TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, M. E. A1 - Vickery, W. M. A1 - Swift-Ramirez, W. A1 - Arnold, A. M. A1 - Orlando, J. D. A1 - Schmidt, S. J. A1 - Liu, Y. A1 - Er, Jasmin A1 - Schusterbauer, Robert A1 - Ahmed, R. A1 - Nickl, Philip A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Sydlik, S. A. T1 - The Mitsunobu reaction for the gentle covalent attachment of biomolecules to graphene oxide N2 - Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a promising biomaterial as it is easily and cheaply synthesized, strong, cytocompatible, osteoinductive, and has a well-characterized aqueous degradation pathway. It is also a great substrate for functionalization with biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, and small molecules that can enhance or add bioactivity. Covalent chemical linkages as opposed to typical noncovalent association methods are preferable so that the biomolecules do not quickly diffuse away or face replacement by other proteins, which is critical in long time scale applications like bone regeneration. However, covalent chemistry tends to carry a drawback of harsh reaction conditions that can damage the structure, conformation, and therefore function of a delicate biomolecule like a protein. Here, the Mitsunobu reaction is introduced as a novel method of covalently attaching proteins to graphene oxide. It features gentle reaction conditions and has the added benefit of utilizing the plentiful basal plane alcohol functionalities on graphene oxide, allowing for high yield protein functionalization. The amino acid Glycine (G), the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the small molecule SVAK-12 are utilized to create the three Mitsunobu Graphene (MG) materials G-MG, BSA-MG, and SVAK-MG that demonstrate the wide applicability of this functionalization method. KW - Graphene oxide KW - Mitsunobu reaction KW - Covalent attachment KW - Bovine serum albumin KW - Macrophage polarization KW - Osteogenesis PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630483 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120221 VL - 238 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-63048 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -