies that are currently applied to determine carbonation resistance of concrete in different regions. There are at least 17 different standards or recommendations being actively used for this purpose, with significant differences in sample curing, pre-conditioning, carbonation exposure conditions, and methods used for determination of carbonation depth after exposure. These differences strongly influence the carbonation depths recorded and the carbonation coefficient values calculated. Considering the importance of accurately determining carbonation potential of concrete, not just for predicting their durability performance, but also for determining the amount of CO2 that concrete can re-absorb during or after its service life, it is imperative to recognise the applicability and limitations of the results obtained from different tests. This will enable researchers and practitioners to adopt the most appropriate testing methodologies to evaluate carbonation resistance, depending on the purpose of the conclusions derived from such testing (e. g. materials selection, service life prediction, CO2 capture potential). KW - Concrete KW - Cement KW - Carbonation KW - Testing KW - Standards PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-609364 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02424-9 VL - 57 SP - 1 EP - 31 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-60936 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollpracht, A. A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Rogiers, B. A1 - Uwanuakwa, I. D. A1 - Phung, Q. T. A1 - Villagran Zaccardi, Y. A1 - Thiel, C. A1 - Vanoutrive, H. A1 - Etcheverry, J. M. A1 - Gruyaert, E. A1 - Kamali-Bernard, S. A1 - Kanellopoulos, A. A1 - Zhao, Z. A1 - Martins, I. M. A1 - Rathnarajan, S. A1 - De Belie, N. T1 - Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: insights into factors affecting the carbonation rate of concrete with SCMs revealed from data mining and machine learning approaches N2 - The RILEM TC 281–CCC ‘‘Carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials’’ conducted a study on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the carbonation rate of blended cement concretes and mortars. In this context, a comprehensive database has been established, consisting of 1044 concrete and mortar mixes with their associated carbonation depth data over time. The dataset comprises mix designs with a large variety of binders with up to 94% SCMs, collected from the literature as well as unpublished testing reports. The data includes chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials, mix-designs, compressive strengths, curing and carbonation testing conditions. Natural carbonation was recorded for several years in many cases with both indoor and outdoor results. The database has been analysed to investigate the effects of binder composition and mix design, curing and preconditioning, and relative humidity on the carbonation rate. Furthermore, the accuracy of accelerated carbonation testing as well as possible correlations between compressive strength and carbonation resistance were evaluated. One approach to summerise the physical and chemical resistance in one parameter is the ratio of water content to content of carbonatable CaO (w/CaOreactive ratio). The analysis revealed that the w/CaOreactive ratio is a decisive factor for carbonation resistance, while curing and exposure conditions also influence carbonation. Under natural exposure conditions, the carbonation data exhibit significant variations. Nevertheless, probabilistic inference suggests that both accelerated and natural carbonation processes follow a square-root-of-time behavior, though accelerated and natural carbonation cannot be converted into each other without corrections. Additionally, a machine learning technique was employed to assess the influence of parameters governing the carbonation progress in concretes. KW - Carbonation KW - Supplementary cementitious materials KW - Concrete PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614388 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02465-0 SN - 1871-6873 SN - 1359-5997 VL - 57 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 33 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-61438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gebauer, D. A1 - Gutiérrez, R, A1 - Marx, S. A1 - Butler, M. A1 - Grahl, K. A1 - Thiel, T. A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Breit, W. A1 - Schickert, M. A1 - Krüger, M. T1 - Interrelated dataset of rebound numbers, ultrasonic pulse velocities and compressive strengths of drilled concrete cores from an existing structure and new fabricated concrete cubes N2 - Two test series were examined using nondestructive measuring methods by six independent laboratories before determining their compressive strength. The nondestructive test methods used were the rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement. Two types of geometries were investigated: drilled cores and cubes. The measurement procedure for each of these datasets is conditioned to the geometry and is therefore different. The first series consists of 20 drilled cores (approximately diameter/height = 10 cm/20 cm) from the 55-year-old Lahntal Viaduct near Limburg, Germany. After preparation in the first laboratory, the lateral surface of the drilled cores was tested with the rebound hammer using a given pattern. Every laboratory tested every drilled core at different locations. Ultrasonic measurements in transmission were performed repeatedly at predefined points on the flat surfaces of the specimen. The second series consisted of 25 newly manufactured concrete cubes of a mix with a target concrete strength class of C30/37. The edge length was 15 cm. Each laboratory received five specimens of this test series. Thus, contrary to the first series, each specimen was tested by only one laboratory. Two side faces of each cube were tested with the rebound hammer. In addition, ultrasonic measurements were performed by one laboratory. The time of flight was measured between the tested side faces of the rebound hammer at different positions. For both series, rebound hammers were used to determine the R-value as well as the Q-value. The rebound hammer models within the laboratories were always the same, while they differed between the laboratories. The ultrasonic measurements took place with different measurement systems and couplants. Finally, both specimen series were tested destructively for compressive strength. The dataset contains the raw data summarized in tabular form. In addition, relevant calculated data are included in some cases. For the ultrasonic measurements, the time of flight has already been converted into the ultrasonic velocity. Besides, in addition to the raw data of the compressive strength test (force, weight, and geometry values), the calculated compressive strengths and densities are also provided. KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Ultra sound KW - Rebound hammer KW - Existing structure KW - Civil engineering PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-574655 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109201 SN - 2352-3409 VL - 48 IS - 109201 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-57465 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gebauer, D. A1 - Beltrán Gutierrez, R. A1 - Marx, S. A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Breit, W. A1 - Mechtcherine, V. A1 - Grahl, K. A1 - Thiel, T. A1 - Schickert, M. A1 - Krüger, M. T1 - Interrelated Data Set from Nondestructive and Destructive Material Testing of Concrete Compressive Strength Specimens N2 - "This data set contains three different data types obtained from concrete specimens. For each specimen, the rebound numbers, ultrasonic data (ultrasonic velocity, time of flight), and destructive concrete strength are given. Two kind of specimen geometries were tested: cubes and drilled cores. The files are labeled according to the specimen geometry as "cube" or "core" and the type of measurement data as "compressive_strength", "rn_R" and "rn_Q" for rebound numbers as well as "us" for ultrasonic data. The ultrasonic data were generated by six independent laboratories, the rebound numbers by five independent laboratories and the destructive tests by one laboratory. The designation of each specimen establishes the relationship between the different data types." KW - Compressive Concrete Strength KW - Rebound Hammer KW - Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AFCITK PB - Harvard College CY - Cambridge, MA, USA AN - OPUS4-57223 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gebauer, D. A1 - Gutierrez, B. A1 - Marx, S. A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Breit, W. A1 - Mechtcherine, V. A1 - Grahl, K. A1 - Thiel, T. A1 - Schickert, M. A1 - Krüger, M. T1 - Interrelated data set from nondestructive and destructive material testing of concrete compressive strength specimens N2 - This data set contains three different data types obtained from concrete specimens. For each specimen, the rebound numbers, ultrasonic data (ultrasonic velocity, time of flight), and destructive concrete strength are given. Two kind of specimen geometries were tested: cubes and drilled cores. The files are labeled according to the specimen geometry as "cube" or "core" and the type of measurement data as "compressive_strength", "rn_R" and "rn_Q" for rebound numbers as well as "us" for ultrasonic data. The ultrasonic data were generated by six independent laboratories, the rebound numbers by five independent laboratories and the destructive tests by one laboratory. The designation of each specimen establishes the relationship between the different data types. KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Rebound number KW - Ultrasonic pulse velocity KW - Compressive concrete strength KW - Interlaboratory comparison PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AFCITK PB - Harvard College CY - Cambridge, MA, USA AN - OPUS4-57499 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Thomé-Kozmiensky, K. J. A1 - Löschau, M. A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Köcher, Peter A1 - Thiel, S. T1 - Entsorgung von Sekundärabfällen aus der Abfallverbrennung T2 - Abfallwirtschaft für Wien CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2004-06-24 KW - Abfallverbrennung KW - Schlacke KW - Filterstaub KW - Verwertung KW - Schmelzen KW - Technische Silikate KW - Verfahrenstechnik KW - Verfahrensübersicht PY - 2004 SN - 3-935317-17-4 SP - 497 EP - 742 PB - TK-Verl. CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-3683 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Meng, S. A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Thiel, A. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Partial Solution of Dispersed alpha-Al2O3-Particles in Alumoborosilicate Glass T2 - 81. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Aachen, Deutschland DA - 2007-06-04 KW - Glasmatrixkomposite KW - Lösung KW - Sintern PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-921089-52-1 IS - CD-ROM SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft CY - Offenbach AN - OPUS4-16108 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernal, S. A. A1 - Angst, U. M. A1 - Provis, J. L. A1 - Thiel, C. A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Villagran-Zaccardi, Y. A1 - De Belie, N. T1 - Recommendation of RILEM TC 281-CCC: RILEM CPC-18R1—guideline for measuring the carbonation depth of hardened concrete using a pH indicator solution N2 - This recommendation provides a procedure for determining the carbonation depth on the surface of concrete by applying a pH indicator. This includes definitions of carbonation, carbonation depth and carbonation front, as well as descriptions of the different pH indicator solutions that can be used. Recommendations for testing laboratory-prepared specimens and those obtained from concrete structures are also given. This involves guidelines for sample preparation and/or extraction, CO2 exposure duration, carbonation depth determination and reporting of results. A section on data interpretation is also provided, as carbonation results are used for determining durability of concrete, as well as a criterion for materials selection or for carbon uptake calculations. The new Recommendation CPC-18R1 is intended to supersede the former RILEM recommendation CPC-18, particularly when prescribed as the preferred method for evaluating and reporting carbonation depths. KW - Carbonation KW - Concrete KW - pH indicator KW - Phenolphthalein KW - Testing PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656191 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-026-02966-0 SN - 1359-5997 SN - 1871-6873 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-65619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -