TY - CONF A1 - Matzen, Melissa A1 - Marti, J. M. A1 - Onate, E. A1 - Idelsohn, S. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Particle finite element modelling and advanced experiments on dripping V-0 polypropylene N2 - Melt flow and dripping of polymeric materials can be both beneficial and detrimental during fire. It reduces flame spread and result in extinction, as mass and heat are removed from the actual pyrolysis zone. In contrast, melt flow and dripping can provide an additional ignition source, additional process of flame spread and has the potential to start a pool fire. In the vertical UL 94 test, a well adjusted dripping behaviour of flame retarded polypropylene (PP-FR) resulted in a non-flaming dripping V-0 classification. For the polymer samples and their drops collected in UL 94, the decomposition and viscosity was investigated. Particle finite element method (PFEM) was successfully used to simulate the material behaviour in the UL 94 test and increased the understanding of the complex behaviour of polymeric materials during fire. T2 - Fire and Materials, 15th International Conference CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 06.02.2017 KW - V0 dripping KW - Melt flow KW - Flammability KW - Flame retardant KW - Radical generator KW - Dripping agent KW - Polypropylene KW - Particle Finite Element Modelling PY - 2017 SP - 57 EP - 62 PB - Interscience Communication CY - Bromley, UK AN - OPUS4-39443 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kempel, Florian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Marti, J.M. A1 - Butler, K.M. A1 - Rossi, R. A1 - Idelsohn, S.R. A1 - Onate, E. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Modelling the vertical UL 94 test: competition and collaboration between melt dripping, gasification and combustion N2 - An experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on the fire behaviour of bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) in the vertical UL 94 scenario is presented. Four PC/ABS blends were discussed, which satisfy different UL 94 classifications due to the competing effects of gasification, charring, flame inhibition and melt flow/dripping. For numerical investigation, the particle finite element method (PFEM) is used. Its capability to model the complex fire behaviour of polymers in the UL 94 is analysed. The materials' properties are characterised, in particular the additives impact on the dripping behaviour during thermal exposure. BDP is an efficient plasticiser; adding PTFE prevents dripping by causing a flow limit. PFEM simulations reproduce the dripping and burning behaviour, in particular the competition between gasification and dripping. The thermal impact of both the burner and the flame is approximated taking into account flame inhibition, charring and effective heat of combustion. PFEM is a promising numerical tool for the investigation of the fire behaviour of polymers, particularly when large deformations are involved. Not only the principal phenomena but also the different UL 94 classifications and the extinction times are well predicted. KW - Melt dripping KW - UL 94 KW - Particle finite element method (PFEM) KW - Simulation KW - Bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) KW - Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) KW - Bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2257 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 39 IS - 6 SP - 570 EP - 584 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-34285 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kempel, Florian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Butler, K.M. A1 - Onate, E. A1 - Idelsohn, S.R. A1 - Rossi, R. A1 - Marti, J.M. T1 - Numerical simulation of polymeric materials in UL 94 test: Competition between gasification and melt flow/dripping T2 - Interflam 2010 - 12th International conference CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 2010-07-05 KW - Particle finite element method (PFEM) KW - UL 94 KW - Fire retardancy KW - PC/ABS KW - Melt flow KW - Dripping PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-9541216-5-5 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. VL - 1 SP - 721 EP - 730 PB - Interscience Communications CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-21670 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -