TY - JOUR A1 - Hesselbach, J. A1 - Herrmann, C. A1 - Bock, R. A1 - Dettmer, T. A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Köcher, Peter A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf A1 - Meyer-Pittroff, R. A1 - Falk, O. A1 - Hansen, A. T1 - Kühlschmierstoffe aus technischen tierischen Fetten und Altspeisefetten - Herstellung, Technologie und Ökobilanzierung KW - Enzymatische Alkoholyse KW - Tierfett KW - Altspeisefett KW - Kühlschmierstoff KW - Umesterung KW - Produktökobilanz KW - LCA PY - 2003 SN - 1435-5272 VL - 9 IS - Sonderheft `Biokatalyse´ SP - 24 EP - 27 PB - BIOCOM CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-2684 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf A1 - Wichmann, H. A1 - Sprenger, R. A1 - Eickhoff, A. A1 - Bock, R. A1 - Dettmer, T. A1 - Baeck, Burkhard A1 - Reger, Christian A1 - Bahadir, M. T1 - Nativ-basierte Grundöle für die Produktion von Kühlschmierstoffen - Stand der Entwicklung und Defizite N2 - Hintergrund und Ziel. Kühlschmierstoffe auf der Basis von Fettsäureestern bieten technologische Vorteile gegenüber mineralölbasierten Produkten. Außerdem sind sie umweltgerechter und leisten einen Beitrag zum nachhaltigen Wirtschaften. Dennoch werden sie in der Praxis kaum eingesetzt, da sie bisher aufgrund von Rohstoffpreisen und Synthesekosten teurer sind, als konventionelle Konkurrenzprodukte. Alternativen hinsichtlich Rohstoffen und Synthesewegen werden betrachtet und die Eigenschaftsbilder resultierender Esterprodukte miteinander verglichen. Methoden. In die Untersuchungen wurden drei auf enzymatischkatalytischem Weg hergestellte Fettsäure-2-Ethylhexylester auf der Basis von Erdnussfett, Rindertalg und Altspeisefett sowie vier konventionell synthetisierte Ester aus Tier- bzw. Pflanzenfetten und 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol einbezogen. Bestimmt wurden physikalische Eigenschaftswerte, Fettsäurespektren, Gehalte an freien Fettsäuren sowie Oxidations- und Hydrolysestabilitäten. Ferner wurden Thermolyseexperimente durchgeführt. Ergebnisse. Die physikalischen Eigenschaften der sieben Ester, d.h. Dichte, Viskosität, Pourpoint und Flammpunkt, waren vergleichbar und ließen die Anwendbarkeit der Produkte als Basisöle für Kühlschmierstoffe erwarten. Hydrolysebeständigkeiten waren hoch und thermische Belastungen der Ester gaben keine Hinweise auf besondere Schadstoffbildungspotentiale. Defizite wiesen insbesondere die enzymatisch hergestellten Ester hinsichtlich Oxidationsstabilitäten und den Gehalten an freien Fettsäuren auf. Ausblick. Für die Praxis wird es notwendig sein, Mindestqualitäten für Rohstoffe und resultierende Esteröle zu definieren, die als Grundöle im Kühlschmierstoffbereich eingesetzt werden sollen. Außerdem müssen Verfahren ausgearbeitet werden, die es ermöglichen, zu qualitativ hochwertigen Esterprodukten zu gelangen, ohne den Preisvorteil von Rohstoffen wie Altspeise- und Tierfetten durch hohe Produktions- und Veredelungskosten zu verlieren. Ein Beitrag hierzu ist sicherlich die Weiterentwicklung der wenig energieaufwändigen enzymatischen Alkoholyse zur Esterproduktion. KW - Altspeisefett KW - Enzymatische Alkoholyse KW - Fettsäureethylhexylester KW - Kühlschmierstoffe KW - Cooling lubricants KW - Enzymatic alcoholysis KW - Fatty acid ethylhexylester KW - Waste edible fat PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1065/uwsf2006.03.115 SN - 0934-3504 SN - 1865-5084 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 95 EP - 101 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-12439 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reed, B. P. A1 - Cant, D.J.H. A1 - Spencer, J. A1 - Carmona-Carmona, A. J. A1 - Bushell, A. A1 - Herrara-Gómez, A. A1 - Kurokawa, A. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Thomas, A.G. A1 - Britton, A.J. A1 - Bernasik, A. A1 - Fuchs, A. A1 - Baddorf, A. P. A1 - Bock, B. A1 - Thellacker, B. A1 - Cheng, B. A1 - Castner, D.G. A1 - Morgan, D.J. A1 - Valley, D. A1 - Willneff, E.A. A1 - Smith, E.F. A1 - Nolot, E. A1 - Xie, F. A1 - Zorn, G. A1 - Smith, G.C. A1 - Yasukufu, H. A1 - Fenton, J. L. A1 - Chen, J. A1 - Counsell, J..D.P. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Gaskell, K.J. A1 - Artyushkova, K. A1 - Yang, L. A1 - Zhang, L. A1 - Eguchi, M. A1 - Walker, M. A1 - Hajdyla, M. A1 - Marzec, M.M. A1 - Linford, M.R. A1 - Kubota, N. A1 - Cartazar-Martínez, O. A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Satoh, R. A1 - Schroeder, S.L.M. A1 - Avval, T.G. A1 - Nagatomi, T. A1 - Fernandez, V. A1 - Lake, W. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Yoshikawa, Y. A1 - Shard, A.G. T1 - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on intensity calibration for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instruments using low-density polyethylene N2 - We report the results of a Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on the intensity scale calibration of x-ray photoelectron spectrometers using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as an alternative material to gold, silver, and copper. An improved set of LDPE reference spectra, corrected for different instrument geometries using a quartz-monochromated Al Kα x-ray source, was developed using data provided by participants in this study. Using these new reference spectra, a transmission function was calculated for each dataset that participants provided. When compared to a similar calibration procedure using the NPL reference spectra for gold, the LDPE intensity calibration method achieves an absolute offset of ∼3.0% and a systematic deviation of ±6.5% on average across all participants. For spectra recorded at high pass energies (≥90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼5.8% and ±5.7%, respectively, whereas for spectra collected at lower pass energies (<90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼4.9% and ±8.8%, respectively; low pass energy spectra perform worse than the global average, in terms of systematic deviations, due to diminished count rates and signal-to-noise ratio. Differences in absolute offset are attributed to the surface roughness of the LDPE induced by sample preparation. We further assess the usability of LDPE as a secondary reference material and comment on its performance in the presence of issues such as variable dark noise, x-ray warm up times, inaccuracy at low count rates, and underlying spectrometer problems. In response to participant feedback and the results of the study, we provide an updated LDPE intensity calibration protocol to address the issues highlighted in the interlaboratory study. We also comment on the lack of implementation of a consistent and traceable intensity calibration method across the community of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) users and, therefore, propose a route to achieving this with the assistance of instrument manufacturers, metrology laboratories, and experts leading to an international standard for XPS intensity scale calibration. KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Transmission function KW - Intensity scale calibration KW - Reference spectra KW - Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0000577 VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 063208 AN - OPUS4-51655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reed, B. P. A1 - Cant, D.J.H. A1 - Spencer, S.J. A1 - Carmona-Carmona, A. J. A1 - Bushell, A. A1 - Herrara-Gómez, A. A1 - Kurokawa, A. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Thomas, A.G. A1 - Britton, A.J. A1 - Bernasik, A. A1 - Fuchs, A. A1 - Baddorf, A.P. A1 - Bock, B. A1 - Thellacker, B. A1 - Cheng, B. A1 - Castner, D.G. A1 - Morgan, D.J. A1 - Valley, D. A1 - Willneff, E.A. A1 - Smith, E.P. A1 - Nolot, E. A1 - Xie, F. A1 - Zorn, G. A1 - Smith, G.C. A1 - Yasukufu, H. A1 - Fenton, J.L. A1 - Chen, J. A1 - Counsell, J.D.P. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Gaskell, K.J. A1 - Artyushkova, K. A1 - Yang, L. A1 - Zhang, L. A1 - Eguchi, M. A1 - Walker, M. A1 - Hajdyla, M. A1 - Marzec, M.M. A1 - Linford, M.R. A1 - Kubota, N. A1 - Cortazar-Martinez, O. A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Satoh, R. A1 - Schroeder, S.L.M. A1 - Avval, T.G. A1 - Nagatomi, T. A1 - Fernandez, V. A1 - Lake, W. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Yoshikawa, Y. A1 - Compean-Gonzalez, C.L. A1 - Ceccone, G. A1 - Shard, A.G. T1 - ERRATUM: “Versailles project on advanced materials and standards interlaboratory study on intensity calibration for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instruments using low-density polyethylene” [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 38, 063208 (2020)] N2 - The lead authors failed to name two collaborators as co-authors. The authors listed should include: Miss Claudia L. Compean-Gonzalez (ORCID: 0000-0002-2367-8450) and Dr. Giacomo Ceccone (ORCID: 0000-0003-4637-0771). These co-authors participated in VAMAS project A27, provided data that were analyzed and presented in this publication (and supporting information), and reviewed the manuscript before submission. KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Transmission function KW - Low-density polyethylene PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0000907 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 027001 PB - American Vacuum Society AN - OPUS4-52380 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bock, Hans Michael A1 - Brocks, Wolfgang A1 - Läer, R. A1 - Marotzke, Christian T1 - Ein Verfahren zur Berechnung des nichtlinearen Tragverhaltens von stählernen Rahmentragwerken mit finiten Elementen PY - 1989 SN - 0038-9145 SN - 1437-1049 SN - 0932-6375 VL - 58 IS - 12 SP - 365 EP - 370 PB - Ernst CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-6810 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf A1 - Dettmer, T. A1 - Baeck, Burkhard A1 - Bock, R. A1 - Kley, Gerd T1 - Verbesserung der Umweltverträglichkeit bei überwachungsbedürftigen Abfällen - Enzymkatalysiertes Verfahren zur Herstellung von Esterölen KW - Kühlschmierstoffe KW - Esteröle KW - Enzymatische Alkoholyse KW - Ökobilanzierung KW - Altfett PY - 2007 IS - Artikel 57 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - Branch CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-16313 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Belsey, N. A. A1 - Cant, D. J. H. A1 - Minelli, C. A1 - Araujo, J. R. A1 - Bock, B. A1 - Brüner, P. A1 - Castner, D. G. A1 - Ceccone, G. A1 - Counsell, J. D. P. A1 - Dietrich, Paul M. A1 - Engelhardt, M. H. A1 - Fearn, S. A1 - Galhardo, C. E. A1 - Kalbe, H. A1 - Kim, J. W. A1 - Lartundo-Rojas, L. A1 - Luftman, H. S. A1 - Nunney, T. S. A1 - Pseiner, J. A1 - Smith, E. F. A1 - Spampinato, V. A1 - Sturm, J. M. A1 - Thomas, A. G. A1 - Treacy, J. P. W. A1 - Veith, L. A1 - Wagstaffe, M. A1 - Wang, H. A1 - Wang, M. A1 - Wang, Y.-C. A1 - Werner, W. A1 - Yang, L. A1 - Shard, A. G. T1 - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards Interlaboratory Study on Measuring the Thickness and Chemistry of Nanoparticle Coatings Using XPS and LEIS N2 - We report the results of a Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) interlaboratory study on the measurement of the shell thickness and chemistry of nanoparticle coatings. Peptide-coated gold particles were supplied to laboratories in two forms: a colloidal suspension in pure water and particles dried onto a silicon wafer. Participants prepared and analyzed these samples using either X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or low energy ion scattering (LEIS). Careful data analysis revealed some significant sources of discrepancy, particularly for XPS. Degradation during transportation, storage, or sample preparation resulted in a variability in thickness of 53%. The calculation method chosen by XPS participants contributed a variability of 67%. However, variability of 12% was achieved for the samples deposited using a single method and by choosing photoelectron peaks that were not adversely affected by instrumental transmission effects. The study identified a need for more consistency in instrumental transmission functions and relative sensitivity factors since this contributed a variability of 33%. The results from the LEIS participants were more consistent, with variability of less than 10% in thickness, and this is mostly due to a common method of data analysis. The calculation was performed using a model developed for uniform, flat films, and some participants employed a correction factor to account for the sample geometry, which appears warranted based upon a simulation of LEIS data from one of the participants and comparison to the XPS results. KW - VAMAS KW - Interlaboratory Study KW - Nanoparticle coating KW - XPS KW - LEIS KW - shell thicknss and chemistry PY - 2016 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b06713 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b06713 IS - 120 SP - 24070 EP - 24079 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-38428 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -