TY - CONF A1 - Kauss, N. A1 - Halle, T. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - Age-hardening behavior, microstructure and corrosion resistance of the copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 N2 - The copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 (X5CrNiCuNb16-4) is used in different areas due to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Strength and corrosion resistance can be adjusted by the heat treatment, which is of importance for the application of this alloy. The mechanical properties (strength and hardness) are attributed to the dispersive precipitation of the copper rich ε–Phase. The additional precipitation of chromium carbides can reduce the corrosion resistance. Different ageing states were produced to investigate the precipitation behaviour with various methods. Furthermore, the influence of cold-rolling on the precipitation behaviour was studied in comparison to a solution annealed state without deformation. The microstructure was studied by SEM and the variations of hardness and magnetic proportion were characterised. The electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) was used to determine the corrosion resistance and detect chromium depletion in all heat-treated states. The results show that a work hardening accelerates the precipitation rate, while ageing at 600 °C reduces the corrosion resistance due to chromium depletion. T2 - Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (MSE) CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 26.09.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Corrosion testing KW - EPR KW - Heat treatment KW - Martensitic stainless steels KW - REM KW - Stainless steel KW - ThermoCalc PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46094 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kauss, N. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - Age-hardening behaviour, microstructure and corrosion resistance of the copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 N2 - The copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 (X5CrNiCuNb16-4) is used in different areas due to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Strength and corrosion resistance can be adjusted by the heat treatment, which is of importance for the application of this alloy. The mechanical properties (strength and hardness) are attributed to the dispersive precipitation of the copper rich ε–Phase. The additional precipitation of chromi-um carbides can reduce the corrosion resistance. Different ageing states were produced to investigate the precipitation behaviour with various methods. Furthermore, the influence of cold-rolling on the precipitation behaviour was studied in comparison to a solution annealed state without deformation. The microstructure was studied by SEM and the variations of hardness and magnetic proportion were characterised. The electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) was used to determine the corrosion resistance and detect chromium depletion in all heat-treated states. The results show that a work hard-ening accelerates the precipitation rate, while ageing at 600 °C reduces the corrosion resistance due to chromium depletion. T2 - 20. Werkstofftechnischen Kolloquium CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 14.03.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Heat treatment KW - Stainless steel KW - Corrosion resistance KW - EPR KW - Corrosion testing PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kauss, N. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - Age-hardening behaviour, microstructure and corrosion resistance of the copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 T2 - Tagungsband zum 20. Werkstofftechnischen Kolloquium N2 - The copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 (X5CrNiCuNb16-4) is used in different areas due to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Strength and corrosion resistance can be adjusted by the heat treatment, which is of importance for the application of this alloy. The mechanical properties (strength and hardness) are attributed to the dispersive precipitation of the copper rich ε–Phase. The additional precipitation of chromi-um carbides can reduce the corrosion resistance. Different ageing states were produced to investigate the precipitation behaviour with various methods. Furthermore, the influence of cold-rolling on the precipitation behaviour was studied in comparison to a solution annealed state without deformation. The microstructure was studied by SEM and the variations of hardness and magnetic proportion were characterised. The electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) was used to determine the corrosion resistance and detect chromium depletion in all heat-treated states. The results show that a work hard-ening accelerates the precipitation rate, while ageing at 600 °C reduces the corrosion resistance due to chromium depletion. T2 - 20. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 14.03.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Corrosion testing KW - EPR KW - Heat treatment KW - Stainless steel PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-00-058901-0 SN - 1439-1597 VL - 72 SP - 277 EP - 284 PB - Eigenverlag CY - Chemnitz AN - OPUS4-44558 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kauss, N. A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Halle, T. T1 - Age-hardening behaviour, microstructure and corrosion resistance of the copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 JF - IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering N2 - The copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 (X5CrNiCuNb16-4) is used in different areas due to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Strength and corrosion resistance can be adjusted by the heat treatment, which is of importance for the application of this alloy. The mechanical properties (strength and hardness) are attributed to the dispersive precipitation of the copper rich ε–Phase. The additional precipitation of chromium carbides can reduce the corrosion resistance. Different ageing states were produced to investigate the precipitation behaviour with various methods. Furthermore, the influence of cold-rolling on the precipitation behaviour was studied in comparison to a solution annealed state without deformation. The microstructure was studied by SEM and the variations of hardness and magnetic proportion were characterised. The electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) was used to determine the corrosion resistance and detect chromium depletion in all heattreated states. The results show that a work hardening accelerates the precipitation rate, while ageing at 600 °C reduces the corrosion resistance due to chromium depletion. T2 - WTK2018 CY - Chemnitz DA - 14.03.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Corrosion testing KW - EPR KW - Heat treatment KW - Stainless steel PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-452482 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/373/1/012020 SN - 1757-899X SN - 1757-8981 VL - 373 SP - Article 012020, 1 EP - 9 PB - Institute of Physics CY - London AN - OPUS4-45248 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Müller, C. A1 - Kauss, N. A1 - Halle, T. T1 - Application of the electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation method on martensitic stainless steels N2 - The double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) method is a standardised procedure for detecting and quantifying sensitisation on austenitic, ferritic and ferritic-austenitic stainless-steel grades. This sensitisation is caused by microstructural alternations, as the formation of chromium carbides, nitrides or sigma-phases, which generate local chromium depleted zones nearby. The latter strongly influence the corrosion resistance and the electrochemical response of a stainless steel during electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation, providing important information on the degree of chromium depletion. In case of martensitic stainless steels, which are used for cutlery and surgical instruments, the heat treatment has a strong impact on the microstructure, the material properties and especially on the corrosion resistance. To study this interaction, the EPR method was modified for the application on martensitic stainless steels with about 13 wt.-% chromium. Different H2SO4 concentrations and EPR-parameters were tested and compared on two standard martensitic stainless-steel grades (AISI 420 A / X20Cr13 and AISI 420 C / X46Cr13) to define applicable parameters. Afterwards, these parameters were used to study the effect of austenitisation time and cooling rate on the corrosion resistance of both martensitic stainless steels. The response of both alloys was different due to the different carbon levels, which will be explained by microstructural investigations in detail. All results allow postulating a process window, in which chromium depletion is suppressed and an optimised corrosion resistance is guaranteed. Based on this research, the modified EPR-test is now used to control the heat treatment and its impact on the corrosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels in the cutlery industry. The EPR-test is thus an interesting alternative for manufacturers, processors, users and researchers to the time-consuming exposition test normally used to characterise the corrosion resistance of martensitic stainless steels. T2 - Electrochemical Methods in Corrosion Research 2018 CY - Cambridge, UK DA - 22.07.2018 KW - EPR KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Heat treatment KW - Stainless steels KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion testing KW - Martensitic stainless steels PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45613 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Corrosion resistance of ferritic stainless steels studied with various methods on different time scales N2 - The corrosion resistance of stainless-steels grades is of high importance for the technical safety in different environmental conditions. Processing and surface finish influences the corrosion resistance of ferritic stainless steels, which may be considered for some application in marine environment. Three ferritic stainless steel alloys (X2CrNi12, X2CrTiNb18 and X2CrMoTi18-2) were exposed in four different surface finishes (rolled, dry grinding, glass beaded and electro polished) for five years in marine environment to obtain reliable information about the corrosion resistance. All samples were assessed after 22 and 60 months according to DIN EN ISO 10289 in validation degrees from 1 to 10. Complementary investigation using accelerated chamber test (salt spray test followed by four weeks storage at 30 °C / 80 % relative humidity) and short-term electrochemical methods (electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation, pitting potentials and the KorroPad method) were conducted to compare their results. The presentation gives an overview on all methods and the generated results, which show benefits and restrictions of long-term, accelerated and short-term corrosion tests. T2 - EUROCORR 2018 CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Stainless steel KW - Corrosion resistance KW - EPR KW - Corrosion testing KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Atmospheric corrosion KW - Surface treatment PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45940 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kauss, Norman A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Halle, T. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - Detection of sensitisation on aged lean duplex stainless steel with different electrochemical methods JF - Electrochimica Acta N2 - Ageing at 600 °C (from 0.1 h up to 20 h) leads to the formation of precipitations at the ferrite-ferrite (α/α) and ferrite-austenite (α/γ) grain boundaries of the lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS) X2CrNiN22-2. This leads to sensitisation due to chromium depletion and decreased pitting corrosion resistance proven by the results of various electrochemical methods (DL-EPR and determination of CPT, Epit). These results were compared with the KorroPad method, which uses an agar-based gel-electrolyte for the detection of stainless steel surfaces prone to pitting corrosion. However, the standard configuration of the KorroPad showed no differentiation for the various ageing conditions. Therefore, modified versions of the KorroPad with two, five and ten times higher NaCl and potassium ferrocyanide III (K3[Fe(CN)6]) concentrations were successfully used to visualise the behaviour detected by DL-EPR, Epit and CPT. Therefore, the KorroPad method can also detect a microstructure related reduction of pitting corrosion resistance, which can drastically reduce the experimental effort to generate sensitisation diagrams for stainless steels. KW - Lean duplex KW - Stainless steel KW - Sensitisation KW - Polarisation KW - Critical pitting temperature KW - Pitting corrosion KW - KorroPad KW - Ageing treatment PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.081 SN - 0013-4686 SN - 1873-3859 VL - 317 SP - 17 EP - 24 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-48374 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Kauss, N. A1 - Müller, C. A1 - Halle, T. T1 - Heat treatment and corrosion resistance of cutlery N2 - Hardness and pitting corrosion resistance are the major quality criteria of cutlery. Both are achieved by the heat treatment (austenitization, quenching and tempering) of the normally used martensitic stainless steels. The established quality control method regarding the pitting corrosion resistance is an alternating immersion test in 1 % NaCl solution at 60 °C according to DIN EN ISO 8442. This standard test shows a high deviation, which limits any optimization of the heat treatment process. New approaches for corrosion testing of martensitic stainless-steels were developed and used in the last years to connect the weak pitting corrosion resistance of martensitic stainless-steels with the phenomenon of chromium depletion. The tempering temperatures used in the industrial heat treatment of cutlery are too low to explain the appearance of chromium depletion. For this reason, a systematic investigation of three heat treatment parameters (austenitization time, cooling speed and tempering temperature) were performed on the martensitic stainless-steels X50CrMoV15 (1.4116) to detect their contribution to chromium depletion. The electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR), which is very sensitive to any change of the microstructure, was used to quantify the degree of chromium depletion. The KorroPad indicator-test was applied to correlate low pitting corrosion resistance to the presence of chromium depletion. The results of all investigations allow conclusions about the very small process window, which is necessary to achieve cutlery with high pitting corrosion resistance. T2 - EUROCORR 2018 CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - KorroPad KW - Stainless steel KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Heat treatment KW - EPR KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Martensitic stainless steels KW - REM PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45952 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kauss, N. A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - How to Detect Sensitivity on Aged Lean-Duplex Stainless Steel With Electrochemical Methods N2 - The influence of isothermal ageing on microstructure, sensitisation and pitting corrosion resistance of the lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS) X2CrNiN23-4 was investigated with various electrochemical methods. The aging at 600 °C (from 0.1 h up to 20 h) lead to the formation of precipitations at the ferrite-ferrite (α/α) and ferrite-austenite (α/γ) grain boundaries, inducing sensitisation due to chromium depletion. The degree of sensitisation was evaluated with the double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation method (DL-EPR) according to ASTM G108 and correlated with critical pitting potentials (Epit) as well as critical pitting temperature (CPT) measured in an electrolyte according to ASTM G48 using electrochemical noise. Up to an ageing time of 1 h, the sensitisation did rise significantly, stabilising at a nearly constant level with a slight drop at 20 h. This behaviour correlated perfectly with the potentiodynamically determined pitting potentials Epit and sensitisation. The CPT showed a higher sensitivity at short ageing times compared to the DL-EPR and Epit. Finally, the KorroPad method was applied to visualise the sensitisation induced reduction of pitting corrosion resistance. The “KorroPad” is an agar-based gel-electrolyte containing 0.1 mol/l sodium chloride (NaCl) and 0.1 mol/l potassium ferricyanide III (K3[Fe(CN)6]), invented at the Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing in Berlin (Germany) to detect surfaces of stainless steel prone to pitting corrosion. The standard configuration of the KorroPad showed no differentiation for the various aging conditions. Increasing the concentration of both NaCl and potassium ferrocyanide III to 0.5 M shifts the detection limit of the KorroPad method to stainless steels with higher corrosion resistance, producing the same trends detected by standard electrochemical pitting corrosion values (Epit, CPT) and sensitisation (DL-EPR). By that, the KorroPad method was successfully adjusted to the lean-duplex stainless steel X2CrNiN23-4, enabling short-time testing to detect sensitization. T2 - Electrochemical Methods in Corrosion Research 2018 CY - Cambridge, UK DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Corrosion testing KW - Duplex stainless steels KW - Corrosion KW - KorroPad KW - Pitting corrosion KW - EPR KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Stainless steel PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45615 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - Influence of austenitizing and tempering on the corrosion behavior and sensitization of martensitic stainless steel X50CrMoV15 JF - Materials and Corrosion N2 - Electrochemical tests, hardness measurements, and microstructure analysis are performed to study the influence of austenitizing, quenching, and tempering parameters on the corrosion resistance of the martensitic stainless steel grade X50CrMoV15 (1.4116). Different heat treatment states were studied using an adapted EPR-Test to evaluate the chromium distribution and depletion caused by the formation and dissolution of chromium rich carbides. The EPR results were correlated with pitting corrosion behavior, demonstrating the strong effect of heat treatment parameters on the susceptibility of martensitic stainless steels to corrosion phenomena. KW - Martensitic stainless steel KW - Electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation KW - Heat treatment KW - Pitting corrosion PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201810170 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 1338 EP - 1349 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-46138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Baumann, O. A1 - Müller, C. T1 - Influence of the post-weld surface treatment on the corrosion resistance of the duplex stainless steel 1.4062 N2 - The duplex stainless steel 1.4062 (X2CrNiN22-2) is used as alternative material to austenitic stainless steels in the construction industry. The corrosion resistance of welded seams is influenced by the base material, the weld filler material, the welding process and also by the final surface treatment. The scale layer next to the weld seam can be removed by grinding, pickling, electro-polishing or blasting depending on the requested corrosion resistance. Blasted surfaces are often used in the industrial practice due to the faster and cheaper manufacturing process compared to pickled or electro-polished surfaces. Furthermore blasting with corundum-grain is more effective than blasting with glass-beads which also lower the process costs. In recent years, stainless steel surfaces showed an unusually high susceptibility to pitting corrosion after grinding with corundum. For this reason, it is now also questioned critically whether the corrosion resistance is influenced by the applied blasting agent. This question was specifically investigated by comparing grinded, pickled, corundum-grain- and glass-bead-blasted welding seams. Results of the SEM analyses of the blasting agents and the blasted surfaces will be presented and correlated with the results of different corrosion tests (KorroPad-testing and pitting potentials). T2 - Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (MSE) CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 26.09.2018 KW - Duplexstahl KW - Korrosion KW - Nichtrostender Stahl KW - Schweißen KW - Oberflächenbearbeitung KW - Strahlen KW - KorroPad PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46090 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Müller, C. A1 - Roßberg, S. A1 - Pensel, P. A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Precipitation behavior and corrosion resistance of nickel-free, high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels N2 - Nickel-free, nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless-steels, with about 19 wt.-% Mn and 0,8 wt. % N, are an interesting alternative to classic CrNi austenitic stainless steels due to their superior mechanical properties (Rm > 900 MPa, A5 > 50 %, Av > 350 J) in the solution annealed condition. The formation of chromium-rich nitrides during suboptimal heat treatment, processing or application leads to an inhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements in the microstructure, which reduces the corrosion resistance. Consequently, an accurate knowledge of the sensitization behavior is indispensable for the use of nickel-free, high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels. The relationship between artificial aging, phase formation and corrosion resistance was investigated on the alloys X8CrMnN18-19 (1.3815) and X8CrMnMoN18-19-2 (1.4456), both alloyed with 0,8 wt.-% Nitrogen, in the present work. The microstructural evolution was studied by LM and SEM while the corrosion resistance was characterized with the electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) and the KorroPad indicator-test. Both alloys showed increased corrosion susceptibility within critical aging parameters. Finally, a sensitization diagram was described successfully for both alloys showing the positive effect of molybdenum. T2 - Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (MSE) CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 26.09.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Heat treatment KW - KorroPad KW - Nitrogen KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Stainless steel KW - ThermoCalc PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46093 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dieck, S. A1 - Ecke, M. A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Halle, T. T1 - Reversed austenite for enhancing ductility of martensitic stainless steel T2 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. N2 - Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat Treatment increases the deformability of high-strength martensitic steels. Therefore, it is necessary to have some metastable austenite in the microstructure, which transforms in martensite during plastic deformation (TRIP effect). The austenitic-martensitic microstructure is gained by an increased austenitization temperature, water quenching and additional partitioning. The partitioning enables local carbon diffusion, which stabilizes retained austenite and leads to partial reversion of martensite to austenite. The influence of partitioning time was studied for the martensitic stainless steel AISI 420 (X46Cr13, 1.4034). In line with these efforts, metallographic, XRD and EBSD measurements were performed to characterize the microstructural evolution. The mechanical properties were tested using tension and compression loading. Additional corrosion investigations showed the benefits of Q&P heat treatment compared to conventional tempering. The reversion of austenite by the partitioning treatment was verified with EBSD and XRD. Furthermore, the results of the mechanical and corrosion testing showed improved properties due to the Q&P heat treatment. T2 - International Conference on Martensitic Transformations CY - Chicago, IL, USA DA - 09.07.2017 KW - Heat treatment KW - High ductility KW - Martensitic stainless steels KW - Quenching and partitioning KW - Transformation induced plasticity KW - KorroPad KW - EBSD KW - Mechanical testing PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-76968-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76968-4_19 SP - 123 EP - 128 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-44689 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dieck, S. A1 - Ecke, M. A1 - Fritsch, S. A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Wagner, M. A1 - Halle, T. T1 - SD effect in martensitic stainless steel under Q&P heat treatment condition N2 - The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment enables a higher deformability of high strength martensitic steels. The Q&P heat treatment was applied on the martensitic stainless steel 1.4034 (X46Cr13) to study the influence of partitioning time. Therefore, extensive characterizations of the mechanical properties, focussing on the materials behaviour under different mechanical load scenarios, were performed. A comprehensive analysis of the microstructural evolution was per-formed for different heat treatment and mechanical loading states. A complete solution of chromium carbides was detected to be a first requirement for successful Q&P heat treatment. The comparison of common quenching and tempering with the Q&P heat treatment verifies the extensively enhanced materials strength whereat the formability is still acceptable. The microstructural reason was detected to be an increasing aus-tenite fraction due to austenite reversion at subgrain boundaries of martensite besides the stabilising of retained austenite. Further a distinctive strength differential effect was observed. T2 - 11th European Symposium on Martensitic Transformations CY - Metz, France DA - 27.08.2018 KW - Martensitic stainless steels KW - Heat treatment KW - EBSD KW - Quenching and partitioning KW - TRIP PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45803 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -