TY - CONF A1 - Sokolowski-Tinten, K. A1 - Barty, A. A1 - Boutet, S. A1 - Shymanovich, U. A1 - Bogan, M. A1 - Marchesini, S. A1 - Hau-Riege, S. A1 - Stojanovic, N. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Tobey, R. A1 - Ehrke, H. A1 - Cavalleri, A. A1 - Duesterer, S. A1 - Frank, M. A1 - Bajt, S. A1 - Schulz, J. A1 - Seibert, M. A1 - Hajdu, J. A1 - Treusch, R. A1 - Chapman, H. T1 - Short-pulse laser induced transient structure formation and ablation studied with time-resolved coherent XUV-scattering N2 - XUV- and X-ray free-electron-lasers (FEL) combine short wavelength, ultrashort pulse duration, spatial coherence and high intensity. This unique combination of properties opens up new possibilities to study the dynamics of non-reversible phenomena with ultrafast temporal and nano- to atomic-scale spatial resolution. In this contribution we wish to present results of time-resolved experiments performed at the XUV-FEL FLASH (HASYLAB/Hamburg) aimed to investigate the nano-scale structural dynamics of laser-irradiated materials. Thin films and fabricated nano-structures, deposited on Si3N4-membranes, have been excited with ultrashort optical laser pulses. The dynamics of the non-reversible structural evolution of the irradiated samples during laser-induced melting and ablation has been studied in an optical pump - XUV-probe configuration by means of single-shot coherent scattering techniques (i.e. diffraction imaging [1]). In a first set of experiments we investigated the formation of laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the surface of thin Si-films (thickness 100 nm). In a simplified view LIPPS are generated as a result of interference between the incident laser pulse and surface scattered waves which leads to a periodically modulated energy deposition. Time-resolved scattering using femtosecond XUV-pulses (with a wavelength of 13.5 nm and 7 nm) allowed us to directly follow LIPSS evolution on an ultrafast time-scale and with better than 40 nm spatial resolution. The observed scattering patterns show almost quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions [2] and reveal that the LIPSS start to form already during the 12 ps pump pulse. In the second set of measurements we studied picosecond and femtosecond laser induced ablation and disintegration of fabricated nano-structures. Correlations of coherent diffraction patterns measured at various time delays to the pattern of the undisturbed object show that order in the structure is progressively lost starting from short length scales. This structural rearrangement progresses at close to the speed of sound in the material. Under certain circumstances (e.g. adequate sampling) it became also possible to reconstruct real-space images of the object as it evolves over time [3]. The possibility of femtosecond single-shot imaging of ultrafast dynamic processes with nanoscale resolution provides yet more details of the physical processes involved. [1] H. N. Chapman et al. Nature Phys. 2, 839 (2006). [2] J. F. Young et al., Phys. Rev. B 27, 1155 (1983). [3] A. Barty et al. Nature Phot. 2, 415 (2008). T2 - Fall meeting of the materials research society 2009 CY - Boston, MA, USA DA - 2009-11-30 KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures KW - Time-resolved coherent XUV scattering KW - Semiconductor KW - Silicon PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-1230-MM05-03 N1 - Serientitel: Materials Research Society symposium proceedings – Series title: Materials Research Society symposium proceedings VL - 1230E IS - Paper 1230-MM05-03 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-21438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sokolowski-Tinten, K. A1 - Barty, A. A1 - Boutet, S. A1 - Shymanovich, U. A1 - Chapman, H. A1 - Bogan, M. A1 - Marchesini, S. A1 - Hau-Riege, S. A1 - Stojanovic, N. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Rosandi, Y. A1 - Urbassek, H. M. A1 - Tobey, R. A1 - Ehrke, H. A1 - Cavalleri, A. A1 - Düsterer, S. A1 - Redlin, H. A1 - Frank, M. A1 - Bajt, S. A1 - Schulz, J. A1 - Seibert, M. A1 - Hajdu, J. A1 - Treusch, R. A1 - Bostedt, C. A1 - Hoener, M. A1 - Möller, T. T1 - Short-pulse laser induced transient structure formation and ablation studied with time-resolved coherent XUV-scattering T2 - International high-power laser ablation conference CY - Santa Fe, USA DA - 2010-04-18 KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Free electron lasers KW - Coherent scattering PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0828-9 N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 1278 SP - 373 EP - 379 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-22230 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Orgzall, I. A1 - Reck, Günter A1 - Schulz, Burkhard A1 - Stockhause, S. A1 - Schulz, B. T1 - Structures of substituted di-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives: 2,5-bis(pyridyl)- and 2,5-bis(aminophenyl)-substitution N2 - Crystal structures of four different di-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds (aryl = 2-pyridyl-, 3-pyridyl-, 2-aminophenyl-, 3-aminophenyl-) are determined. Crystallization of di(2-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole yielded monoclinic and triclinic polymorphs. The structures are characterized by the occurrence of π–π interactions. Additionally, in case of the aminophenyl compounds intra- as well as intermolecular hydrogen bonds are found that influence the packing motif as well. Since these molecules are often used as ligands in metal–organic complexes similarities and differences of the molecular conformation between the molecules in the pure crystals and that of the ligands in the complexes are discussed. KW - Crystal structure KW - 1,3,4-Oxadiazole KW - Molecular conformation KW - Hydrogen bonds PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.03.076 SN - 0022-2860 SN - 1872-8014 SN - 0377-046X VL - 800 IS - 1-3 SP - 74 EP - 84 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-13799 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grunwald, M. A. A1 - Hagenlocher, S. E. A1 - Turkanovic, L. A1 - Bauch, S. M. A1 - Wachsmann, S. B. A1 - Altevogt, L. A. A1 - Ebert, M. A1 - Knöller, J. A. A1 - Raab, A. R. A1 - Schulz, F. A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed A. A1 - Zens, A. A1 - Huber, P. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Bilitiewski, U. A1 - Laschat, S. T1 - Does thermotropic liquid crystalline self-assembly control biological activity in amphiphilic amino acids? – tyrosine ILCs as a case study N2 - Amphiphilic amino acids represent promising scaffolds for biologically active soft matter. In order to understand the bulk self-assembly of amphiphilic amino acids into thermotropic liquid crystalline phases and their biological properties a series of tyrosine ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) was synthesized, carrying a benzoate unit with 0–3 alkoxy chains at the tyrosine unit and a cationic guanidinium head group. Investigation of the mesomorphic properties by polarizing optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (WAXS, SAXS) revealed smectic A bilayers (SmAd) for ILCs with 4-alkoxy- and 3,4-dialkoxybenzoates, whereas ILCs with 3,4,5-trisalkoxybenzoates showed hexagonal columnar mesophases (Colh ), while different counterions had only a minor influence. Dielectric measurements revealed a slightly higher dipole moment of non-mesomorphic tyrosine-benzoates as compared to their mesomorphic counterparts. The absence of lipophilic side chains on the benzoate unit was important for the biological activity. Thus, non-mesomorphic tyrosine benzoates and crown ether benzoates devoid of additional side chains at the benzoate unit displayed the highest cytotoxicities (against L929 mouse fibroblast cell line) and antimicrobial activity (against Escherichia coli DTolC and Staphylococcus aureus) and promising selectivity ratio in favour of antimicrobial activity. KW - Liquid Crystals PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp00485f SN - 1463-9076 VL - 25 IS - 26 SP - 17639 EP - 17656 PB - RCS AN - OPUS4-57796 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hartmann, S. A1 - Shaporin, A. A1 - Hermann, S. A1 - Bonitz, J. A1 - Heggen, M. A1 - Meszmer, P. A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Hölck, O. A1 - Blaudeck, T. A1 - Schulz, S. E. A1 - Mehner, J. A1 - Gessner, T. A1 - Wunderle, B. T1 - Towards nanoreliability of CNT-based sensor applications: Investigations of CNT-metal interfaces combining molecular dynamics simulations, advanced in situ experiments and analytics N2 - In this paper we present results of our recent efforts to understand the mechanical interface behaviour of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded in metal matrices. We conducted experimental pull-out tests of CNTs embedded in Pd or Au and found Maximum forces in the range 10 - 102 nN. These values are in good agreement with forces obtained from molecular Dynamics simulations taking into account surface functional Groups (SFGs) covalently linked to the CNT material. The dominant failure mode in experiment is a CNT rupture, which can be explained with the presence of SFGs. To qualify the existence of SFGs on our used CNT material, we pursue investigations by means of fluorescence labeling of surface species in combination with Raman imaging. We also report of a tensile test system to perform pull-out tests inside a transmission electron microscope to obtain in situ images of CNT-metal interfaces under mechanical loads at the atomic scale. T2 - 2015 16th International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 20.4.2015 KW - Carbon nanotube CNT KW - Metal matrix KW - Pull-out test KW - Molecular dynamics simulation KW - Surface functional groups KW - Fluorescence labeling KW - Raman imaging KW - Tensile test inside a TEM PY - 2015 SN - 978-1-4799-9950-7 VL - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-37625 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kato, K. A1 - Watanabe, T. A1 - Heine, Hans-Joachim A1 - Boissière, Claudia A1 - Schulz, Gert A1 - Woo, J.-C. A1 - Kim, J.S. A1 - Sang-Hyub, O. A1 - Bae, H. K. A1 - Kim, Y.D. A1 - Qiao, H. A1 - Guenther, F.R. A1 - Roderick, G. C. A1 - Miller, W. A1 - Smeulders, D. A1 - Botha, A. A1 - van Rensburg, M.J. A1 - Tshilongo, J. A1 - Leshabane, N. A1 - Ntsasa, N. A1 - Milton, M. A1 - Vargha, G. A1 - Harling, A. A1 - Konopelko, L. A1 - Kustikov, Y.A. A1 - Vasserman, I.I. A1 - Zavyalov, S. V. A1 - Popova, T.A. A1 - Pankratov, V.V. A1 - Pir, M.N. A1 - Maltsev, M.A. A1 - Oudwater, R. A1 - Persijn, S. A1 - van Wijk, J. A1 - Wessel, R. M. T1 - International comparison CCQM-K66: Impurity analysis of methane N2 - This key comparison was performed to demonstrate the capability of NMIs to analyse the purity of methane for use as a source gas in the preparation of standard gas mixtures. This capability is an essential requirement for the preparation of accurate standards of natural gas and some other fuels. Since it is difficult to carry out a comparison with individual samples of pure gas, the sample for this comparison was a synthetic mixture of high purity methane with selected added impurities of nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide and ethane. These mixtures were prepared by a gas company as a batch of 10 cylinders and their homogeneity and stability were evaluated by NMIJ. The KCRVs for the four different analytes in this key comparison are based on a consensus of values reported by participants. The uncertainties in the degrees of equivalence were calculated by combining the reported uncertainties with the homogeneity of the samples and the uncertainty of the KCRV. The results submitted are generally consistent with the KCRV within the estimated uncertainties. Finally, this comparison demonstrates that the analysis of nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide and ethane in methane at amount fractions of 1 µmol/mol to 5 µmol/mol is generally possible with an uncertainty of 5% to 10%. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA). DatesIssue 1A (Technical Supplement 2012) KW - Ringversuch KW - Methan KW - Spurenverunreinigungen KW - Gaschromatographie PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/49/1A/08001 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 49 IS - 08001 SP - 1 EP - 76 PB - Inst. of Physics Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-25929 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Flores, E. A1 - Idrees, F. A1 - Moussay, P. A1 - Viallon, J. A1 - Wielgosz, R. A1 - Fernández, T. A1 - Rojo, A. A1 - Ramírez, S. A1 - Aoki, N. A1 - Kato, K. A1 - Jeongsoon, L. A1 - Moon, D. A1 - Kim, J.-S. A1 - Harling, A. A1 - Milton, M. A1 - Smeulders, D. A1 - Guenther, F.R. A1 - Gameson, L. A1 - Botha, A. A1 - Tshilongo, J. A1 - Ntsasa, N.G. A1 - Valková, M. A1 - Konopelko, L. A1 - Kustikov, Y.A. A1 - Ballandovich, V. S. A1 - Gromova, E.V. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Kohl, Anka A1 - Schulz, Gert T1 - Final report of the pilot study CCQM-P110-B1: A comparison of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in nitrogen standards at 10 µmol/mol by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) N2 - This pilot study compares the performance of participants in analyzing gas mixtures of nitrogen dioxide in nitrogen by comparison with in-house gravimetric standards using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). In this study the same gas mixtures were used as in the key comparison CCQM-K74, which was designed to evaluate the level of comparability of National Metrology Institutes' measurement capabilities for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at a nominal mole fraction of 10 µmol/mol. In the comparison CCQM-K74 most of the participants used chemiluminescence, with a small number using UV absorption or FT-IR spectroscopy, and thus it is of interest to improve understanding of the comparative performance of these techniques because they do not exhibit any cross-sensitivity to nitric acid (HNO3), which was known to be present in the mixtures used for the comparison. The results of this pilot study indicate good consistency and a level of agreement similar to that reported in the comparison CCQM-K74, demonstrating that FT-IR can be operated as a comparison method when calibrated with appropriate gas standards and can achieve similar measurement uncertainties to chemiluminescence and UV absorption techniques. An additional pilot study, CCQM-P110-B2, was conducted on the same gas mixtures in parallel with this pilot study. The second study addressed FT-IR spectroscopy when used to measure the gas mixtures with respect to reference spectra. The results of this second study will be reported elsewhere. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM-GAWG. DatesIssue 1A (Technical Supplement 2012) KW - Ringversuch KW - NO2 KW - Spurenverunreinigungen KW - FT-IR-Spektroskopie PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/49/1A/08006 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 49 IS - 08006 SP - 1 EP - 76 PB - Inst. of Physics Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-25928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Schulz, S. A1 - Werlitz, T. A1 - Bülow, E. A1 - Wetzlich, S. A1 - Tietböhl, J. A1 - Frieslich, C. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Influence of heat treatment on the corrosion of steels in CCS environment T2 - TMS 2012 - 141st Annual Meeting & Exhibition CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 2012-03-11 KW - CCS KW - Carbon capture and storage KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Pipeline KW - Carbon KW - Heat treatment KW - CO2-storage PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-11829-607-3 VL - 1 IS - Supplemental Proceedings SP - 103 EP - 110 PB - John Wiley & Sons CY - Hoboken, NJ, USA AN - OPUS4-28007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Zakel, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS interlaboratory tests for chemical safety: Validation of laboratory test methods by determining the measurement uncertainty and probability of incorrect classification including so-called “Shark profiles” N2 - Laboratory test results are of vital importance for correctly classifying and labelling chemicals as “hazardous” as defined in the UN Globally Harmonized System (GHS) / EC CLP Regulation or as “dangerous goods” as defined in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Interlaboratory tests play a decisive role in assessing the reliability of laboratory test results. Interlaboratory tests performed over the last 10 years have examined different laboratory test methods. After analysing the results of these interlaboratory tests, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. There is a need for improvement and validation for all laboratory test methods examined. 2. To avoid any discrepancy concerning the classification and labelling of chemicals, the use of validated laboratory test methods should be state of the art, with the results accompanied by the measurement uncertainty and (if applicable) the probability of incorrect classification. This paper addresses the probability of correct/incorrect classification (for example, as dangerous goods) on the basis of the measurement deviation obtained from interlaboratory tests performed by the Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances (CEQAT-DGHS) to validate laboratory test methods. This paper outlines typical results (e.g. so-called “Shark profiles” – the probability of incorrect classification as a function of the true value estimated from interlaboratory test data) as well as general conclusions and steps to be taken to guarantee that laboratory test results are fit for purpose and of high quality. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE 2020) CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Dangerous goods KW - Hazardous substances KW - Interlaboratory test KW - Test method KW - Validation KW - Quality assurance KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Incorrect classification KW - Shark profile PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515376 UR - https://oar.ptb.de/files/download/5f3e662f4c93901010006dbf DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/810.20200724 VL - 2020 SP - 50 EP - 61 PB - Open Access Repository der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB-OAR) CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-51537 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Zakel, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm für die Chemikaliensicherheit - Schlussfolgerungen N2 - Die Ursachen für Chemikalienunfälle können vielfältig sein. Prävention beginnt bereits im Prüflabor, wenn Chemikalien auf ihre gefährlichen Eigenschaften getestet werden. Dazu sind Prüfmethoden entwickelt und veröffentlicht worden, die heute weltweit Anwendung finden. Auf die Validität der Prüfmethode und richtige Durchführung der Prüfung im Laboratorium müssen sich Sicherheitsfachkräfte, Transporteure oder Händler verlassen können. Anhand der in den letzten 10 Jahren im Rahmen des CEQAT-DGHS von BAM und PTB durchgeführten Ringversuche (RV) wird gezeigt, dass bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden ein Verbesserungsbedarf besteht. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenverbesserung und -validierung abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. Das Labormanagement und die praktische Durchführung der Prüfung sind in vielen Laboratorien verbesserungsbedürftig. Der Begriff „Erfahrung der Prüfer“ ist kritisch zu sehen: Eine „lange Erfahrung mit vielen Prüfungen“ ist nicht unbedingt ein Garant für richtige Ergebnisse. T2 - 15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 21.05.2019 KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Ringversuch KW - Prüfmethode KW - Validierung KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2019 UR - https://www.ptb.de/cms/index.php?id=18763 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/210.20190521M SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-49489 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -