TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Pawlowski, Kristin A1 - Lyon, R.E. T1 - Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter: A tool to assess flame retarded PC/ABS materials? N2 - The pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) as a tool for assessing the flammability of a polycarbonate (bisphenol A)/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (PC/ABS) blend containing different flame retardants and additives was investigated. Strategies are proposed for analysing multi-step decomposition. The heat release capacity (HRC) and total heat release (HR), obtained by PCFC, are related to the char yield and the heat of complete combustion of the volatiles. Physical affects such as dripping, wicking, and sample thickness are not described, nor are chemical effects such as flame inhibition because pyrolysis and combustion are forced to completion on a small (milligram) sample. Varying the combustion temperature or oxygen concentration results in incomplete combustion as occuring in real fires. The correlations with flammability (UL 94, LOI) and forced flaming combustion in a cone calorimeter are discussed. The best correlation is found between HR and LOI. Reasonable correlation exists between HRC and char residue with the LOI and for HRC and HR with peak heat release rate (pHRR) in the cone calorimeter. Combining results from PCFC with those from oxygen bomb or cone calorimeter tests yields an additional understanding of fire behaviour. KW - Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter KW - Flammability KW - Combustion KW - Flame retardancy KW - PC/ABS PY - 2007 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2007.05.021 SN - 0040-6031 SN - 1872-762X VL - 462 IS - 1-2 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-15734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kempel, Florian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Linteris, G.T. A1 - Stoliarov, S.I. A1 - Lyon, R.E. A1 - Walters, R.N. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Prediction of the mass loss rate of polymer materials: Impact of residue formation N2 - Two different numerical simulation tools, Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) and ThermaKin, are investigated with respect to their capability to predict the mass loss rate of polymer materials exposed to different fires. For validation, gasification apparatus and cone calorimeter tests are conducted. The main focus is on the influence of residue formation. Therefore, poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and PBT reinforced with glass fibres (PBT-GF) are investigated and compared. PBT decomposes almost completely, while PBT-GF forms residue. The materials are characterised in order to provide suitable input parameters. Additionally the total incident heat flux to the sample is measured. With accurate input parameters, FDS and ThermaKin predicted the pyrolysis behaviour of PBT very well. Only some limitations are identified regarding the residue-forming PBT-GF. Both numerical simulation tools demonstrate a high value regarding the assessment of parameters' relative impacts and thus the evaluation of optimisation routes in polymer and composite development. KW - Polymer KW - Pyrolysis simulation KW - Residue formation KW - Fire dynamics simulator (FDS) KW - ThermKin PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.03.012 SN - 0010-2180 SN - 1556-2921 VL - 159 IS - 9 SP - 2974 EP - 2984 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-26382 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kempel, Florian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Linteris, G.T. A1 - Lyon, R.E. A1 - Walters, R.N. A1 - Stoliarov, S.I. T1 - Numerical simulation of polymer materials in standard fire tests: Pyrolysis and the impact of residue formation T2 - Interflam 2010 - 12th International conference CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 2010-07-05 KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Poly(butylene terephtalate) PBT KW - FDS KW - ThermaKin PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-9541216-5-5 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. VL - 1 SP - 451 EP - 462 PB - Interscience Communications CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-21668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -