TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Neubert, Dietmar T1 - ZnS as Fire Retardant in PVC-P T2 - 2nd International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation (MoDeSt) CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2002-06-30 PY - 2002 VL - 82 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-2437 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Neubert, Dietmar A1 - Tidjani, Adams T1 - ZnS as fire retardant in plasticised PVC N2 - The flame retardant effect of zinc sulphide (ZnS) in plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-P) materials was investigated. PVC-P containing different combinations of additives such as 5% ZnS, 5% of antimony oxide (Sb2O3) and 5% of mixtures based on Sb2O3 and ZnS were compared. The thermal degradation and the combustion behaviour were studied using thermogravimetry (TG), coupled with FTIR (TG-FTIR) or with mass spectroscopy (TG-MS), and a cone calorimeter, respectively. A detailed and unambiguous understanding of the decomposition and release of the pyrolysis products was obtained using both TG-MS and TG-FTIR. The influence of ZnS, Sb2O3 and the corresponding mixtures on the thermal decomposition of PVC-P was demonstrated. Synergism was observed for the combination of the two additives. The combustion behaviour (time to ignition, heat release, smoke production, mass loss, CO production) was monitored versus external heat fluxes between 30 and 75 kW m-2 with the cone calorimeter. Adding 5% of ZnS has no significant influence on the fire behaviour of PVC-P materials beyond a dilution effect, whereas Sb2O3 works as an effective fire retardant. Synergism of ZnS and Sb2O3 allows the possibility of replacing half of Sb2O3 by ZnS to reach equivalent fire retardancy. KW - PVC KW - ZnS KW - Fire retardancy KW - TG-FTIR KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2002 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.845 SN - 0959-8103 SN - 1097-0126 SN - 0007-1641 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 213 EP - 222 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Chichester, West Sussex AN - OPUS4-1291 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Witke, Klaus A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Neubert, Dietmar A1 - Mehner, Hartmut A1 - Feist, M. A1 - Kemnitz, E. T1 - Two oxidation states and four different coordinations of iron in an unusual chloro complex: TG-MS, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopic investigations of the thermal behaviour N2 - Conventional simultaneous thermal analysis, capillary-coupled TG–MS, in situ and ex situ Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy, as well as chemical analysis have been used for the investigation of the first decomposition step of the mixed valence chloroferrate (dmpipzH2)6[Fe(II)Cl4]2[Fe(III)Cl4]2[Fe(II)Cl5][Fe(III)Cl6]. Under argon at ca. 200°C, an almost complete reduction proceeds in a solid state reaction forming Fe(II). It is accompanied by the release of HCl and, to a minor degree, carbon containing species. A multi-phase product with at least two chloroferrate species, coke, and C,H,N-containing polymers is formed. Binuclear iron complexes, such as (dmpipzH)2[Fe(II)2Cl6], and small amounts of (dmpipzH)[Fe(III)Cl4] have been proposed to be the major and minor component of the product mixture, respectively. KW - Mixed valence chloroferrate KW - Thermal decomposition KW - Intramolecular reduction PY - 2000 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00546-3 SN - 0040-6031 SN - 1872-762X VL - 361 IS - 1-2 SP - 53 EP - 60 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-988 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Kunze, Ralf T1 - Thermolumineszenz-Untersuchungen zum Alterungsprozess in Polymeren T2 - GEFTA-Jahrestagung ; TA-Symposium CY - Bochum, Deutschland DA - 2002-09-18 PY - 2002 SP - 1(?) AN - OPUS4-1529 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Mielke, Werner A1 - Niebergall, Ute ED - Hodgkinson, J. T1 - Thermoluminescence of PEHD/PP Blends T2 - Polymat '94 CY - London, England, UK DA - 1994-09-19 PY - 1994 SP - 463 EP - 466 PB - Institute of Materials CY - London AN - OPUS4-11799 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim ED - Eichhorn, K.-J. ED - Fischer, D. T1 - Thermoluminescence - A useful method to investigate the stability of PP-fleece textiles T2 - 14th European Symposium on Polymer Spectroscopy ; 14th ESOPS CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2001-09-02 PY - 2001 SN - 3-527-30474-6 SN - 1022-1360 IS - 184 SP - 106 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-1159 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Kunze, Ralf T1 - Thermoluminescence - A new method to investigate Weathering Effects of Greenhouse Coverings T2 - 2nd International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation (MoDeSt) CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2002-06-30 PY - 2002 VL - 82 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-1448 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Kunze, Ralf T1 - Thermoluminescence - a new method to investigate weathering effects of automotive coatings T2 - 24th Meeting "Polymer Degradation Discussion Group (PDDG) - Environmental Degradation and Stabilisation of Polymers" CY - Brighton, England, UK DA - 2001-09-12 PY - 2001 IS - C10 SP - 13 AN - OPUS4-1161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Kunze, Ralf T1 - Thermoluminescence - a new method to investigate weathering effects in polymers T2 - Polydays 2002 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2002-09-30 PY - 2002 AN - OPUS4-1530 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Neubert, Dietmar A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin T1 - TG/MS-Untersuchungen an geschäumten Polymeren T2 - Symposium on Thermal Analysis in Industry and Research ; 27e Journées de Calorimétrie et d'Analyse Thermique (AFCAT) ; 22. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Thermische Analyse e.V. (GEFTA) CY - Freiburg, Deutschland DA - 1996-09-24 KW - Polymer, geschäumt KW - Thermogravimetrie, TG KW - Massenspektrometer, MS KW - Dämmstoff PY - 1996 SP - 166 EP - 168 PB - GEFTA Office CY - Freiburg AN - OPUS4-692 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -