TY - JOUR A1 - Grunwald, M. A. A1 - Hagenlocher, S. E. A1 - Turkanovic, L. A1 - Bauch, S. M. A1 - Wachsmann, S. B. A1 - Altevogt, L. A. A1 - Ebert, M. A1 - Knöller, J. A. A1 - Raab, A. R. A1 - Schulz, F. A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed A. A1 - Zens, A. A1 - Huber, P. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Bilitiewski, U. A1 - Laschat, S. T1 - Does thermotropic liquid crystalline self-assembly control biological activity in amphiphilic amino acids? – tyrosine ILCs as a case study N2 - Amphiphilic amino acids represent promising scaffolds for biologically active soft matter. In order to understand the bulk self-assembly of amphiphilic amino acids into thermotropic liquid crystalline phases and their biological properties a series of tyrosine ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) was synthesized, carrying a benzoate unit with 0–3 alkoxy chains at the tyrosine unit and a cationic guanidinium head group. Investigation of the mesomorphic properties by polarizing optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (WAXS, SAXS) revealed smectic A bilayers (SmAd) for ILCs with 4-alkoxy- and 3,4-dialkoxybenzoates, whereas ILCs with 3,4,5-trisalkoxybenzoates showed hexagonal columnar mesophases (Colh ), while different counterions had only a minor influence. Dielectric measurements revealed a slightly higher dipole moment of non-mesomorphic tyrosine-benzoates as compared to their mesomorphic counterparts. The absence of lipophilic side chains on the benzoate unit was important for the biological activity. Thus, non-mesomorphic tyrosine benzoates and crown ether benzoates devoid of additional side chains at the benzoate unit displayed the highest cytotoxicities (against L929 mouse fibroblast cell line) and antimicrobial activity (against Escherichia coli DTolC and Staphylococcus aureus) and promising selectivity ratio in favour of antimicrobial activity. KW - Liquid Crystals PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp00485f SN - 1463-9076 VL - 25 IS - 26 SP - 17639 EP - 17656 PB - RCS AN - OPUS4-57796 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed Aejaz A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - ZhuoQing, Li A1 - Yildirim, Arda A1 - Wuckert, E. A1 - Eutionnat, S. A1 - Demel, F. A1 - Huber, P A1 - Lasachat, S. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Side Chain Length-Dependent Dynamics and Conductivity in Self-Assembled Ion N2 - We study the molecular mobility and electrical conductivity of a homologous series of linear shaped columnar ionic liquid crystals ILCn, (n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16) using broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), specific heat spectroscopy (SHS), and X-ray scattering. We aim to understand how the alkyl chain length influences the dynamics and electric conductivity in this system. Two dielectrically active relaxation modes are observed, the γ and the αcore process, that correspond to the localized fluctuations of the alkyl chains and cooperative motions of the aromatic core in the columns, respectively. Both the γ relaxation and the αcore process slow down with increasing alkyl chain length. SHS reveals one relaxation process, the αalkyl process that has a similar temperature dependence as that of the αcore process for ILC12, 14, and 16 but shifts to higher temperature for ILC8 and 10. For ILC12, 14, and 16, the absolute values of DC conductivity increase by 4 orders of magnitude at the transition from the plastic crystalline to hexagonal columnar phase. For ILC8 and 10, the DC conductivity behavior is similar to ionic liquids, where the conductivity is coupled with structural relaxation. Small-angle X-ray investigations reveal that both the intercolumnar distance and the disorder coherence length increase with alkyl chain length; conversely, the DC conductivity decreases monotonically. KW - Ionic Liquid Crystals PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c03023 SN - 1932-7447 VL - 126 IS - 27 SP - 10995 EP - 11006 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-55194 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ribar, A. A1 - Huber, S. E. A1 - Smiałek, M. A. A1 - Tanzer, K. A1 - Neustetter, M. A1 - Schürmann, Robin A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Denifl, S. T1 - Hydroperoxyl radical and formic acid formation from common DNA stabilizers upon low energy electron attachment N2 - 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (TRIS) and ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are key components of biological buffers and are frequently used as DNA stabilizers in irradiation studies. Such surface or liquid phase studies are done with the aim to understand the fundamental mechanisms of DNA radiation damage and to improve cancer radiotherapy. When ionizing radiation is used, abundant secondary electrons are formed during the irradiation process, which are able to attach to the molecular compounds present on the surface. In the present study we experimentally investigate low energy electron attachment to TRIS and methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA), an analogue of EDTA, supported by quantum chemical calculations. The most prominent dissociation channel for TRIS is through hydroperoxyl radical formation, whereas the dissociation of MIDA results in the formation of formic and acetic acid. These compounds are well-known to cause DNA modifications, like strand breaks. The present results indicate that buffer compounds may not have an exclusive protecting effect on DNA as suggested previously. KW - DEA KW - DNA KW - Low energy electrons KW - Mass spectrometry PY - 2018 UR - http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2018/cp/c7cp07697e DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07697e VL - 20 IS - 8 SP - 5578 EP - 5585 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-44703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kinne, R. W. A1 - Gunnella, F. A1 - Kunisch, E. A1 - Heinemann, S. A1 - Nies, B. A1 - Maenz, S. A1 - Horbert, V. A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Huber, R. A1 - Firkowska-Boden, I. A1 - Bossert, J. A1 - Jandt, K. D. A1 - Sachse, A. A1 - Bungartz, M. A1 - Brinkmann, O. T1 - Performance of calcium phosphate cements in the augmentation of sheep vertebrae - An ex vivo study N2 - Oil-based calcium phosphate cement (Paste-CPC) shows not only prolonged shelf life and injection times, but also improved cohesion and reproducibility during application, while retaining the advantages of fast setting, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility. In addition, poly(L-lactideco-glycolide) (PLGA) fiber reinforcement may decrease the risk for local extrusion. Bone defects (diameter 5 mm; depth 15 mm) generated ex vivo in lumbar (L) spines of female Merino sheep (2–4 years) were augmented using: (i) water-based CPC with 10% PLGA fiber reinforcement (L3); (ii) Paste-CPC (L4); or (iii) clinically established polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement (L5). Untouched (L1) and empty vertebrae (L2) served as controls. Cement performance was analyzed using micro-computed tomography, histology, and biomechanical testing. Extrusion was comparable for Paste-CPC(-PLGA) and PMMA, but significantly lower for CPC + PLGA. Compressive strength and Young’s modulus were similar for Paste-CPC and PMMA, but significantly higher compared to those for empty defects and/or CPC + PLGA. Expectedly, all experimental groups showed significantly or numerically lower compressive strength and Young’s modulus than those of untouched controls. Ready-to-use Paste-CPC demonstrates a performance similar to that of PMMA, but improved biomechanics compared to those of water-based CPC + PLGA, expanding the therapeutic arsenal for bone defects. O, significantly lower extrusion of CPC + PLGA fibers into adjacent lumbar spongiosa may help to reduce the risk of local extrusion in spinal surgery. KW - Sheep KW - PMMA KW - Calcium phosphate bone cement KW - Oil-based KW - Ready-to-use KW - Water-based KW - Micro-CT KW - Compressive strength KW - Young’s modulus PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-569072 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143873 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 14 IS - 14 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-56907 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kityk, A.V. A1 - Busch, M. A1 - Rau, D. A1 - Calus, S. A1 - Cerclier, C.V. A1 - Lefort, R. A1 - Morineau, D. A1 - Grelet, E. A1 - Krause, Christina A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Frick, B. A1 - Huber, P. T1 - Thermotropic orientational order of discotic liquid crystals in nanochannels: an optical polarimetry study and a Landau-de Gennes analysis N2 - Optical polarimetry measurements of the orientational order of a discotic liquid crystal based on a pyrene derivative confined in parallelly aligned nanochannels of monolithic, mesoporous alumina, silica, and silicon as a function of temperature, channel radius (3–22 nm) and surface chemistry reveal a competition of radial and axial columnar orders. The evolution of the orientational order parameter of the confined systems is continuous, in contrast to the discontinuous transition in the bulk. For channel radii larger than 10 nm we suggest several, alternative defect structures, which are compatible both with the optical experiments on the collective molecular orientation presented here and with a translational, radial columnar order reported in previous diffraction studies. For smaller channel radii our observations can semi-quantitatively be described by a Landau–de Gennes model with a nematic shell of radially ordered columns (affected by elastic splay deformations) that coexists with an orientationally disordered, isotropic core. For these structures, the cylindrical phase boundaries are predicted to move from the channel walls to the channel centres upon cooling, and vice-versa upon heating, in accord with the pronounced cooling/heating hystereses observed and the scaling behavior of the transition temperatures with the channel diameter. The absence of experimental hints of a paranematic state is consistent with a biquadratic coupling of the splay deformations to the order parameter. PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4sm00211c SN - 1744-683X VL - 10 IS - 25 SP - 4522 EP - 4534 PB - RSC Publ. CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-30866 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed A. A1 - Zhuoqing, L. A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Wuckert, E. A1 - Raab, A. A1 - Laschat, S. A1 - Huber, P. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Confinement-suppressed phase transition and dynamic self-assembly of ionic superdiscs in ordered nanochannels: Implication for nanoscale applications N2 - Ionic Liquid Crystals are ionic liquids that exhibit liquid crystalline mesomorphism together with ionic conductivity. As known confined liquid crystal mesophases can show an anomalous dynamics and phase behavior. Investigations considering the factors controlling the macroscopic properties of ILCs in confinement are scare in the literature. This study reports the molecular mobility, and the phase transition behavior of a guanidinium based columnar ILC confined in the nanopores of self-ordered anodic aluminum oxide membranes of various pore diameters (25 – 180 nm) using Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS), calorimetry and X-ray scattering. It is aimed to reveal in which way the pore size as well as the pore surface wettability (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) alters the molecular dynamics, and phase transition behavior for this system. These properties are crucial for applications. The DSC investigations reveal: (i) the phase transition temperature for the transition from the plastic crystalline to the crystalline-liquid state has non-monotonic dependence versus the inverse pore diameter and (ii) the transition from the liquid crystalline to the isotropic phase is suppressed for all nanoconfined samples. This transition suppressed in the thermal signal was evidenced by BDS and X-ray scattering. It is discussed as a continuous phase transition taking place in the pores instead of a discontinuous first order transition as observed for the bulk. BDS investigations show different relaxation processes for the bulk and the nanoconfined ILC. Molecular origins for various relaxation processes are discussed and suggested. It is further shown that the self-assembly of this ILC is dynamic in nature which might apply for other ILCs too. The obtained results will have implications for the nanoscale applications of ionic liquid crystals. KW - Ionic Liquid Crystals PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c02473 VL - 6 IS - 17 SP - 15673 EP - 15684 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-58210 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blasenbauer, D. A1 - Huber, F. A1 - Lederer, J. A1 - Quina, M. A1 - Blanc-Biscarat, D. A1 - Bogush, A. A1 - Bontempi, E. A1 - Blondeau, J. A1 - Chimenos, J. A1 - Dahlbo, H. A1 - Fagerqvist, J. A1 - Giro-Paloma, J. A1 - Hjelmar, O. A1 - Hyks, J. A1 - Keaney, J. A1 - Lupsea-Toader, M. A1 - O’Caollai, C. A1 - Orupõld, K. A1 - Pajak, T. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Svecova, L. A1 - Syc, M. A1 - Uvang, R. A1 - Vaajasaari, K. A1 - van Caneghem, J. A1 - van Zomeren, A. A1 - Vasarevičius, S. A1 - Wégner, K. A1 - Fellner, J. T1 - Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe N2 - Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland generate about 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). IBA contains minerals and metals. Metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. As a result from a cooperation network between European experts an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation is presented. Furthermore, this work highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the emission by leaching are defined. An analysis of the defined parameter reveals that leaching parameters are significantly more to be considered compared to total content parameters. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test (monolithic materials) are in place. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. The overall utilisation rate of IBA in construction works is approximately 54 wt%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances. KW - Bottom ash KW - Leaching tests KW - Utilisation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-500161 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.031 SN - 0956-053X VL - 102 SP - 868 EP - 883 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -