TY - JOUR A1 - Grzegorz, Nehring A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Tuschenanalyse im P 11702 T1 - Ink Analysis in P 11702 N2 - Near-inframed reflectography and imaging X-Ray flourescence analysis reveal that carbon inks of two different compositions were used in the papyrus manuscript Berlin P 11702. in contrast with the writing ink, one of the carbon drawing inks contained a significant addition of iron. This result emphasises the need for routine instrumental ink analysis. KW - Papyrus KW - Ink analysis KW - X-Ray flourescence spectroscopy KW - Near-infrared refelctography PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/apf-2021-0026 SN - 1867-1551 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 277 EP - 282 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-53942 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Advanced codicology: including instrumental analysis into N2 - Investigation of physical properties and chemical composition of writing materials generates important data that we add to the results of the codicological analysis of the manuscripts. In its individual materiality, each manuscript is the result of a wide variety of influences. The “life” of a manuscript starts with its production that includes preparation of the writing surfaces and inks; it is followed by the use and storage, and finally characterized by treatment during restoration. Using instrumental analysis we record the characteristics that still exist. Combining our data with those obtained from the palaeographical and codicological analysis produces a new powerful tool for reconstruction of the history of a manuscript. T2 - Manuscripts East and West – Towards Comparative and General Codicology CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 17.10.2017 KW - Ink KW - Hebrew manuscripts PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43479 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material studies of the Dead Sea Scrolls T2 - Studentenvorlesung CY - Cracow, Poland DA - 2015-03-27 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32961 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis of manuscripts and artefacts in The Schoyen Collection T2 - Material Philology in the Dead Sea Scrolls: New Approaches for New Text Editions CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 2014-04-03 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32994 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Elgvin, Torleif ED - Langlois, Michael ED - Davis, Kipp T1 - Material analysis of the fragments N2 - The International Qumran project conducted at the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing in 2007–10 aimed at establishing an optimal methodology for an accurate characterization of the Dead Sea Scrolls to address such questions as archaeological provenance, origin, and attribution of fragments to a specific sheet (Rabin 2013). Using equipment of various degrees of complexity we have shown that part of the historic information stored in the material can be revealed by proper characterization of the material. The on-site investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls fragments from The Schøyen Collection in October 2012 offered the first chance to test this methodology in a field study. For the first time, we used mobile and non-invasive technology exclusively, since we could not transport all of our laboratory equipment to Norway for this project. Moreover, besides the technical limitations dictated by the available equipment, we had to cope with limited time: it was impossible to perform the number of scans required for optimal characterization of over 30 fragments within the fourteen days available. Nevertheless this study presents an important step in the material analysis of the Dead Sea Scrolls, since the devices we used are easily transportable, well known, and easily accessible throughout the world. KW - Archaeometry KW - Cultural heritage KW - Dead Sea scrolls PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-5671-1300-9 SN - 978-0-5672-8571-3 VL - 71 SP - 61 EP - 77 PB - Bloomsbury T&T Clark Series CY - New York; NY 10018 USA AN - OPUS4-39246 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Elgvin, Torleif ED - Langlois, Michael ED - Davies, Kipp T1 - Ink Sample from Inkwell MS 1655/2 N2 - We have obtained a minute amount of dry ink scratched from the bronze inkwell MS 1655/2. The powder was stored between two glass slides to minimize contamination. For micro analysis by FTIR a sample of the ink powder was transferred into a diamond cell while for confocal Raman spectroscopy a micro sample was placed onto sticky tape. The same portion of the sample was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy, where the elements distribution was determined by EDX. KW - Archaeometry KW - Cultural heritage KW - Dead Sea scrolls PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-5671-1300-9 SN - 978-0-5672-8571-3 VL - 71 SP - 463 EP - 466 PB - Bloomsbury T&T Clark Series CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-39225 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Volatiles as valuable information of parchment condition T2 - COST D42 Qumran meeting CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 2010-05-25 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-23100 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Manuscript Studies assisted by Natural Sciences T2 - COMSt conference CY - Pisa, Italy DA - 2010-11-26 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-23103 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Use of tannins in the preparation of ancient Jewish parchment - fact or theory? T2 - COST D42 WG2 Meeting CY - Sibiu, Romania DA - 2009-09-21 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-23430 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Unveiling the secrets oy Qumran T2 - BESSY User Meeting CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-12-09 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-23433 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Parchment production in Antiquity T2 - ICOM-CC: Leather & Related Marerials Working Group CY - Offenbach am Main, Germany DA - 2012-08-28 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-27514 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bodechtel, S. A1 - Fuhrmann, A. A1 - Henning, A. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Kreische, W. A1 - Mäder, M. T1 - The Madonna with the Wash-Basin by Giulio Romano: A Multidisciplinary Study of the Painting’s History N2 - In an interdisciplinary collaboration, restorers, art historians, and scientists examined Guilio Romano’s The Madonna with the Wash-Basin of 1525 (Dresden State Art Collections). Insights into the painting technique along with art historical comparisons provided the opportunity for a better understanding of the painting’s genesis, in particular concerning an early reworking of the background by the artist. A recovery and reconstruction of the earlier version of the background is now possible. The discovery of zinc in distinct passages of the painting, as well as the grey-black pigment stibnite and glass particles used as a supplement in paint layers are of special interest. The technological investigation initiated a discussion about the circumstances of the revision, as well as the painting’s relation to Vasari’s Lives of Artists. KW - Giulio Romano KW - Holy Family KW - Basin KW - Reworking KW - Pentimenti KW - Portrayal of St Joseph KW - Sixteenth-century painting technique KW - Raphael school KW - Zinc KW - Antimony black (stibnite) KW - Vasari PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2022.2118302 VL - 2022 SP - 2 EP - 12 PB - Routledge Taylor & Francis Group CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-55970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Nehring, G. A1 - Freisitzer, R. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - A study on early european inks from St. Paul in lavanttal N2 - Typology of Inks Archives and museums around the world contain a vast number of manuscripts that were written in different inks: carbon inks, plant inks, iron-gall inks and mixed inks. Yet most archaeometric studies of manuscripts focus on the palette of pigments found in illuminated manuscripts whereas identification of the inks is still largely based on cultural-historical studies and visual inspections. One of the reasons of this disproportion in the studies can be explained by the properties of Raman spectroscopy, the technique of choice for identification of pigments. In contrast, this technique is only partially viable when dealing with organic colourants. Brown and Clark discuss these difficulties and the uncertainties of identification of iron-gall inks by Raman spectroscopy in their pioneering work on early medieval Anglo-Saxon manuscripts (K. Brown and R. Clark 2004). To facilitate instrumental analysis of inks, we have developed a protocol that starts with the identification of the inks type (Rabin et al. 2012) which doesn’t require complicated instrumentation and can be carried out by paleographers and codicologists. Three typological ink classes The black writing materials used in manuscript production in Antiquity und Middle Ages can be sorted in three typologically different ink classes: soot, plant and iron-gall. Soot ink is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water soluble binding agent; plant-based ink consists of a solution of the tannins extracted from gallnuts or tree bark; iron-gall ink, is produced by mixing a soluble compound of iron (II) with gallic or tannic acid extracted from gallnuts or tree bark. Therefore, iron-gall ink presents a boundary case between solution and dispersion ink, in which a water-soluble preliminary stage oxidizes and evolves into a black, insoluble precipitate similar to the carbon pigments when the writing is exposed to air (Krekel 1999). The additional category of mixed inks, i.e. inks produced by addition of various metals to the soot inks or intentional mixing of iron-gall and soot - based inks started attracting scholarly attention only recently because their significance was established only a short while ago (Brun et al. 2016, Colini 2018, Nehring et al. 2021). We suggest that plant and mixed inks build a bridge from the carbon ink of Antiquity to the properly formulated iron-gall ink that became a standard black ink from the late Middle Ages to the 19th century when it gave way to modern inks. KW - Early european inks KW - Typology of Inks KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Illuminated manuscripts KW - Archaeometric studies KW - Dispersion of carbon pigments PY - 2021 VL - 2021 SP - 56 EP - 75 PB - Gazette du livre médiéval CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-53844 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - D'Angelo, M. ED - Essler, H. ED - Nikolardi, F. T1 - Tracing the same Path T1 - Tradizione e innovazione nella papirologia ercolanese tra Germania e Italia T1 - Tradition und Fortschritt in der herkulanischen Papyrologie zwischen Deutschland und Italien N2 - While studying the socio-geographic history of inks, division 4.5 of the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und Prüfung) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures in Hamburg has developed a protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary screening to determine the type of the ink, and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques. The XRF elemental analysis aims primarily at identifying and characterizing metallic components of inks. Besides the instrumental methods, the paper presents an overview of historic inks in the period of transition from carbon inks of the Antiquity to iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages. KW - Carbon ink KW - Mixed ink KW - Iron-gall ink KW - Instrumental analysis of ink KW - Optical properties of ink PY - 2021 SN - 0391-1535 VL - 2021 IS - 228 SP - 175 EP - 180 PB - Centro Internazionale per lo Studio dei Papiri Ercolanesi ‘Marcello Gigante’ CY - Napoli, Italy AN - OPUS4-53975 LA - ita AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Lattuati-Derieux, Agnès ED - Ribeyrol, Charlotte ED - Heginbotham, Arlen T1 - Black Carolingian inks under examination. Part 1: recipes and literature survey N2 - Black writing materials of different types and compositions have varied in use over time and different geographical regions. With this paper, we would like to contribute to their study by listing and reviewing recipes for black writing inks that were in circulation in the Carolingian Empire as well as by referencing the archaeometric analyses of the black inks used in the manuscripts. The studies presented here that involved the humanities and natural sciences provide new insights into how the scholars of the early Medieval Ages organized manuscripts. N2 - L’emploi des differents types de materiaux d’ecriture noirs et leurs compositions ont varie selon les epoques et les regions. Nous souhaitons ici contribuer a leur etude en repertoriant et en analysant les recettes d’encres de calligraphie noires en circulation dans l’Empire carolingien, ainsi qu’en procedant au referencement des analyses archeometriques des encres noires utilisees dans les manuscrits. Faisant appel aux sciences humaines et aux sciences naturelles, ces analyses apportent un eclairage nouveau sur la maniere dont les savants du haut Moyen Age organisaient les manuscrits. KW - Ink KW - Manuscript KW - Middle Ages KW - Recipes KW - Ink analyses KW - Carolingian PY - 2023 SN - 1254-7867 VL - 2023 IS - 55 SP - 90 EP - 95 PB - Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-58839 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Wolff, Timo A1 - Feistel, H.-O. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Beit-Arié, M. T1 - The Erfurt Hebrew Giant Bible and the Experimental XRF Analysis of Ink and Plummet Composition KW - Cultural heritage KW - Archaeometry KW - Micro-XRF KW - Quantification KW - Iron gall ink KW - Parchment PY - 2007 SN - 0753-5015 IS - 51 SP - 16 EP - 29 PB - Gazette CY - Villejuif AN - OPUS4-17730 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berkes, L. A1 - Nehring, Grzegorz A1 - Bonnerot, O. A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Richter, T. S. T1 - Mixed Inks in Two Coptic Documents from the Hermopolite Region Relating to Lease Business N2 - In this article, we present two Coptic papyri, P 11934 and P 11935 from the Berlin collection excavated in Ashmunein (ancient Hermopolis) by Otto Rubensohn in 1906. We employ a multi-disciplinary approach that takes into account both their materiality – writing support as well as ink – and their content, as has become ‘best practice’. 1 Material aspects of written documents have traditionally been the purview of papyrologists. Recently developed methods of scientific analysis generate sets of archaeometric data with the potential to improve understanding of the materiality of ancient document production, as well as to yield new evidence for genuine papyrological research questions. To achieve this, a large corpus of comparative data needs to be built. Our contribution offers a first step in this direction. We aim at presenting the papyri, which were selected because of the ink corrosion during conservation work at the Berlin collection, in a format that is exhaustive both for material and textual aspects. The inks from both papyri were analysed using a combination of techniques, contributing to our better understanding of the development of ink technology in Late Antiquity. KW - Coptic papyri KW - Methods of scientific analysis KW - Sets of archaeometric data KW - Mixed Inks KW - Ink corrosion KW - Ancient document production PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579948 DO - https://doi.org/10.48631/pylon.2023.3.98234 SN - 2751-4722 VL - 2023/3 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Ceative Commons Attribution ShareAlike CY - Heidelberg, Germany AN - OPUS4-57994 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Buzi, P. T1 - Black Egyptian inks in Late Antiquity: new insights on their manufacture and use N2 - We present here our methodological approach applied to the study of Egyptian inks in Late Antiquity. It is based on an interdisciplinary strategy, bringing together a variety of disciplines from humanities and natural sciences, and it aims at systematically collecting a statistically relevant amount of data regarding the composition of the inks. The application of a wellestablished, non-invasive protocol that includes near-infrared imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for in situ measurements enables the identification and characterisation of inks dating from the end of Late Antiquity onwards. However, sometimes this method limits our understanding when characterising more ancient inks. Trying to overcome these limitations, the potential of a new device for the characterisation of organic compounds is here explored by conducting preliminary tests on mock samples. In this work, we present the results from 77 codicological units that include some of the earliest manuscripts of our corpus that presently lists 159 units. KW - Ink KW - Archaeometry KW - Manuscripts KW - Coptic KW - Egypt PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503893 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00977-3 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50389 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nehring, Grzegorz A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Gordon, N. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Writing and Correcting a Torah Scroll in Germany of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries N2 - Scientific material analysis of the elemental composition of inks from different strata of a manuscript has the potential to complement scholarly observations using palaeography and philology in reconstructing the history of the manuscript’s production, correction and repair. There are three typologically different classes of black writing inks: soot inks consist of carbon particles. KW - Manuscript studies KW - Hebrew studies KW - Ink analysis PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-540658 DO - https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.9749 VL - Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Bulletin 7, 2021 IS - 7 SP - 2 EP - 20 PB - Centre for the study of manuscript cultures CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-54065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nehring, Grzegorz A1 - Girard, Solène A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Conservation and Technical Evaluation of an Early Medieval Papyrus Codex N2 - In 2005, a team of Polish archaeologists discovered three Coptic codices, two on papyrus and one on parchment, in the rubbish dump of a hermitage at Sheik Abd el-Gurna, Egypt. While the parchment codex and the remains of the bindings of the papyrus ones have been conserved, the text blocks of the papyrus codices were opened and disassembled and after being disinfected remained untouched for nearly 15 years, until the current project started. Currently, all three books are stored in the collection of the Coptic Museum in Cairo. Our team undertook the conservation of and archaeometric research on the papyrus codices. The first of the books contains the Canons of Pseudo-Basil, while the second is an Encomium of St. Pisenthios. Both codices have been palaeographically dated to the seventh-eighth centuries CE. In this paper, we describe our project and present the results of the work carried out on the Canons of Pseudo-Basil. Our work involved photography in transmitted light, measurements of the thickness of the papyrus leaves, and digital microscopy under three-light illumination. These measurements allowed us to determine the types of the inks and characterize the papyrus writing substrate. For conservation, we used a novel method developed in the Egyptian Museum in Berlin that comprises suspending papyrus folios on a translucent, extremely thin Japanese paper inside glass frames without the use of adhesives.In 2005, a team of Polish archaeologists discovered three Coptic codices, two on papyrus and one on parchment, in the rubbish dump of a hermitage at Sheik Abd el-Gurna, Egypt. While the parchment codex and the remains of the bindings of the papyrus ones have been conserved, the text blocks of the papyrus codices were opened and disassembled and after being disinfected remained untouched for nearly 15 years, until the current project started. Currently, all three books are stored in the collection of the Coptic Museum in Cairo. Our team undertook the conservation of and archaeometric research on the papyrus codices. The first of the books contains the Canons of Pseudo-Basil, while the second is an Encomium of St. Pisenthios. Both codices have been palaeographically dated to the seventh-eighth centuries CE. In this paper, we describe our project and present the results of the work carried out on the Canons of Pseudo-Basil. Our work involved photography in transmitted light, measurements of the thickness of the papyrus leaves, and digital microscopy under three-light illumination. These measurements allowed us to determine the types of the inks and characterize the papyrus writing substrate. For conservation, we used a novel method developed in the Egyptian Museum in Berlin that comprises suspending papyrus folios on a translucent, extremely thin Japanese paper inside glass frames without the use of adhesives. KW - Papyrus KW - Codex KW - Conservation KW - Iron gall ink KW - Coptic PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-570998 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2023.2183554 SN - 0039-3630 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-57099 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nehring, Grzegorz A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Gerhardt, M. A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Looking for the missing link in the evolution of black inks N2 - In the transition from carbon to iron-gall inks, the two documents from the Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection in Berlin with shelfmarks P 13500 and P 13501 discussed in this work present an important case. Their inks appear brownish, although they date back to the fourth and third century BCE, when carbon inks are believed to have been commonly if not exclusively used. Using imaging micro-X-ray fluorescence and infrared reflectography, we discovered that the inks in both documents contain a significant amount of copper in addition to carbon. Comparing the extant recipes for black writing inks and the experimental evidence, we suggest that these inks are a transition between the pure carbon and the iron-gall inks. Such inks may have been quite common before the production of iron-gall ink was clearly understood and established. KW - Black writing ink KW - Hellenistic KW - Papyrus KW - XRF imaging KW - NIR imaging PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523708 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01320-5 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - Article 71 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-52370 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nehring, Grzegorz A1 - Gordon, Nehemia A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Distinguishing between seemingly identical inks using scanning μXRF and heat maps N2 - This study will present a new approach to distinguishing writing inks that have the same elemental compositions and visual appearances. The approach is based on displaying the intensity of elemental distributions as heat maps that represent data recorded with a scanning μX-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The heat maps present the data so as to facilitate digitally identifying and distinguishing between inks used to produce, correct, and reink two medieval Torah scrolls. As ritual objects, Torah scrolls had to be written in accordance with exacting standards that evolved over time. This requirement led to successive stages of modifications, sometimes over centuries. Both vitriolic and non-vitriolic inks used to modify Torah scrolls can be visually identical to each other. Furthermore, different non-vitriolic inks usually have an identical elemental composition. The solid material analysis evidence and its presentation as heat maps made it possible to discriminate between original and altered portions of text that in some cases would have been impossible. Our interdisciplinary work brought together conservation, material science, paleog-raphy, and philology to enable the identification of complex stratigraphy in multiple stages of production, correction, and reinking. ©2 0 2 2 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. KW - Spectroscopy KW - Scanning micro-X-ray fluorescence KW - Vitriolic iron-gall inks KW - Non-vitriolic iron-gall inks KW - Heat maps KW - Torah scrolls KW - Scribal corrections PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-557271 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.07.007 SN - 1296-2074 VL - 57 SP - 142 EP - 148 PB - Elsevier Masson SAS AN - OPUS4-55727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boaretto, E. A1 - Newman, H. A1 - Shevchuk, I. A1 - Breterniz, S. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Date, Materiality and Historical Significance of P.Köln Inv. 5941 N2 - The paper presents the results of the radiocarbon dating and ink analysis of a leather fragment bearing an important liturgical text in Hebrew from the early centuries of the common era. The work initiated by the scholarly interest in the text stresses the importance of the date and materiality of the manuscripts and closes with an appeal to the curators of manuscript collections. KW - Mixed ink KW - Radiocarbon KW - Leather PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528063 DO - https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.8471 VL - 6/2 SP - 173 EP - 186 AN - OPUS4-52806 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Raggetti, L. T1 - Material Studies of Historic Inks: Transition from Carbon to Iron-Gall Inks N2 - This chapter offers observations and considerations concerning black writing inks encountered in writing supports transmitting documentary and literary texts of the late Antiquity and early Middle Ages. It discusses different types of inks, the Methods of their detection and their use in different times and geographical areas. KW - Material analysis KW - Writing inks KW - Ink fingerprint PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528057 DO - https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004444805_006 SP - 70 EP - 78 PB - Brill CY - Leiden AN - OPUS4-52805 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Michel, C. ED - Friedrich, M. T1 - Detection of Fakes: The Merits and Limits of Non-Invasive Materials Analysis N2 - This paper addresses the sensitive issue of authenticating unprovenanced manuscripts of high monetary value to certify they are genuine. Over the last decade, the popularity of material studies of manuscripts using non-destructive testing (NDT) has increased enormously. These studies are held in especially high esteem in the case of suspicious writings due to the methodological rigour they are reputed to contribute to debate. We would like to stress that materials analysis alone cannot prove that an object is genuine. Unfortunately, audiences with a humanities background often tend to disregard the technical details and treat any published interpretation of instrumental analysis as an objective finding. Four examples are outlined here to illustrate what questionable contributions the natural sciences can make in describing manuscripts that have actually been forged. KW - Fakes KW - Non-invasive analysis KW - Limitations PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517202 SN - 978-3-11-071422-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110714333 SN - 2365-9696 VL - 20 SP - 281 EP - 290 PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH CY - Berlin/Boston AN - OPUS4-51720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Almogi, O. A1 - Kindzorra, Emanuel A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Inks, pigments, paper: in quest of unveiling the history of the production of a tibetan buddhist manuscript collection from the tibetan-nepalese borderlands N2 - The Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project (NGMPP) microfilmed two sets of the rNying margyud 'bum: in 1989 the set stored in the National Archives in Kathmandu (NAK) and in 1992 another set during an expedition to Nubri, Samagaon. Both microfilming were carried out under the local director of the Nepal Research Centre (NRC) in Kathmandu, and who has also discussed the two (and other) rNying ma rgyud 'bum sets on several occasions.2 The NAK and Nubri rNying ma rgyud 'bum sets were extensively studied and catalogued (Almogi) within the framework of the Tibetology sub-project "The Manuscript Collections of supervision of Franz-Karl Ehrhard, who was at the time the the Ancient Tantras (rNying ma rgyud 'bum): An Examination of Variance," conducted at the Researcher Group "Manuscript Cultures in Asia and Africa," University of Hamburg (2008-2011). KW - Writing materials KW - Paper KW - XRF KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.2143/JIABS.37.0.3132062 SN - 0193-600X VL - 36/37 SP - 93 EP - 118 PB - Dep. CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-34615 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Ciner, P. ED - Nunez, A. T1 - Writing Materials of the Dead See Scrolls N2 - The first manuscripts from the Qumran caves were found in 1947. Within the following 10 years, clandestine and legal excavations revealed some 900 highly fragmented manuscripts from the late Second Temple period. This collection is generally known as Scrolls of the Judea Desert or Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS). For many years after their discovery, text analysis and fragmeents attribution were the main concern of the scholars dealing with the scrolls. The uncertain archaeological provenance of the larger part of the collection added an additional difficulty to the formidable task of sorting some 19000 fragments. After 60 years of scholar research the question of origin, archaeological provenance and correct attribution of the fragmenst are still hotly debated. To dtermine a possible contribution to the debate from the point of view of writing materials, we used otpical and electron microscopy, various X-ray based techniques as well as vibratiional sprectroscopy. We validated our approach with SY - based studies using the advantages of the synchroton radiation source with respect to the benchtop devices. Our laboratory studies showed that often production and storage locality could be distinguished thenks to the specific residues ("fingerprint") they left on the material. Moreover, we have diescovered that diferrent parchment production processses coexisted in the antiquity, and the resulting writing materials can readily be distinguished. T2 - 2nd International Conference on Patristic Studies CY - San Juan, Argentina DA - 28.03.2017 KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Text analysis KW - Fragmented manuscripts KW - X-ray based techniques KW - Archaeological provenance PY - 2021 SN - 978-2-503-59149-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1484/M.STR-EB.5.1211558 SN - 2566-073X VL - 0095/ 19 SP - 325 EP - 331 PB - Brepols CY - Turnhout, Belgium AN - OPUS4-54593 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - The contribution of material analysis to the identification of forged writing materials N2 - This paper addresses the role of material analysis in the current discussion on the authenticity of unprovenanced fragments. It will show that material analysis alone, especially its non-destructive variety, cannot prove that the object is genuine. The best material analysis can do, after all appropriate tests have been conducted, is to announce that nothing has been found that contradicts the assumption of genuineness. Moreover, the results of the material analysis can never be used as the only justification of authentication in cases of composite objects such as manuscripts or epigraphs. The most effective approach for testing suspicious artifacts has been established by forensic science. Not limited to non-invasive analysis, this approach relies on validated techniques that usually require the extraction of samples and comparison with reference materials and are capable of delivering unambiguous results. In contrast, the analysis of suspicious manuscripts has to overcome additional obstacles such as the heterogeneity of historical material, the scarcity of suitable reference standards, and restriction to strictly non-invasive techniques. We discuss the reliability of the testing protocol based on the non-destructive multi-instrumental approach developed by the BAM for the investigation of writing materials. In the case of the DSS, it relies on comparison with the genuine DSS fragments studied over the last 10 years. T2 - SBL Interenational 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.08.2017 KW - Cultural assets KW - Forgery PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43481 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - DSS: Materials Characterisation by means of IR-ERS, SY µ-FTIR, µ-XRF and SEM T2 - CHRESP Conference CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 2008-11-10 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18168 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Davis, K. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Feldman, Ines A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Rimon, H. A1 - Justnes, Å. A1 - Elgvin, T. A1 - Langlois, M. ED - Hempel, C. ED - Zahn, M. ED - Jokiranta, J. T1 - Nine dubious “Dead Sea Scrolls” fragments from the twenty-first century N2 - In 2002 new “Dead Sea Scrolls” fragments began to appear on the antiquities market, most of them through the Kando family. In this article is presented evidence that nine of these Dead Sea Scrolls-like fragments are modern forgeries. KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - NDT KW - Forgery KW - Papyrology PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-12341428 SN - 0929-0761 SN - 1568-5179 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 189 EP - 228 PB - Brill CY - Leiden AN - OPUS4-42869 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Unveiling secrets of the Dead Sea scrolls N2 - The first manuscripts from the Qumran caves were found in 1947. Within the following 10 years, clandestine and legal excavations revealed some 900 highly fragmented manuscripts from the late Second Temple period. This collection is generally known as Scrolls of the Judea Desert or Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS). For many years after their discovery, text analysis and fragments attribution were the main concern of the scholars dealing with the scrolls. The uncertain archaeological provenance of the larger part of the collection added an additional difficulty to the formidable task of sorting some 19000 fragments. After 60 years of scholar research the questions of origin, archaeological provenance and correct attribution of the fragments are still hotly debated. In many cases material characterization of the scroll writing media deliver answers to the questions stated above. Furthermore, issues concerning corrosion pathways, ancient technologies and contemporary conservation activities demand in depth material studies. To obtain a comprehensive picture we use optical and electron microscopy, various X-ray based techniques as well as vibrational spectroscopy. We validated our approach with SY- based studies using the advantages of the synchrotron radiation source with respect to the bench-top devices. Our laboratory studies showed that often production and storage locality could be distinguished thanks to the specific residues (“fingerprint”) they left on the material. Moreover, we have discovered that different parchment production processes coexisted in the antiquity, and the resulting writing materials can readily be distinguished. Within our recent studies we tentatively reconstructed the history of the Genesis Apocryphon. Written with a corrosive ink on a tanned parchment, it was found rolled together with an additional layer of non-inscribed non-tanned parchment. Chemical composition of the ink is in agreement with a 1st century AD ink recipe recorded in Materia Medica by a Greek physician, Pedanius Dioscorides. Study of the scroll deterioration as a function of time and exposition to light during the post-discovery period allows us to speculate that the scroll was rather “archived” than hidden in Cave 1. These results confirm the theory of Eliezer Sukenik who believed Cave 1 to be a “geniza”. A similar study of the Temple Scroll, discovered in the cave 11 indicates that the scroll was rather hidden than “archived”. T2 - 2nd International Conference on Patristic Studies CY - San Juan, Argentina DA - 28.03.2017 KW - Dead Sea scrolls PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43442 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Instrumental studies of writing inks: from typology to composition N2 - The course presents panorama of historic writing inks, their use the methods of their identification. First, we discuss the possible types of the inks and show how one can determine these types using very simple instrumentation. The change of the inks from those based on soot to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Age constitutes the second half of the course. T2 - Workshop CY - Buenos Aires, Argentina DA - 23.03.2017 KW - Ink KW - Carbon ink KW - Iron-gall ink PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43445 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material studies of inks N2 - The course presents panorama of historic writing inks, their use the methods of their identification. First, we discuss the possible types of the inks and show how one can determine these types using very simple instrumentation. The change of the inks from those based on soot to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Age constitutes the second half of the course. T2 - Summer School Hebrew Codicology and Palaeography Based on the Collection of the State and University Library Hamburg CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 07.09.2017 KW - Iron-gall ink KW - Carbon ink KW - Mixed ink PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43448 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Breiding, Sonja ED - Doil, Thorsten T1 - Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse als bildgebendes Verfahren - Die Visualisierung von Materialität N2 - Naturwissenschaftliche Verfahren sind inzwischen fester Bestandteil bei der materialwissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Kunst- und Kulturgut und bei der Entwicklung von Konservierungskonzepten zum Erhalt des kulturellen Erbes. Insbesondere werden zunehmend bildgebenden Verfahren wie die Computertomographie, die Radiographie oder die Multispektralanalyse verwendet, um die für das menschliche Auge nicht sichtbare Inhalte wie Vorzeichnungen, Pentimenti oder innere Strukturen zu visualisieren. Die entstehenden „neuen Bilder“ verändern jedoch die Sichtweise auf das kulturelle Artefakt, da sie tiefere Einblicke in den Herstellungsprozess, den Aufbau oder den Erhaltungszustand geben können. Weiterhin dokumentieren sie Veränderungen, denen ein Objekt unterworfen wurde. Anhand der Untersuchung von zwei Objekten mit dem Röntgenfluoreszenzportalscanner Jet Stream soll das Verhältnis Original – Digitalisat – Rekonstruktion diskutiert werden. T2 - 8. N.i.Ke.-Workshop: Materialität - Das Objektverständnis der vielfältigen Disziplinen im Bereich von Kunst- und Kulturgut CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.11.2015 KW - Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Archäometrie PY - 2017 SN - 2567-1251 SP - 68 EP - 73 PB - Druckerei G. Bohm CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43484 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Parchment N2 - This lecture will present history of parchment based on written sources and chemical examination of antique, medieval and modern parchment. Our studies of the Dead Sea Scrolls writing surfaces show that they can be divided roughly into three groups: leather, parchments of a light tint, and those of various shades of brown. The latter ones are invariably tanned, whereas the middle group is characterized by the presence of various inorganic salts. Some of the pale parchments, among them the Temple Scroll (11Q19), are remarkably similar to medieval European parchment. Therefore we have formulated the working theory that in the Judaea of the Hellenistic period two different parchment-making traditions existed side by side: an ‘eastern’ one (represented by the tanned parchments of Qumran, closely resembling Aramaic documents from the fifth century BC, and a ‘western’ one (represented by the untanned/lightly tanned ones similar to early Christian Greek parchments). This division has found support during our studies of the Geniza fragments, in which Babylonian and Palestinian traditions seem to follow the “eastern” and “western” technologies, respectively. T2 - Manusciences 17 CY - Frejus, France DA - 10.09.2017 KW - Parchment KW - Leather PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43478 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis: authentication or forgery detection? N2 - This paper addresses the sensitive issue of authentication of the un-provenanced manuscripts of high monetary value if certified to be genuine. Over the last decade the popularity of material studies of manuscripts using non-destructive technologies (NDT) has increased enormously. In the case of suspicious writings these studies are held in especially high esteem due to the methodological rigor they are reputed to contribute to debate. Moreover, audiences from a humanities background often tend to disregard the technical details and treat any published interpretation of instrumental analysis as an objective finding. The paper will discuss the currently available methods and testing protocols for writing materials stressing the advantages and limitations of the non-invasive analysis. As an example we will consider the recent announcement of the possibility of non-invasive dating of carbon inks focusing on the validation required for a testing method. We will make clear that material analysis alone cannot prove that the object is genuine. We should rather adopt the effective approach for testing suspicious artifacts that has been established by the forensic science. Here, not the authentication, but the determination of the forgery stands in the focus of the work. T2 - SBL Annual Meeting 2017 CY - Boston, MA, USA DA - 18.11.2017 KW - Cultural assets KW - Forgery PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43483 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Delhey, M. A1 - Kindzorra, Emanuel A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis of sanskrit palm-leaf manuscripts preserved in Nepal N2 - This article presents the findings resulting from the material analysis of several Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscripts from a corpus partly preserved in Nepal, viz. in the National Archives, Kathmandu (NAK), and in the Kaiser Library (KL), which is likewise situated in Kathmandu. The analysis was undertaken in March 2013. The colleagues of the NAK allocated a room in their precincts to us, where we could set up our mobile laboratory, and gave us access to the required manuscripts from their holdings. The officials of the KL, in turn, allowed us to take some of their valuable and ancient manuscripts to the NAK. In this way, we were enabled to conduct multi-instrumental studies on writing materials of great antiquity and interest. KW - Writing materials KW - Paper KW - XRF KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2015 SN - 0193-600X VL - 36/37 SP - 119 EP - 152 PB - Dep. CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-34616 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Andrews, T. L. ED - Macé, C. T1 - Ink identification to accompany digitalization of the manuscripts N2 - To date, the Geld of codicology (i.e., the study of manuscripts as physical objects) has not addressed the question of Chemical composition of writing materials. Recent advances in non-destructive testing provide us with tools for investigating physical and Chemical properties of manuscripts. Combining the expertise of codicologists and palaeographers with that of experimentalists in the fields of chemistry and physics may add a further valuable dimension to the study of manuscripts and their historical context. The color of inks (often characterized as brown, black, or gray) is not a suitable criterion for distinction and Identification, since its appearance is prone to changes due to variants resulting from production and to the phenomena of corrosion and aging. One of the goals of our research at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung in Berlin, Germany (BAM) is to work out a simple, mobile method for the typological Identification of various writing materials that cannot be differentiated by visual appearance alone. In the future, this method should be integrated into the procedure used to digitize manuscripts and make palimpsests visible. KW - Manuscripts KW - Iron gall ink PY - 2014 SN - 978-2-503-55268-2 SP - 293 EP - 307 PB - Brepols Publ. CY - Turnhout AN - OPUS4-34773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Elgvin, T. T1 - The Temple Scroll: Wrapper and fragment. MS 5095/2, MS 5095/4 N2 - The following specification of experimental methods refers to tests performed in 2009–10 on vellum,textile, ink, pottery, leather, and palm-fibre tool, as described in the chapter written by me and Roman Schütz. KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - The Temple Scroll PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-5672-8571-3 SN - 978-0-5671-1300-9 VL - 71 SP - 327 EP - 338 PB - Bloomsbury T&T Clark AN - OPUS4-43949 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Characterization of the Dead Sea Scrolls by advanced analytical techniques. N2 - For many years after the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, text analysis and fragment attribution were the main concern of the scholars dealing with them. The uncertain archaeological provenance of a large part of the collection added difficulties to the already formidable task of sorting thousands of fragments. After 60 years of scholarly research the questions of origin, archaeological provenance and correct attribution of the fragments are still debated. To help address these questions we have developed a methodology suitable to the material studies of the scrolls using combinations of X-ray, FTIR and Raman techniques. On the one hand, an accurate characterization of the highly heterogeneous writing media of the Dead Sea Scrolls leads to a reliable reconstruction of their history and, thus, contributes significantly to the current debate. On the other hand, it provides new information on the production of ancient parchment towards the end of the Second Temple period, opening a new page in the historical study of technology. T2 - Civil and Environmental Engineering Special Seminar CY - Cambridge, UK DA - 17.11.2017 KW - Dead Sea Scrolls PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43557 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Elgvin, T. T1 - Palm fibre tool from cave 11Q. MS 5095/3 N2 - The Schøyen Collection includes a palm fibre object claimed to have come from Cave 11. According to Kando, it was found by the Bedouin together with the Temple Scroll, the Temple Scroll wrapper and minor fragments from 11QTᵃ (MS 5095/1) in the scroll jar that is still the property of William Kando. KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Qumran archaeology PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-5672-8571-3 SN - 978-0-5671-1300-9 VL - 71 SP - 357 EP - 359 PB - Bloomsbury T&T Clark AN - OPUS4-43951 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Colini, C. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Christiansen, T. A1 - Bicchieri, M. A1 - Biocca, P. A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - The quest for the mixed inks N2 - In this article, we would like to share our observations concerning the inks produced by intentionally mixing soot or charcoal with tannin extracts or iron-gall ink. Aside from Zerdoun’s mention in her outstanding review of written sources, “Les encres noires au Moyen-Âge”, this ink category has received little if any attention from scholars and scientists. And yet, if analytically attested, the use of such inks could serve as an additional category to classify and distinguish the writing inks on the historical socio-geographic map of the writing inks we are trying to build. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 41 EP - 48 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heiles, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - Palaeography and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy: Manuscript production and censorship of the fifteenth century German manuscript Cod. germ. 1 of the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg N2 - The manuscript Codex germanicus 1 (Cod. germ. 1) of the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg is a fifteenth-century German-language manuscript. It comprises two codicological units and has an especially complex developmental history. To trace this developmental history, neglected until now in the research literature, the manuscript was investigated, for the first time not solely with classical codicological and palaeographical methods, but also with the aid of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, in order to determine the composition of the writing materials. These methods made it possible, first, to support and check palaeographic findings and, second, to gain information about the stratigraphy of the manuscript where palaeographic methods find their limits – in regard to short entries, rubrications, and non-alphabetical signs. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 109 EP - 132 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45818 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geissbühler, M. A1 - Dietz, G. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - Advanced codicological studies of Cod. germ. 6 (Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek): Part 2 N2 - The work presented here follows the article Combining Codicology and X-Ray Spectrometry to Unveil the History of Production of Codex germanicus 6 (Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg), published in 2014.1 It confirms the main result of the previous article: the Artusnotiz, the fourth text in the bound manuscript, must have been introduced as the last one. This paper offers further details of the codex production, based on the composition of the black and red inks collected in four measurement campaigns. Furthermore, using imaging μ-XRF, we succeeded in understanding the strong variation of the composition of the red inks in the initials of all the texts except for Parzival and Jeanne d’Arc. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 133 EP - 139 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Buzi, P. A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - An Attempt at a Systematic study of inks from Coptic manuscripts N2 - It is well documented that throughout Antiquity, ancient Egyptians used mostly carbon inks as a writing material. In Late Antiquity, some metals started to be added to carbon based inks. We have records of five manuscripts from the Dead Sea Scrolls collection whose carbon inks were found to contain copper Also, lead was recently found as an additive in carbon inks on a charred fragment from Herculaneum. Furthermore, the earliest evidence of iron-gall ink was found in the Book of Proverbs (Codex Ms. Berol. orient. oct. 987) dating to the third fourth centuries ce. It has been suggested that along with carbon and iron-gall inks, there is no reason to think that purely tannin inks were not also in use in Egypt. However, so far, we just have evidence of a copper-tannin ink identified in a number of documents from Egypt in the first third centuries bce. In an attempt to fill this gap in this extremely fragmented scenario during our studies of the socio-geographic history of inks, we arrived at the conclusion that the continuous production of Coptic manuscripts from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages offers a unique opportunity for the historical study of inks across a large geographic area. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 157 EP - 163 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45817 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Kindzorra, Emmanuel A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Glaser, L. A1 - Łojewski, T. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Composition of the primary inks in medieval palimpsests – effects of ink removal N2 - The qualitative and quantitative investigations of historical iron-gall inks by use of μ-XRF spectrometry is a common method for analyzing the diff erences in their composition. When a fingerprint is established, it is possible to characterize the distinguishable inks used in the production of medieval manuscripts, and, in turn assist in the reconstruction of the manuscript’s history.The characterization of the primary inks in palimpsests, i.e. manuscripts written on re-used parchment, presents a serious problem as the effect of the partial removal on the inks fi ngerprint is yet known. In this paper we explore our preliminary results concerning the effects of two removal techniques on the fingerprint of iron-gall inks on parchment. KW - Palimpsests KW - Iron-gall ink KW - XRF PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.4467/20843852.OM.15.007.5385 SN - 0239-9989 VL - 23 SP - 75 EP - 82 AN - OPUS4-46130 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy and other techniques in the material studies of manuscripts T2 - Manuscript and Xylograph Traditions in the Tibetan Cultural Sphere Regional and Periodical Characteristics CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 2013-05-05 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-33012 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolff, Timo A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Montouvalou, I. A1 - Kanngießer, B. A1 - Malzer, W. A1 - Kindzorra, Emanuel A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Provenance studies on Dead Sea scrolls parchment by means of quantitative micro-XRF N2 - In this study, we address the question of the provenance and origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls manuscripts. A characteristic low ratio of chlorine to bromine, corresponding to that of the Dead Sea water, may serve as an indicator for local production. For this aim we developed a non-destructive procedure to determine the Cl/Br ratio in the parchment of these manuscripts. Micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) measurements of a large number of parchment and leather fragments from the Dead Sea Scrolls were analyzed with a routine we developed based on fundamental parameter quantification. This routine takes into account the absorption of the collagen matrix and the influence of the different sample thicknesses. To calculate the representative Cl/Br ratio for each fragment, we investigated the lateral homogeneity and determined the total mass deposition using the intensity of the inelastically scattered, characteristic tube radiation. The distribution of the Cl/Br ratios thus obtained from the µ-XRF measurements make it possible to distinguish fragments whose origin lies within the Dead Sea region from those produced in other locations. KW - Fundamental parameter quantification KW - Samples of intermediated thickness KW - Chlorine to bromine ratio KW - Scatter peak evaluation KW - Dark matrix KW - Inorganic traces KW - Archaeometry KW - Fine arts KW - Inorganic compounds KW - Trace elements KW - X-ray spectroscopy PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5270-2 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 402 IS - 4 SP - 1493 EP - 1503 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mantouvalou, I. A1 - Wolff, Timo A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Lühl, Lars A1 - Pagels, M. A1 - Malzer, W. A1 - Kanngiesser, B. T1 - 3D Micro-XRF for cultural heritage objects: new analysis strategies for the investigation of the Dead Sea scrolls N2 - A combination of 3D micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (3D micro-XRF) and micro-XRF was utilized for the investigation of a small collection of highly heterogeneous, partly degraded Dead Sea Scroll parchment samples from known excavation sites. The quantitative combination of the two techniques proves to be suitable for the identification of reliable marker elements which may be used for classification and provenance studies. With 3D micro-XRF, the three-dimensional nature, i.e. the depth-resolved elemental composition as well as density variations, of the samples was investigated and bromine could be identified as a suitable marker element. It is shown through a comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative values for the bromine content derived using both techniques that, for elements which are homogeneously distributed in the sample matrix, quantification with micro-XRF using a one-layer model is feasible. Thus, the possibility for routine provenance studies using portable micro-XRF instrumentation on a vast amount of samples, even on site, is obtained through this work. KW - Archaeometry KW - 3D X-ray spectroscopy PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac2011262 SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 83 IS - 16 SP - 6308 EP - 6315 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-25209 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Kleber, F. A1 - Hollaus, F. A1 - Diem, M. A1 - Sablatnig, R. T1 - Can modern technologies defeat nazi censorship? KW - Laser cleaning KW - Multispectral imaging KW - Image enhancement KW - Ancient manuscripts KW - Image restoration PY - 2010 SN - 1556-4673 VL - 2 IS - 3, Article 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-25651 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Wolff, Timo A1 - Kanngießer, B. A1 - Malzer, W. A1 - Mantouvalou, I. A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Masic, Admir A1 - Weinberg, G. T1 - Non-destructive investigation of the dead sea scrolls N2 - The Dead Sea Scrolls belong to the most important cultural assets of mankind. Their long term preservation and study is a challenge that demands an interdisciplinary approach. As early as the 1950s natural scientists assisted the scholars in studying the scrolls. It was at this time that the first extensive study of the scroll material took place. It was found that most fragments were written not on leather but on parchment. In addition, a method for determining the age of the parchment was developed which is still of value today. In the 1990s the AMS-C14 method confirmed the palaeographic determination of the age of the manuscripts. The use of carbon ink throughout the scrolls is also consistent with the known scribal practices of that time. There are, however, manuscripts, and among them the famous Genesis Apocryphon Scroll, which exhibit ink corrosion, normally associated with iron-gall inks. Today, 60 years after their discovery, a community of scientists from the Jewish National and University Library (JNUL), the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin), the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and Fritz-Haber-Institute of the MPG (FHI) set out to scientifically investigate the finds of Qumran using the most modern methods. The results of the study will be used to determine the provenance of the texts as well as to contribute to their long-term preservation. A considerable part of the non-destructive investigation is taking place in the Berlin State Library and at the Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft für Synchrotronstrahlung , BESSY II. Preliminary investigations, performed at the BAM on some fragments, were used to evaluate the extent to which X-ray analytical methods can provide information regarding the geographical origin of the fragments and match the individual pieces. The interpretation of the measurement results is made more difficult by age and storage of the objects. It is believed that ageing processes as well as conservation methods have altered the samples in addition to the changes caused by environmental influences. In collaboration with the TU Berlin, the samples from the parchments found in the caves near Qumran were tested by means of three-dimensional synchrotron based X-ray fluorescence analysis (3D-SyXRF). The aim of this non-destructive investigation was the identification of the inorganic material used in the manufacture of the parchments. The XRF experiments are supported by the non-destructive analysis by means of synchrotron based infrared spectroscopy (SyFTIR) in collaboration with BESSY II as well as optical and electron microscopy in collaboration with Fritz-Haber-Institute (FHI). T2 - Art 2008, 9th International Conference CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 2008-05-25 KW - Cultural heritage KW - Archaeometry KW - Micro-XRF KW - Quantification KW - Parchment KW - DSS PY - 2008 IS - CD-ROM SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - ISAS International Seminars CY - Jerusalem, Israel AN - OPUS4-17547 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -