TY - JOUR A1 - Maul, Ronald A1 - Müller, C. A1 - Rieß, Stephanie A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Methner, F.-J. A1 - Nehls, Irene T1 - Germination induces the glucosylation of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in various grains JF - Food chemistry N2 - In food, the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) often occurs in conjunction with its 3-β-D-glucopyranoside (D3G). The transformation of DON to D3G through glucosylation is catalysed by plant enzymes, however, the exact circumstances are not well understood. In order to investigate the role of enzymatic glucosylation in germinating grains, DON treated kernels were steeped and germinated under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the effect of malting on the DON content of the contaminated barley was investigated. In all cases, DON and its derivatives were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS before, during and after the experiments. Amongst the six tested cereals; wheat, rye, barley, spelt, and millet transformed DON to D3G during germination whilst the oats were inactive. For wheat, barley, and spelt the initial DON content was reduced by 50%, with the loss being almost entirely accounted for by D3G formation. As D3G might be cleaved during digestion, the elevated D3G concentration may obscure the toxicologically relevant DON content in processed food and beer. The germination process has a major influence on the 'masking' of DON, leading to high quantities of D3G that may be missed in common mycotoxin analyses. KW - Mycotoxins KW - Masked mycotoxins KW - Deoxynivalenol (DON) KW - DON-3-glucoside KW - Acetyl-DON KW - Germination KW - Malting PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.077 SN - 0308-8146 VL - 131 IS - 1 SP - 274 EP - 279 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ; Jena AN - OPUS4-25732 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maul, Ronald A1 - Pielhau, Ramona A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Evaluation of an extraction method and spin column cleanup procedure for Fusarium mycotoxins and their masked derivatives from grain matrix JF - Food control N2 - Fusarium mycotoxins in foodstuffs at levels in violation of allowed legal limits belong to the most frequently occurring type of food contamination. Out of the large variety of known mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and the T-toxins are the most prevalent and are responsible for extensive and recurring economic damage. For ensuring consumer safety, it is required to continually identify faster, simpler and more reliable analytical methodologies. In the present work, miniaturized centrifugation (spin) columns for the extraction of mycotoxins from grain samples were investigated, with a focus on matrix removal, applicability of different extraction solvents, and recovery of mycotoxin. The method was further extended to the extraction of naturally occurring DON and ZEN conjugates (masked mycotoxins). The spin column method was observed to routinely provide a total matrix reduction of >90% from typical wheat samples in a single centrifugation step. The use of H2O/ACN (20/80; v/v) as an extraction solvent provided non-masked DON, ZEN and T-toxin recoveries of greater than 80%. For the masked DON and ZEN conjugates (DON-3-glucoside and ZEN-14-sulfate), recoveries were lower. Overall, the evaluated miniaturized spin column procedure enabled rapid loss-free extraction of unconjugated mycotoxins from conventional grain matrix and a significantly reduced matrix load in the extracts. KW - Fusarium mycotoxins KW - Spin-columns KW - Cleanup effectiveness KW - Masked mycotoxins KW - Recovery rate PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.12.003 SN - 0956-7135 VL - 40 SP - 151 EP - 156 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-31609 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -