TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Adamus, Wojciech A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Benke, Alexander A1 - D’Hyon, Sebastian A1 - Dyduch, Zdzislaw A1 - Dufaud, Olivier A1 - Flemming, Friederike A1 - Gehle, Nicole A1 - Hohenberger, Michael A1 - Jankuj, Vojtech A1 - Jian, Wang A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Kuracina, Richard A1 - Mynarz, Miroslav A1 - Norman, Frederik A1 - Osborne, David A1 - Prodan, Maria A1 - Sandsta, Nelly A1 - Toman, Adrian A1 - Skjold, Trygve A1 - Skrinsky, Jan A1 - Szabova, Zuzana A1 - Vignes, Alexis A1 - Wingerden, Mattheus van A1 - Zhong, Shenjung T1 - Validation of a new standard for safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures: HYBRID II N2 - Safety characteristics are used for the safe operation of processes. Designing protection measures requires explosion characteristics to be determined, namely the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise. Safety characteristics of single-phase components (solid, liquid or gas) can be determined according to standards that were developed 40 years ago and are continuously improved. For hybrid mixtures containing a flammable gas and a combustible dust there has been an approach in the 80s but it has never been improved nor applied ever since (ISO 6184-3). A new approach by four German research facilities and the German Institute for standardization (DIN) with the aim of developing a new standard was launched in 2019. In 2022 the key findings led to a first international round robin test with eleven participating facilities from seven countries. The dust component was corn starch and methane was chosen as gas component. In order to strengthen the data foundation before finalizing and publishing the new standard, a second round robin test was initiated with hydrogen as gas component and lycopodium as dust. The paper will summarize the findings and their influence on the new standard. KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Anlagensicherheit KW - Konstruktiver Explosionsschutz KW - Hybride Gemische KW - Round robin tests KW - Hybrid mixtures KW - Industrial explosions KW - Safety characteristics PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105560 SN - 1873-3352 VL - 94 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-62486 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jankuj, Vojtech A1 - Skrinsky, Jan A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Kuracina, Richard A1 - Szabová, Zuzana A1 - Spitzer, Stefan T1 - Simplifying standards, opening restrictions Part I: The influence of the test vessel volume on the maximum explosion pressure of dusts N2 - Explosion characteristics are widely used in the process industries to determine the potential hazard of the used substances. In the American and European standards for determination of the maximum explosion pressure of dusts, the measured pressure is corrected if the tests are conducted in the 20L-sphere. This correction formula increases the measured values if they are above 5.5 bar g. It also causes, that the only two volumes for testing that are used are the standard 1m³ and the 20L-sphere because it is unclear whether corrections are necessary and, if so, what correction should be applied at other volumes. In this article explosion tests were performed with four different dusts, lycopodium, lignite, aluminum, and nitrocellulose, in four different vessel sizes: 20 L, 250 L, 365 L, and 1000 L to investigate the influence of the vessel size. KW - Explosion protection KW - Dusts KW - Pressure rise KW - Ignition PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105556 VL - 94 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-62522 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kosár, László A1 - Szabová, Zuzana A1 - Kuracina, Richard A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Mynarz, Miroslav A1 - Filipi, Bohdan T1 - Study of the Safety Characteristics of Different Types of Pepper Powder (Capsicum L.) N2 - This research was aimed at comparing the fire characteristics of different types of pepper in the context of explosion prevention. The following characteristics were studied: explosion pressure Pmax and Kst at selected concentrations, ignition temperature of the deposited dust layer from the hot surface, and minimum ignition energy. The comparison of the chemical properties of the used types of pepper was performed using TG/DSC. The results of the measurements suggest that different types of peppers exhibit different explosion characteristics. Each sample reached the maximum value of the explosion pressure and rate of pressure rise at different concentrations. The volume of the explosion chamber used also influenced the explosion characteristics. It is a consequence of the fact that the explosion characteristics strongly depend on the mechanism of action of a particular igniter. The minimum effect on the safety characteristics was observed when measuring the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer from the hot surface. The results of the measurements suggest that different types of peppers exhibit different explosion characteristics. This information should then be considered in explosion prevention. KW - Dust explosions KW - Pepper samples KW - Explosion characteristics KW - Explosion protection PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605965 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070229 VL - 7 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI AG AN - OPUS4-60596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -