TY - JOUR A1 - Fricke, F. A1 - Brandalero, M. A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Kowarik, Stefan A1 - Hierzegger, R. A1 - Westerdick, S. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Hübner, M. T1 - Artificial Intelligence for Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Using a Novel Data Augmentation Method N2 - Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) are valuable analytical and quality control methods for most industrial chemical processes as they provide information on the concentrations of individual compounds and by-products. These processes are traditionally carried out manually and by a specialist, which takes a substantial amount of time and prevents their utilization for real-time closed-loop process control. This paper presents recent advances from two projects that use Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to address the challenges of automation and performance-efficient realizations of MS and NMR. In the first part, a complete toolchain has been realized to develop simulated spectra and train ANNs to identify compounds in MS. In the second part, a limited number of experimental NMR spectra have been augmented by simulated spectra, to train an ANN with better prediction performance and speed than state-of-the-art analysis. These results suggest that, in the context of the digital transformation of the process industry, we are now on the threshold of a strongly simplified use of MS and MRS and the accompanying data evaluation by machine-supported procedures, and can utilize both methods much wider for reaction and process monitoring or quality control. KW - Industry 4.0 KW - Cyber-Physical Systems KW - Artificial Neural Networks KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy KW - Modular Production PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539412 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9638378 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2021.3131371 SN - 2168-6750 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 87 EP - 98 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-53941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gottu Mukkula, A. R. A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Salge, M. A1 - Holtkamp, M. A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Fleischer, C. A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Remelhe, M. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Engell, S. T1 - An Application of Modifier Adaptation with Quadratic Approximation on a Pilot Scale Plant in Industrial Environment N2 - The goal of this work is to identify the optimal operating input for a lithiation reaction that is performed in a highly innovative pilot scale continuous flow chemical plant in an industrial environment, taking into account the process and safety constraints. The main challenge is to identify the optimum operation in the absence of information about the reaction mechanism and the reaction kinetics. We employ an iterative real-time optimization scheme called modifier adaptation with quadratic approximation (MAWQA) to identify the plant optimum in the presence of plant-model mismatch and measurement noise. A novel NMR PAT-sensor is used to measure the concentration of the reactants and of the product at the reactor outlet. The experiment results demonstrate the capabilities of the iterative optimization using the MAWQA algorithm in driving a complex real plant to an economically optimal operating point in the presence of plant-model mismatch and of process and measurement uncertainties. KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - Online NMR Spectroscopy KW - Process Industry KW - Iterative real-time optimization KW - Modifier adaptation KW - Plant-model mismatch KW - Reactor control KW - CONSENS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524531 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.685 SN - 1522-2640 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 11773 EP - 11779 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-52453 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Stege, H. A1 - Bretz, S. A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Capabilities and limitations of handheld Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for the analysis of colourants and binders in 20th-century reverse paintings on glass N2 - A non-invasivemethod has been carried out to show the capabilities and limitations of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for identifying of colourants and binders in modern reverse glass paintings. For this purpose, the reverse glass paintings “Zwei Frauen am Tisch” (1920–22), “Bäume” (1946) (both by Heinrich Campendonk), “Lofoten” (1933) (Edith Campendonk-van Leckwyck) and “Ohne Titel” (1954) (Marianne Uhlenhuth), were measured. In contrast to other techniques (e.g. panel and mural painting), the paint layers are applied in reverse succession. In multi-layered paint systems, the front paint layer may no longer be accessible. The work points out the different spectral appearance of a given substance (gypsum, basic lead white) in reverse glass paintings. However, inverted bands, band overlapping and derivative-shaped spectral features can be interpreted by comparing the spectra fromthe paintingswith spectra frompure powders and pigment/linseed oil mock-ups. Moreover, the work focuses on this method's capabilities in identifying synthetic organic pigments (SOP). Reference spectra of three common SOP (PG7, PY1, PR83) were obtained from powders and historical colour charts.We identified PR83 and PY1 in two reverse glass paintings, using the measured reference spectra. The recorded DRIFTS spectra of pure linseed oil, gum Arabic, mastic, polyvinyl acetate resin and bees wax can be used to classify the binding media of the measured paintings. KW - DRIFTS KW - Painting KW - Non-invasive KW - Pigment PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.057 SN - 1873-3557 VL - 195 SP - 103 EP - 112 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-44023 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Oesterle, D. A1 - Bretz, S. A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Stege, H. A1 - Dietemann, P. A1 - Baumer, U. ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Oesterle, D. ED - Bretz, S. ED - Doil, Thorsten T1 - Hinter Glas gemalt - Geheimnisse einer Technik - Eine Ausstellung im Museum Penzberg – Sammlung Campendonk im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes "Hinterglasmalerei als Technik der Klassischen Moderne 1905-1955" N2 - Mit der Bezeichnung Hinterglasmalerei wird allgemein der Begriff der Glasmalerei assoziiert. Auch wenn in beiden Fällen Glas das Trägermaterial ist, bezeichnet Hinterglasmalerei jedoch eine völlig andere Technik. Während bei der Glasmalerei die Farben auf den Bildträger eingebrannt werden, handelt es sich bei der Hinterglasmalerei um eine Kaltmalerei. Selbsttrocknende Farben werden auf die Rückseite der Glastafel aufgetragen, zuweilen wird die Malweise durch aufwendige Veredelungstechniken ergänzt. Mehr und mehr rückt diese Technik, die materialtechnologisch zwischen Tafelmalerei und Glasmalerei zu verorten ist, in den Blickwinkel einer interessierten Öffentlichkeit, wie dies eine zunehmende Anzahl verschiedener Ausstellungen zur Hinterglasmalerei belegen. Die vorliegende Publikation beschäftigt sich in erster Linie mit kunsttechnologischen und materialanalytischen Aspekten der Hinterglasmalerei und ermöglicht tiefe Einblicke in die künstlerische Arbeitsweise und in die Verwendung unterschiedlichster Materialien. T2 - Ausstellung Hinterglasmalerei CY - Penzberg, Germany DA - 19.12.2020 KW - Archäometrie KW - Hinterglasmalerei KW - Kunsttechnologie KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2021 SN - 2567-1251 VL - 2 SP - VII EP - 103 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-55155 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Müller, S. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Kowarik, Stefan T1 - Artificial neural networks for quantitative online NMR spectroscopy N2 - Industry 4.0 is all about interconnectivity, sensor-enhanced process control, and data-driven systems. Process analytical technology (PAT) such as online nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is gaining in importance, as it increasingly contributes to automation and digitalization in production. In many cases up to now, however, a classical evaluation of process data and their transformation into knowledge is not possible or not economical due to the insufficiently large datasets available. When developing an automated method applicable in process control, sometimes only the basic data of a limited number of batch tests from typical product and process development campaigns are available. However, these datasets are not large enough for training machine-supported procedures. In this work, to overcome this limitation, a new procedure was developed, which allows physically motivated multiplication of the available reference data in order to obtain a sufficiently large dataset for training machine learning algorithms. The underlying example chemical synthesis was measured and analyzed with both application-relevant low-field NMR and high-field NMR spectroscopy as reference method. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have the potential to infer valuable process information already from relatively limited input data. However, in order to predict the concentration at complex conditions (many reactants and wide concentration ranges), larger ANNs and, therefore, a larger Training dataset are required. We demonstrate that a moderately complex problem with four reactants can be addressed using ANNs in combination with the presented PAT method (low-field NMR) and with the proposed approach to generate meaningful training data. KW - Online NMR spectroscopy KW - Real-time process monitoring KW - Artificial neural networks KW - Automation KW - Process industry PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507508 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02687-5 SN - 1618-2642 VL - 412 IS - 18 SP - 4447 EP - 4459 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50750 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Müller, S. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Kowarik, Stefan T1 - Training data of quantitative online NMR spectroscopy for artificial neural networks N2 - Data set of low-field NMR spectra of continuous synthesis of nitro-4’-methyldiphenylamine (MNDPA). 1H spectra (43 MHz) were recorded as single scans. Two different approaches for the generation of artificial neural networks training data for the prediction of reactant concentrations were used: (i) Training data based on combinations of measured pure component spectra and (ii) Training data based on a spectral model. Synthetic low-field NMR spectra First 4 columns in MAT-files represent component areas of each reactant within the synthetic mixture spectrum. Xi (“pure component spectra dataset”) Xii (“spectral model dataset”) Experimental low-field NMR spectra from MNDPA-Synthesis This data set represents low-field NMR-spectra recorded during continuous synthesis of nitro-4’-methyldiphenylamine (MNDPA). Reference values from high-field NMR results are included. KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - Real-time process monitoring KW - Artificial neural networks KW - Online NMR spectroscopy KW - Automation KW - Process industry PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3677139 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-50456 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - López Meza, S. T1 - Leaching experiments on the release of heavy metals and PAH from C&D waste and MSWI bottom ash N2 - Leaching tests are fundamental tools for the assessment of long-term impact of contaminated waste materials on the soil-groundwater pathway. Waste materials should be tested under conditions equal to their actual application in re-use scenarios to achieve reliable results. Since the standards for leaching procedures available on international level so far are either not validated or considered inadequate in respect to coarse grained materials, new standards had to be developed. Therefore column percolation and batch test procedures have been standardized and validated to enable their introduction to new German regulations concerning waste management. Practical aspects of the test procedures as well as the boundary conditions compared to the already existing standards will be described. Examples including round robin test results will be given to justify the selection of the new specifications. T2 - 2nd International conference on hazardous and industrial waste management CY - Chania, Crete, Greece DA - 2010-10-05 KW - Leaching KW - Bioavailability KW - Column tests KW - Batch tests PY - 2010 IS - Session A, A5.1. SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-22128 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Scheuschner, Nils A1 - Marquardt, E A1 - Mühlberger, W. A1 - Nagel, F. A1 - Neumann, E. A1 - Rohwetter, P. A1 - Rutz, F. A1 - Schwake, C. A1 - Schramm, S. A1 - Schwaneberg, F. A1 - Taubert, R. D. T1 - Thermografie und Strahlungsthermometrie - Stand und Trends N2 - In vielen Umgebungen, besonders bei hohen Temperaturen, korrosiven Umgebungen oder auf bewegten oder schlecht zugänglichen Flächen, kann die Temperatur nicht oder nur mit nicht akzeptablem Aufwand mit Berührungsthermometern gemessen werden. Diese Umgebungsbedingungen sind unter anderem in der chemischen Industrie, der Lebensmittel-, Metall-, Glas-, Kunststoff- und Papierherstellung sowie bei der Lacktrocknung anzutreffen. In diesen Bereichen kommen Strahlungsthermometer zum Einsatz. Der VDI-Statusreport zeigt typische Anwendungsfelder von nicht radiometrisch kalibrierten Wärmebildkameras und von radiometrisch kalibrierten Thermografiekameras. Um verlässlich mit spezifizierten Messunsicherheiten berührungslos Temperaturen zu messen, müssen die Strahlungsthermometer und Thermografiekameras nicht nur kalibriert, sondern radiometrisch und strahlungsthermometrisch umfassend charakterisiert werden. Auch die optische Materialeigenschaft, der spektrale Emissionsgrad und die Gesamtstrahlungsbilanz (Strahlung des Messobjekts und der Umgebung) sind bei der industriellen Temperaturmessung von großer Bedeutung. In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist dazu ein umfassendes technisches Regelwerk entstanden, das wir Ihnen mit diesem VDI-Statusreport vorstellen. Manche in den Richtlinien beschriebenen Kennwerte mögen abstrakt wirken. In diesem Statusreport zeigen wir an konkreten Beispielen, was diese Kenngrößen für die berührungslose Temperaturmessung bedeuten. Beispiele von Anwendungen zeigen, wo temperaturmessende Thermografiekameras und ausschließlich bildgebende Wärmebildkameras in der Praxis eingesetzt werden. Mit einer Analyse, welche Themen und Anwendungen derzeit besonders intensiv diskutiert werden, versuchen wir Trends für zukünftige Entwicklungen herauszuarbeiten. KW - Thermografie KW - Temperaturmessung PY - 2021 UR - https://www.vdi.de/ueber-uns/presse/publikationen/details/thermografie-und-strahlungsthermometrie-stand-und-trends SP - 1 EP - 40 PB - VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e.V. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-52904 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dal Molin, E. S. A1 - Henning, L. M. A1 - Müller, J. T. A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Bekheet, M. F. A1 - Gurlo, A. A1 - Simon, U. T1 - Robocasting of ordered mesoporous silica‐based monoliths: Rheological, textural, and mechanical characterization N2 - Hierarchically porous, high‐surface‐area silica materials are excellent candidates for multiple applications like catalysis and environmental remediation. Shaping these materials with additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, like robocasting, could enable their use with the benefit of on‐demand, customized shaping and maximizing performance. Herein, ordered mesoporous silica COK‐12 slurries were robocasted into monoliths, containing different ratios of uncalcined COK‐12 and sodium bentonite (0–25 wt.%). The rheology of the mixed slurries is characterized by lower flow indexes (0.69 vs. 0.32) and higher yield stresses (96 vs. 259 Pa) compared to pure COK‐12 ones. Monoliths were printed in woodpile structures and calcined at 600°C. Micro‐CT measurements showed a linear shrinkage of 25% after calcination. Mechanical characterization showed increased uniaxial strength (0.20 ± 0.07 to 1.0 ± 0.3 MPa) with increasing binder/solids ratio from 13 to 25%. The amorphous, mesoporous structure of COK‐12 was retained. The structures exhibited open porosities of 52 ± 4% and showed higher specific mesopore volumes, and increased average mesopore size (6 vs. 8 nm) compared to COK‐12. Small‐angle x‐ray scattering analysis revealed an increased lattice parameter (10.3 vs. 11.0 nm) and reduced wall thickness (3.1 nm vs. 4.1 nm) of the COK‐12 in the monoliths. These properties indicate suitability for their application as porous supports and adsorbents. KW - Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering KW - Additive manufacturing KW - OMS KW - Porous materials KW - Robocasting KW - X-ray scattering KW - MOUSE PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-582503 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/nano.202300109 VL - 4 IS - 11-12 SP - 615 EP - 631 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-58250 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ramirez, Alejandra A1 - Pauli, Jutta A1 - Crasselt, C. A1 - Simon, S. A1 - Schmidt, W. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - The effect of a polycarboxylate ether on C3A / CaSO4.2H2O passivation monitored by optical spectroscopy N2 - Polycarboxylate ethers (PCEs) are widely used in construction, but the exact nature of their interaction with cement is still debated. Aiming at a better understanding of the role of tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) in cement hydration, we assessed the potential of optical spectroscopy in combination with a water-soluble fluorescent organic reporter dye (S0586) to monitor the early hydration of C3A in the presence of 26 wt% CaSO4.2H2O (C3A26G-S) with and without PCE. As optical methods, steady-state fluorescence and diffuse reflectance (UV–VisDR) spectroscopy were employed. Phase characterization and particle size distribution were performed with in-situ X-ray diffraction (in-situ XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Our results show that fluorescence and UV–VisDR spectroscopy can be used to monitor the formation of metastable phases by the disaggregation of the dye S0586 in a cement paste as well as changes in ettringite formation. Addition of PCE slowed down the disaggregation of the dye as reflected by the corresponding changes of the dyes absorption and fluorescence. This prolonged induction period is a well-known side effect of PCEs and agrees with previous reported calorimetric studies and the Inhibition of gypsum dissolution observed by in-situ XRD. This demonstrates that fluorescence and UV–VisDR spectroscopy together with a suitable optical probe can provide deeper insights into the influence of PCE on C3A-gypsum hydration which could be e.g., utilized as screening method for comparing the influences of different types of PCEs. KW - Fluorescence KW - Cement KW - Nano KW - Particle KW - Optical spectroscopy KW - PCE KW - XRD KW - Calorimetry KW - Monitoring KW - Diffuse KW - Reflection KW - Phase KW - Dye KW - Optical probe KW - Cyanine KW - Sensor KW - Method KW - Analysis PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121856 VL - 270 SP - 121856 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Simon, K. A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - Interlaboratory test 2023 on the method DIN EN 15188:2021-07 "Determination of the spontaneous ignition behaviour of dust accumulations" - Final report of results N2 - The test method DIN EN 15188:2021-07 “Determination of the spontaneous ignition behaviour of dust accumulations” is applied to characterize the self-ignition behaviour of combustible dusts. The experimental basis for describing the self-ignition behaviour of a given dust is the determination of the self-ignition temperatures (TSI) of differently-sized volumes of the dust sample by isoperibolic hot storage experiments (storage at constant oven temperatures) in commercially available ovens. The results measured this way reflect the dependence of the self-ignition temperatures on the volume of a dust accumulation. Several internal investigations in the past (e.g. interlaboratory tests in 2010-2011 and 2015-2016) have shown significant differences between the lab-specific results of hot storage tests of the former version of the revised DIN EN 15188:2021-07 (DIN EN 15188:2007). Therefore, an improvement of the test method DIN EN 15188:2007 was necessary. After a rather long and extensive series of various improvements (methodological modifications), the interlaboratory test in 2015-2016 demonstrated an acceptable reliability of the test method and a satisfactory measurement uncertainty if the modifications described in the interlaboratory test are taken into account. On the basis of this interlaboratory test in 2015, this subsequently led to a revision of the standard, whereby, in addition to the methodological improvements, the measurement uncertainty to be taken into account could now also be specified for the first time in this standard. The revised DIN EN 15188:2021-07 was published in 2021 and can now be applied by laboratories. This report provides the laboratory results of the first interlaboratory test 2023 on the revised method DIN EN 15188:2021-07 and summarizes the results of the assessment of laboratory performance. KW - DIN EN 15188:2021-07 KW - Spontaneous ignition KW - Interlaboratory test KW - Round robin test KW - Proficiency test KW - Dangerous goods KW - Hazardous substances KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Qualitätssicherung KW - Ringversuch KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Staub KW - Dust PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614560 SN - 978-3-9818564-6-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-61456 SP - 1 EP - 51 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin ET - 1. AN - OPUS4-61456 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Vallée, A. A1 - Bally, P. A1 - Bruel, C. A1 - Chandat, L. A1 - Choquer, M. A1 - Dieryckx, C. A1 - Dupuy, J.W. A1 - Kaiser, S. A1 - Latorse, M.-P. A1 - Loisel, E. A1 - Mey, G. A1 - Morgant, G. A1 - Rascle, C. A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Simon, A. A1 - Souibgui, E. A1 - Viaud, M. A1 - Villalba, F. A1 - Poussereau, N. T1 - A similar secretome disturbance as a hallmark of non-pathogenic Botrytis cinerea ATMT-mutants? N2 - The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen able to infect hundreds of host plants, including high-value crops such as grapevine, strawberry and tomato. In order to decipher its infectious strategy, a library of 2,144 mutants was generated by random insertional mutagenesis using Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transformation (ATMT). Twelve mutants exhibiting total loss of virulence toward different host plants were chosen for detailed analyses. Their molecular characterization revealed a single T-DNA insertion in different loci. Using a proteomics approach, the secretome of four of these strains was compared to that of the parental strain and a common profile of reduced lytic enzymes was recorded. Significant variations in this profile, notably deficiencies in the secretion of proteases and hemicellulases, were observed and validated by biochemical tests. They were also a hallmark of the remaining eight non-pathogenic strains, suggesting the importance of these secreted Proteins in the infection process. In the twelve non-pathogenic mutants, the Differentiation of infection cushions was also impaired, suggesting a link between the Penetration structures and the secretion of proteins involved in the virulence of the pathogen. KW - Fungus KW - Plant pathogen KW - Virulence PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502710 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02829 SN - 1664-302X VL - 10 SP - Article 2829 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-50271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -