TY - JOUR A1 - Faghani, A. A1 - Gholami, M. F. A1 - Trunk, M. A1 - Müller, J. A1 - Pachfule, P. A1 - Vogl, S. A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Li, M. A1 - Nickl, Philip A1 - Shao, J. A1 - Huang, M. R. S. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Arenal, R. A1 - Koch, C. T. A1 - Paulus, B. A1 - Rabe, J. P. A1 - Thomas, A. A1 - Haag, R. A1 - Adeli, M. T1 - Metal-Assisted and Solvent-Mediated Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Triazine Structures on Gram Scale N2 - Covalent triazine frameworks are an emerging material class that have shown promising performance for a range of applications. In this work, we report on a metal-assisted and solvent-mediated reaction between calcium carbide and cyanuric chloride, as cheap and commercially available precursors, to synthesize two-dimensional triazine structures (2DTSs). The reaction between the solvent, dimethylformamide, and cyanuric chloride was promoted by calcium carbide and resulted in dimethylamino-s-triazine intermediates, which in turn undergo nucleophilic substitutions. This reaction was directed into two dimensions by calcium ions derived from calcium carbide and induced the formation of 2DTSs. The role of calcium ions to direct the two-dimensionality of the final structure was simulated using DFT and further proven by synthesizing molecular intermediates. The water content of the reaction medium was found to be a crucial factor that affected the structure of the products dramatically. While 2DTSs were obtained under anhydrous conditions, a mixture of graphitic material/2DTSs or only graphitic material (GM) was obtained in aqueous solutions. Due to the straightforward and gram-scale synthesis of 2DTSs, as well as their photothermal and photodynamic properties, they are promising materials for a wide range of future applications, including bacteria and virus incapacitation. KW - XPS KW - Triazine KW - 2D PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c02399 VL - 142 IS - 30 SP - 12976 EP - 12986 PB - ACS American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-51203 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rades, Steffi A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Salge, T. A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Lobera, M.P. A1 - Labrador, R.H. A1 - Natte, Kishore A1 - Behnke, Thomas A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - High-resolution imaging with SEM/T-SEM, EDX and SAM as a combined methodical approach for morphological and elemental analyses of single engineered nanoparticles N2 - The combination of complementary characterization techniques such as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), T-SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy in Transmission Mode), EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) and SAM (Scanning Auger Microscopy) has been proven to be a powerful and relatively quick characterization strategy for comprehensive morphological and chemical characterization of individual silica and titania nanoparticles. The selected “real life” test materials, silica and titania, are listed in the OECD guidance manual as representative examples because they are often used as commercial nanomaterials. Imaging by high resolution SEM and in the transmission mode by T-SEM allows almost simultaneous surface and in-depth inspection of the same particle using the same instrument. EDX and SAM enable the chemical characterization of bulk and surface of individual nanoparticles. The core–shell properties of silica based materials are addressed as well. Titania nominally coated by silane purchased from an industrial source has been found to be inhomogeneous in terms of chemical composition. KW - surface and in-depth inspection KW - silica nanoparticles KW - titania nanoparticles PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-316296 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra05092d SN - 2046-2069 VL - 4 IS - 91 SP - 49577 EP - 49587 PB - RSC Publishing CY - London AN - OPUS4-31629 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seah, M.P. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Wang, H. A1 - Jordaan, W. A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Dura, J.A. A1 - Moon, D.W. A1 - Totarong, P. A1 - Krumrey, M. A1 - Hauert, R. A1 - Zhiqiang, M. T1 - Ultra-thin SiO2 on Si IX: absolute measurements of the amount of silicon oxide as a thickness of SiO2 on Si N2 - Results from a study conducted between National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) for the measurements of the absolute thicknesses of ultra-thin layers of SiO2 on Si are reported. These results are from a key comparison and associated pilot study under the auspices of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance. ´Amount of substance´ may be expressed in many ways, and here the measurand is the thickness of the silicon oxide layers with nominal thicknesses in the range 1.5-8 nm on Si substrates, expressed as the thickness of SiO2. Separate samples were provided to each institute in containers that limited the carbonaceous contamination to approximately < 0.3 nm. The SiO2 samples were of ultra-thin on (100) and (111) orientated wafers of Si. The measurements from the laboratories which participated in the study were conducted using ellipsometry, neutron reflectivity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or X-ray reflectivity, guided by the protocol developed in an earlier pilot study. A very minor correction was made in the different samples that each laboratory received. Where appropriate, method offset values attributed to the effects of contaminations, from the earlier pilot study, were subtracted. Values for the key comparison reference values (agreed best values from a Consultative Committee study) and their associated uncertainties for these samples are then made from the weighted means and the expanded weighted standard deviations of the means of these data. These results show a dramatic improvement on previous comparisons, leading to 95% uncertainties in the range 0.09-0.27 nm, equivalent to 0.4-1.0 monolayers over the 1.5-8.0 nm nominal thickness range studied. If the sample-to-sample uncertainty is reduced from its maximum estimate to the most likely value, these uncertainties reduce to 0.05-0.25 nm or ~1.4% relative standard uncertainties. The best results achieve ~1% relative standard uncertainty. It is concluded that XPS has now been made fully traceable to the SI, for ultra-thin thermal SiO2 on Si layers, by calibration using wavelength methods in an approach that may be extended to other material systems. KW - Attenuation length KW - Calibration KW - Silicon dioxide KW - Thickness KW - Ultra-thin oxide PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.3045 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - 430 EP - 439 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-19246 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seah, M.P. A1 - Spencer, S.J. A1 - Bensebaa, F. A1 - Vickridge, I. A1 - Danzebrink, H. A1 - Krumrey, M. A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Wendler, E. A1 - Rheinländer, B. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Kojima, I. A1 - Suzuki, N. A1 - Suzuki, M. A1 - Tanuma, S. A1 - Moon, D.W. A1 - Lee, H.J. A1 - Cho, H.M. A1 - Chen, H.Y. A1 - Wee, A. T. S. A1 - Osipowicz, T. A1 - Pan, J.S. A1 - Jordaan, W.A. A1 - Hauert, R. A1 - Klotz, U. A1 - van der Marel, C. A1 - Verheijen, M. A1 - Tamminga, Y. A1 - Jeynes, C. A1 - Bailey, P. A1 - Biswas, S. A1 - Falke, U. A1 - Nguyen, N.V. A1 - Chandler-Horowitz, D. A1 - Ehrstein, J.R. A1 - Muller, D. A1 - Dura, J.A. T1 - Critical review of the current status of thickness measurements for ultrathin SiO2 on Si - Part V: Results of a CCQM pilot study N2 - Results are reported from a pilot study under the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM) to compare measurements of and resolve any relevant measurement issues in, the amount of thermal SiO2 oxide on (100) and (111) orientation Si wafer substrates in the thickness range 1.5 - 8 nm. As a result of the invitation to participate in this activity, 45 sets of measurements have been made in different laboratories using 10 analytical methods: medium-energy ion scattering spectrometry (MEIS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), RBS, elastic backscattering spectrometry (EBS), XPS, SIMS, ellipsometry, grazing-incidence x-ray reflectrometry (GIXRR), neutron reflectometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The measurements are made on separate sets of 10 carefully prepared samples, all of which have been characterised by a combination of ellipsometry and XPS using carefully established reference conditions and reference parameters. The results have been assessed against the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) data and all show excellent linearity. The remaining data sets correlate with the NPL data with average root-mean-square scatters of 0.15 nm, half being better than 0.1 nm and a few at or better than 0.05 nm. Each set of data allows a relative scaling constant and a zero thickness offset to be determined. Each method has an inherent zero thickness offset between 0 nm and 1 nm and it is these offsets, measured here for the first time, that have caused many problems in the past. There are three basic classes of offset: water and carbonadeous contamination equivalent to ~1 nm as seen by ellipsometry; adsorbed oxygen mainly from water at an equivalent thickness of 0.5 nm as seen by MEIS, NRA, RBS and possibly GIXRR; and no offset as seen by XPS using the Si 2p peaks. Each technique has a different uncertainty for the scaling constant and consistent results have been achieved. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy has large uncertainties for the scaling constant but a high precision and, critically, if used correctly, has zero offset. Thus, a combination of XPS and the other methods allows the XPS scaling constant to be determined with low uncertainty, traceable via the other methods. XPS laboratories returning results early were invited to test a new reference procedure. All showed very significant improvements. The reference attenuation lengths thus need scaling by 0.986 ± 0.009 (at an expansion factor of 2) deduced from the data for the other methods. Several other methods have small offsets and, to the extent that these can be shown to be constant or measurable, then these methods will also show low uncertainty. Recommendations are provided for parameters for XPS, MEIS, RBS and NRA to improve their accuracy. KW - Calibration KW - Ellipsometry KW - GIXRR KW - Interlaboratory study KW - MEIS KW - Neutron reflectometry KW - NRA KW - RBS KW - Silicon dioxide KW - SIMS KW - XPS PY - 2004 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.1909 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 36 IS - 9 SP - 1269 EP - 1303 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-5549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Seah, M.P. A1 - Spencer, S.J. A1 - Bensebaa, F. A1 - Vickridge, I. A1 - Danzebrink, H. A1 - Krumrey, M. A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Wendler, E. A1 - Rheinländer, B. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Kojima, I. A1 - Suzuki, N. A1 - Suzuki, M. A1 - Tanuma, S. A1 - Moon, D.W. A1 - Lee, H.J. A1 - Cho, H.M. A1 - Chen, H.Y. A1 - Wee, A. T. S. A1 - Osipowicz, T. A1 - Pan, J.S. A1 - Jordaan, W.A. A1 - Hauert, R. A1 - Klotz, U. A1 - van der Marel, C. A1 - Verheijen, M. A1 - Tamminga, Y. A1 - Jeynes, C. A1 - Bailey, P. A1 - Biswas, S. A1 - Falke, U. A1 - Nguyen, N.V. A1 - Chandler-Horowitz, D. A1 - Ehrstein, J.R. A1 - Muller, D. A1 - Dura, J.A. T1 - Ultra-thin SiO2 on Si, Part V: Results of a CCQM Pilot Study of Thickness Measurements KW - SiO2 KW - Thin films KW - Thickness KW - XPS KW - Ellipsometry KW - TEM PY - 2003 SN - 1473-2734 SP - 57 pages AN - OPUS4-4118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tuaev, X. A1 - Paraknowitsch, J.P. A1 - Illgen, René A1 - Thomas, A. A1 - Strasser, P. T1 - Nitrogen-doped coatings on carbon nanotubes and their stabilizing effect on Pt nanoparticles N2 - A homogeneous coating of nitrogen-doped carbon on carbon nanotubes is performed using ionic liquids. The N-doped material is employed as a support for nanoparticles. Electrochemical degradation behavior is monitored in situ and compared to an unmodified material. The strongly enhanced stability is explained on the basis of a Pt–nitrogen interaction. PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp40760d SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 14 IS - 18 SP - 6444 EP - 6447 PB - The Royal Soc. of Chemistry CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-25787 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hinze, A. A1 - Klages, C.-P. A1 - Zänker, A. A1 - Thomas, M. A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - ToF-SIMS imaging of DBD-plasma-printed microspots on BOPP substrates N2 - Imaging ToF-SIMS has been applied to characterize the surface chemistry variations across small areas produced by a DBD-type plasma printing technique on a BOPP substrate using pure nitrogen and a nitrogen-hydrogen gas mixture. CH4N+ and CNO- secondary ions are detected with high yields remote from the discharge region. They are discussed to be due to surface modifications of the substrate by metastable gas-phase species. On the other hand, surface species exist that are preferentially formed by reactions of the substrate with short-lived species which are only present close to the plasma discharge region. A C3H8O+ secondary fragment ion is assumed to be a key fragment of such a surface species. KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Plasma KW - Polymer KW - Dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) KW - Plasma printing KW - Polymer modification KW - Surface modification KW - Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) imaging PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200700138 SN - 1612-8850 SN - 1612-8869 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - 460 EP - 470 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-19342 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Girard-Lauriault, P.-L. A1 - Dietrich, Paul A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Chemical characterization of the long-term ageing of nitrogen-rich plasma polymer films under various ambient conditions N2 - Nitrogen rich plasma polymer films (L-PPE:N) were prepared by low-pressure RF plasma using a 1:1 mixture of ethylene and ammonia and aged for 345 d in four different ambient conditions: (i) at room temperature (RT) in air; (ii) at RT in nitrogen; (iii) at -20?°C in air and; (iv) at –20 °C in nitrogen. The films were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) at various intervals over the duration of the experiment. The ageing of primary amines, NH2, was followed by chemical derivatization with 4-trifluoromethyl benzaldehyde. Storage at –20 °C, mostly independently of ambient atmosphere, slowed down ageing to almost undetectable levels as evaluated by the analytical methods used for this study. KW - Ageing KW - Plasma polymers KW - Primary amines KW - ToF-SIMS KW - XPS PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201200118 SN - 1612-8850 SN - 1612-8869 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 388 EP - 395 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-28006 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, K.J. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Kim, J.W. A1 - Moon, D.W. A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Schmidt, Dieter A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Jordaan, W. A1 - van Staden, M. A1 - Prins, S. A1 - Zhang, L. A1 - Fujimoto, T. A1 - Song, X.P. A1 - Wang, H. T1 - Inter-laboratory comparison: quantitative surface analysis of thin Fe-Ni alloy films N2 - An international interlaboratory comparison of the measurement capabilities of four National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and one Designated Institute (DI) in the determination of the chemical composition of thin Fe-Ni alloy films was conducted via a key comparison (K-67) of the Surface Analysis Working Group of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance. This comparison was made using XPS (four laboratories) and AES (one laboratory) measurements. The uncertainty budget of the measured chemical composition of a thin alloy film was dominated by the uncertainty of the certified composition of a reference specimen which had been determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using the isotope dilution method. Pilot study P-98 showed that the quantification using relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) of Fe and Ni derived from an alloy reference sample results in much more accurate result in comparison to an approach using RSFs derived from pure Fe and Ni films. The individual expanded uncertainties of the participants in the K-67 comparison were found to be between 2.88 and 3.40 atomic %. The uncertainty of the key comparison reference value (KCRV) calculated from individual standard deviations and a coverage factor (k) of 2 was 1.23 atomic %. KW - Quantification KW - Fe-Ni alloy KW - Uncertainty KW - Key comparison KW - Traceability PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.3795 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 192 EP - 199 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-24505 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wittig, Günther A1 - Thomas, Hans-Martin A1 - Maser, Dieter A1 - Hennig, P. T1 - Application of the pulsed-eddy-current techniques for the inspection of the austenitic cladding in a thermal shock loaded nozzle of a pressure vessel T2 - 6th International Conference on NDE in the Nuclear Industry and Equipment CY - Zürich, Switzerland DA - 1983-11-28 PY - 1984 SN - 0-87170-192-8 SP - 665 EP - 674 PB - American Society for Metals CY - Metals Park, Ohio AN - OPUS4-34232 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Puthiyaveettil, N. A1 - Thomas, K. R. A1 - Myrach, Philipp A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Rajagopal, P. A1 - Balasubramaniamam, K. T1 - Defect detection in steel bars up to 600 °C using laser line thermography N2 - Crack detection in steel bars at high surface temperatures is a critical problem in any manufacturing industry. Surface breaking cracks are the major problems during the billet casting. Many NDT techniques are proven its capability in crack detection at room temperature. Here, we are demonstrating the possibility of exposure of cracks using laser line thermography at higher surface temperatures (up to 600 °C). A continuous-wave (CW) laser is used to excite the sample kept at higher surface temperatures. The temperature distribution over the sample due to the laser line scanning is captured using a temperature calibrated infrared (IR) thermal camera. The response of the sample temperature in crack detection is investigated using a validated FE model. The impact of the oxide layer in crack detection is investigated by using two types of samples; one without any oxide layer and the second is with the oxide layer. The influence of laser power in the detection of defects at high temperatures is studied. 3D numerical models were developed for the cases; when the sample is with oxide layer and without any oxide layer for a better understanding of physics. The surface temperature rise due to laser heating is higher for the scaled sample compared to the no-scale sample. The presence of the oxide layer above the parent metal will reduce the reflectivity of the surface. Lower reflectivity will lead to increased absorption of incident energy so that the surface temperature rise will be higher than the surface with no scale. Thermal contrast linearly depends on laser power, which means higher laser power will increase the defect detectability even at a higher surface temperature. KW - Laser thermography KW - High temperature KW - Modeling KW - Surface cracks KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2020.103565 SN - 1350-4495 VL - 111 SP - 103565 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Spurenbestandteile in frühmittelalterlichem Ägyptisch Blau als Informationsträger N2 - Naturwissenschaftliche Belege für die Verwendung von Ägyptisch Blau, dem klassischen Blaupigment der römischen Antike, an frühmittelalterlichen Wandmalereien in Mittel- und Südeuropa sind bisher nur vereinzelt greifbar. Das hier diskutierte monochrom blaue Fragment einer Freskomalerei auf Tünche gehört zum zweiten Kirchenbau von St. Peter ob Gratsch (Südtirol, Norditalien); zumindest der Putzmörtel ist gemäß Radiocarbondatierung im 5. oder 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr. zu verorten. Das flächendeckende Abrastern der Probenoberfläche mittels Ramanmikrospektroskopie vermochte neben dem farbgebenden Cuprorivait (und Pflanzenschwarz aus der Untermalung) 26 begleitende Mineralien bis in den Spurenbereich nachzuweisen. Diese erstaunliche Vielfalt ist nur durch mikrospektroskopische Bildgebung in hoher Ortsauflösung zugänglich, ein solch vertiefter Einblick in die Mineralogie der zugrundeliegenden Rohstoffe als auch Umwandlungsreaktionen während Herstellung, Applikation und Alterung des künstlichen Blaupigmentes also an die Weiterentwicklung der analytischen Verfahren gebunden. Insbesondere die natürlichen Verunreinigungen des Quarzsandes liefern Indizien auf die Produktionsstätte: die beiden Klinopyroxene Augit und Aegirin deuten beispielsweise auf magmatischen Aktivitäten ausgesetzte Ablagerungen (oder auf vulkanische Aktivität bereits im Liefergebiet). Zusammen mit Diopsid und Feldspaten, einschließlich des seltenen Celsian, sind sie der Literatur zufolge charakteristischer Bestandteil von vom Fluss Volturno in den Golf von Gaeta transportierten carbonathaltigen Sedimenten. Im Verein mit der archäologischen Evidenz für die Erzeugung von Ägyptisch Blau in Cumae und Liternum und den übereinstimmenden Ausführungen der beiden römischen Fachschriftsteller Vitruv und Plinius der Ältere spricht dies für ein Fabrikat aus dem Golf von Pozzuoli. Als Kupferquelle wurde angesichts des Nachweises von Chalkosin (und Chalkopyrit) vermutlich ein sulfidisches Kupfererz nach Rosten zu Kupferoxid eingesetzt, als schmelzpunktsenkendes Flussmittel wohl ein gemischt-alkalisches, das heißt eine Mischung von Natrium- und Kaliumsalzen in Form von Pflanzenasche. Zum Teil mit Cuprorivait verwachsene, nicht gänzlich umgesetzte Quarzkristalle bei nur geringsten Spuren von Silikatglas lassen auf eine überwiegende Festkörperreaktion (Festphasensintern) schließen; das Aufschmelzen der Rohstoffe zu Glas dürfte bei der Pigmentsynthese eher eine untergeordnete Rolle gespielt haben. KW - Ägyptisch Blau KW - Ramanmikrospektroskopie KW - Spektroskopische Bildgebung KW - Cuprorivait KW - Amorpher Kohlenstoff PY - 2021 VL - 34 SP - 109 EP - 122 PB - Wernersche Verlagsgeselltschaft CY - Worms AN - OPUS4-53758 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Trace compounds in Early Medieval Egyptian blue carry information on provenance, manufacture, application, and ageing N2 - Only a few scientific evidences for the use of Egyptian blue in Early Medieval wall paintings in Central and Southern Europe have been reported so far. The monochrome blue fragment discussed here belongs to the second church building of St. Peter above Gratsch (South Tyrol, Northern Italy, fifth/ sixth century A.D.). Beyond cuprorivaite and carbon black (underpainting), 26 accessory minerals down to trace levels were detected by means of Raman microspectroscopy, providing unprecedented insights into the raw materials blend and conversion reactions during preparation, application, and ageing of the pigment. In conjunction with archaeological evidences for the manufacture of Egyptian blue in Cumae and Liternum and the concordant statements of the antique Roman writers Vitruvius and Pliny the Elder, natural impurities of the quartz sand speak for a pigment produced at the northern Phlegrean Fields (Campania, Southern Italy). Chalcocite (and chalcopyrite) suggest the use of a sulphidic copper ore, and water-insoluble salts a mixed-alkaline flux in the form of plant ash. Not fully reacted quartz crystals partly intergrown with cuprorivaite and only minimal traces of silicate glass portend solid-state reactions predominating the chemical reactions during synthesis, while the melting of the raw materials into glass most likely played a negligible role. KW - Egyptian blue KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - Spectoscopic imaging KW - Cuprorivaite KW - Amorphous carbon PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-537591 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90759-6 VL - 11 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Nature Portfolio AN - OPUS4-53759 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Kraft, Ronja A1 - Dariz, P. T1 - Shedding light onto the spectra of lime - Part 2: Raman spectra of Ca and Mg carbonates and the role of d-block element luminescence N2 - We previously described the observation of a characteristic narrowband red luminescence emission of burnt lime (CaO), whose reason was unknown so far. This study presents Raman spectra of Mg5 CO3)4(OH)2∙4H2O, Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2, MgCO3, CaMgCO3 and CaCO3 (in limestone powder) as well as luminescence spectra of their calcination products. Comparison of the latter revealed MgO:Cr3+ as the source of the red lime luminescence in all studied samples, containing magnesium oxide as major component, minor component or trace. Spectral characteristics and theoretical background of the luminescence emission of d-block elements integrated in crystal lattices are discussed with the aim of sharpening the awareness for this effect in the Raman community and promoting its application in materials analysis. The latter is demonstrated by the Raman microspectroscopic imaging of the distributions of both Raman-active and Raman-inactive phases in clinker remnants in a 19th-century meso Portland cement mortar sample, which contain relatively high amounts of free lime detected in the form of both luminescing CaO and Raman-scattering Ca(OH)2, owing to exposure of the surface of the thin section to humid air. A combination of light and Raman spectroscopy revealed a calcium–magnesium–iron sulphide phase, indicating sulphurous raw materials and/or solid fuels employed in the calcination process, which in contrast to previously described morphologies of sulphides in cement clinker form extensive greenish black layers on free lime crystals. KW - Calcium carbonates KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Luminescence KW - Magnesium carbonates KW - Meso Portland cement PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-537611 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.6174 SN - 0377-0486 VL - 52 IS - 8 SP - 1462 EP - 1472 PB - Wiley Analytical Science AN - OPUS4-53761 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Hidde, Julia A1 - Grünier, Sophie A1 - Jungnickel, Robert A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Riedel, Jens A1 - Neuhaus, B. T1 - Ageing effects in mountig media of microscope slide samples from natural history collections: A case study with Canada balsam and Permount™ N2 - Microscope slide collections represent extremely valuable depositories of research material in a natural history, forensic, veterinary, and medical context. Unfortunately, most mounting media of these slides deteriorate over time, with the reason for this not yet understood at all. In this study, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and different types of light microscopy were used to investigate the ageing behaviour of naturally aged slides from museum collections and the experimentally aged media of Canada balsam and Permount™, representing a natural and a synthetic resin, respectively, with both being based on mixtures of various terpenes. Whereas Canada balsam clearly revealed chemical ageing processes, visible as increasing colouration, Permount™ showed physical deterioration recognisable by the increasing number of cracks, which even often impacted a mounted specimen. Noticeable changes to the chemical and physical properties of these mounting media take decades in the case of Canada balsam but just a few years in the case of Permount™. Our results question whether or not Canada balsam should really be regarded as a mounting medium that lasts for centuries, if its increasing degree of polymerisation can lead to a mount which is no longer restorable. KW - Deterioration KW - Microscope slides KW - Mounting media KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - UV–Vis spectroscopy PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-537632 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132112 VL - 13 IS - 13 SP - 1 EP - 27 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-53763 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Wortmann, U. G. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Beautiful Pietàs in South Tyrol (Northern Italy): local or imported works of art? N2 - The study, dedicated to Beautiful Pietàs conserved in South Tyrol (Northern Italy), aims to establish, for the first time, a connection between Austroalpine raw materials and the high-fired gypsum mortars constituting the Gothic figure groups in question. The origin and chronology of this stylistically and qualitatively differing ensemble have been subject of art historical debate for nearly a century. The discourse is dominated by three main hypotheses: itinerary of an Austrian artist versus itinerary of the work of art created in an artist’s workshop in Austria versus itinerary of the stylistic vocabulary via graphical or three-dimensional models. The comparison of the δ34S values and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the gypsum mortars and Austroalpine sulphate deposits (in a compilation of own reference samples and literature data) points to the exploitation of sediments in the Salzkammergut and possibly also in the evaporite district of the Eastern Calcareous Alps, thus evidencing the import of the sculptures and not the activities of local South Tyrolean or itinerant artists. Two geochronological units are distinguishable: The Pietà in the Church St. Martin in Göflan can be assigned to Upper Permian raw material, whereas the metrologically consistent sculptures in the Church of Our Lady of the Benedictine Abbey Marienberg and in the Chapel St. Ann in Mölten correlate with deposits of the Early Triassic (or the Lower-Middle Triassic transition). The medieval gypsum mortars also differ in their mineralogical characteristics, i.e. in their geologically related minor components, as in the first case, characterised by a significant proportion of primary anhydrite, natural carbonate impurities mainly consist of calcite (partly converted to lime-lump-like aggregates), whereas in the second group dolomite (or rather its hydration products after pyrometamorphic decomposition) predominates, accompanied by celestine, quartz and potassium feldspar. The Pietà in the Cathedral Maria Himmelfahrt in Bozen turned out to be made of Breitenbrunn calcareous sandstone (Leitha Mountains, Burgenland, Austria), which is why the sample is not considered in the geochemical analysis. KW - High-fired gypsum mortar KW - Sulphur isotope KW - Strontium isotope KW - Polarised light microscopy KW - Raman microspectroscopy PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545610 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00678-6 SN - 2050-7445 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-54561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Bernhardt, Y. A1 - Csaszar, L. A1 - Dengiz, N. A1 - Fuchs, M. A1 - Gautzsch, T. A1 - Gohlke, Dirk A1 - Hahn-Jose, T. A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Hillger, W. A1 - Hufschläger, Daniel A1 - Ilse, D. A1 - Kiel, M. A1 - Labud, P. A1 - Schubert, F. A1 - Sommerhuber, R. A1 - Szewieczek, A. A1 - Waschkies, T. T1 - Richtlinie zur Charakterisierung von luftgekoppelten Ultraschallwandlern N2 - Zur Charakterisierung von luftgekoppelten Ultraschallwandlern werden mehrere verschiedene Methoden und Verfahren angewendet. Durch die unterschiedlichen Herangehensweisen werden oft unterschiedliche Prüfkopfpara-meter und Schallfeldgrößen ermittelt, was einen direkten Vergleich von Datenblättern erschwert. Für die Charakterisierung von Kontakt- und Tauchtechnikprüfköpfen hat sich ISO 22232-2:2021 bereits etabliert, allerdings ist diese Norm nicht auf die luftgekoppelten Wandlertechnologien direkt übertragbar. Daher erkannten Hersteller, Forschungseinrichtungen und Anwender den Bedarf an einer Richtlinie zur einheitlichen Charakterisierung von luftgekoppelten Wandlern. Gemeinsam arbeiten sie aktuell im Rahmen des Unterausschusses „Luftgekoppelte Ultraschallprüfung“ der DGZfP an der Erstellung einer solcher Richtlinie mit dem Anspruch, die bestehende Normung um die luftgekoppelte Prüfung zu erweitern und somit die Vereinheitlichung der Charakterisierung dieser Wandler zu erleichtern. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über den geplanten Inhalt der Richtlinie und über die Methoden zur akustischen Charakterisierung von luftgekoppelten Ultraschallwandlern gegeben. Insbesondere werden verschiedene Methoden der Ermittlung von wichtigen Wandlerparametern wie z.B. Empfindlichkeit, Mittenfrequenz, Bandbreite, Fokusgröße und Fokusabstand dargestellt und verglichen. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 23.05.2022 KW - Lutgekoppelte Ultraschallprüfung KW - Prüfkopf KW - Charakterisierung KW - Richtlinie PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552918 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-55291 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Thomas, P. T1 - Phase Error Evaluation via Differentiation and Cross-Multiplication Demodulation in Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry N2 - Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (jOTDR) is a technology for distributed vibration sensing, where vibration amplitudes are determined by recovering the phase of the backscattered light. Measurement noise induces phase errors, which degrades sensing performance. The phase errors, using a differentiation and cross-multiplication (DCM) algorithm, are investigated theoretically and experimentally in a jOTDR system based on a phase retrieval configuration consisting of an imbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer (IMZI) and a 3 x 3 coupler. Analysis shows that phase error is highly dependent on the AC component of the obtained signal, essentially being inversely proportional to the product of the power of the light backscattered from two locations. An analytical expression was derived to estimate the phase error and was confirmed by experiment. When applied to the same measurement data, the error is found to be slightly smaller than that obtained using in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) demodulation. The error, however, increases for longer measurement times. KW - Distributed fiber sensing KW - Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry KW - Phase error PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-580501 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/5/514 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050514 SN - 2304-6732 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-58050 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Das, P. A1 - Chakraborty, Gouri A1 - Roeser, J. A1 - Vogl, S. A1 - Rabeah, J. A1 - Thomas, A. T1 - Integrating Bifunctionality and Chemical Stability in Covalent Organic Frameworks via One-Pot Multicomponent Reactions for Solar-Driven H2O2 Production N2 - Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) can be used to introduce different functionalities into highly stable covalent organic frameworks (COFs). In this work, the irreversible three-component Doebner reaction is utilized to synthesize four chemically stable quinoline-4-carboxylic acid DMCR-COFs (DMCR-1−3 and DMCR-1NH) equipped with an acid−base bifunctionality. These DMCR-COFs show superior photocatalytic H2O2 evolution (one of the most important industrial oxidants) compared to the imine COF analogue (Imine-1). This is achieved with sacrificial oxidants but also in pure water and under an oxygen or air atmosphere. Furthermore, the DMCR-COFs show high photostability, durability, and recyclability. MCR-COFs thus provide a viable materials’ platform for solar to chemical energy conversion. KW - Reactions KW - Bifunctionality KW - Postsynthetic modification KW - Multicomponent PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c11454 SN - 0002-7863 VL - 145 IS - 5 SP - 2975 EP - 2984 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-56922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Raman focal point on Roman Egyptian blue elucidates disordered cuprorivaite, green glass phase and trace compounds N2 - The discussed comparative analyses of Roman Imperial pigment balls and fragmentary murals unearthed in the ancient cities of Aventicum and Augusta Raurica (Switzerland) by means of Raman microspectroscopy pertain to a predecessor study on trace compounds in Early Medieval Egyptian blue (St. Peter, Gratsch, South Tyrol, Northern Italy). The plethora of newly detected associated minerals of the raw materials surviving the synthesis procedure validate the use of quartz sand matching the composition of sediments transported by the Volturno river into the Gulf of Gaeta (Campania, Southern Italy) with a roasted sulphidic copper ore and a mixed-alkaline plant ash as fluxing agent. Thus, the results corroborate a monopolised pigment production site located in the northern Phlegrean Fields persisting over the first centuries A.D., this in line with statements of the antique Roman writers Vitruvius and Pliny the Elder and recent archaeological evidences. Beyond that, Raman spectra reveal through gradual peak shifts and changes of band width locally divergent process conditions and compositional inhomogeneities provoking crystal lattice disorder in the chromophoric cuprorivaite as well as the formation of a copper-bearing green glass phase, the latter probably in dependency of the concentration of alkali flux, notwithstanding that otherwise solid-state reactions predominate the synthesis. KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - Egyptian blue KW - Cuprorivaite PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559028 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19923-w SN - 2045-2322 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-55902 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bernhardt, Y. A1 - Császár, L. A1 - Dengiz, N. A1 - Fuchs, M. A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Gautzsch, T. A1 - Gohlke, Dirk A1 - Hahn-Jose, T. A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Hillger, W. A1 - Hufschläger, Daniel A1 - Ilse, D. A1 - Kiel, M. A1 - Kornely, M. A1 - Labud, P. A. A1 - Marhenke, T. A1 - Schubert, F. A1 - Sommerhuber, R. A1 - Steinhausen, R. A1 - Szewieczek, A. A1 - Wachter, L. A1 - Waschkies, T. T1 - Characterization and verification of air-coupled ultrasonic probes N2 - This guideline was drafted following and complementing the norm ISO 22232-2:2020(E) to include air-coupled ultrasonic transducers. This document specifies the characteristics of probes used for non-destructive air-coupled ultrasonic testing with center frequencies above 20 kHz, with focusing or without focusing means. KW - Air-coupled ultrasound KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - Guideline KW - Probe KW - Characterization PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-947971-26-8 VL - Guideline US 08 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin ET - Edition September 2022 AN - OPUS4-56228 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Dariz, P. T1 - Chemical imaging of historical mortars by Raman microscopy N2 - Raman microspectroscopic imaging was just recently introduced into the analysis of cement stone. Here, we demonstrate this approach on 19th-century Roman and Portland cement mortars and extend it to gypsum-based samples originating from a medieval stucco sculpture (high-burnt gypsum) and a stucco ornament prefabricated at the beginning of the 20th century (plaster of Paris). Furthermore, the distributions of dolomite and Calcite were mapped in an accessory mineral grain with approx. 500 nm lateral Resolution demonstrating the ability for studying alteration processes such as dedolomitisation. As we would like to make this approach accessible to other researchers, we discuss its present status, advantages, limitations and pitfalls. KW - Raman microscopy KW - Chemical imaging KW - Cement clinker KW - Gypsum KW - Dedolomite PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.153 SN - 0950-0618 VL - 114 SP - 506 EP - 516 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Oxford, UK AN - OPUS4-36661 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Granulierte Hochofenschlacke als Mörtelzuschlag im 19. Jahrhundert in der Schweiz N2 - Als schweizweit einziger Hersteller produzierte die Gesellschaft der Ludwig von Roll'schen Eisenwerke seit den 1870er Jahren granulierte Hochofenschlacke. Im Blashochofen von Choindez im Schweizer Jura wird bis Mitte der 1920er Jahre Bohnerz aus dem Delsberger Becken, das kontemporär publizierten Analysen zufolge als Spuren- bzw. Schwermetalle Titan, Chrom, Blei und Vanadium enthält, zu grauem Roheisen verhüttet. In zementgebundenen Mörtelmischungen des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts aus verschiedenen Regionen der Schweiz finden sich neben reliktischen Hüttensandsplittern vereinzelt bis zu fünfhundert Mikrometer große scharze Kugeln mit grünlichem Schimmer, wohl nicht gemahlener Schlackensand. Deren mittels Ramanmikroskopie (Phasenbestand) und energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie am Rasterelektronenmikroskop (Elementanalytik) ermittelte Mineralogie ergibt in Form von Plattnerit PbO2, Rutil TiO2 und vermitlich Chromit Fe(II)Cr2O4 bzw. Nichromit (Ni,Co,Fe(II))(Cr,Fe(III),Al)2)4 Übereinstimmungen mit den nur die Elementzusammensetzung berücksichtigenden historischen Resultaten. Ebenfalls im Zusammenhang mit dem das Bohnerz begleitenden Boluston samt Huppererde zu sehen sind die Minerale Coelestin SrSO4 und Zirkon ZrSiO4, des Weiteren der Siliciumcarbidpolymorph Moissanit SiC als Reaktionsprodukt von Quarzsand und Brennstoff. Die Kohärenz zwischen um die Jahrhundertwende durchgeführten Analysen von Rohmaterial als auch Ofenbruch aus dem in Choindez betriebenen Hochofen und den in diesem Beitrag diskutierten Resultaten moderner analytischer Methoden spricht für den Gebrauch von granulierter Schlacke aus dem Hause Ludwig von Roll als Mörtelzuschlag. Die Hüttensandkörner, eigentlich latent hydraulisch, sind aufgrund der fehlenden Aufbereitung zu grob für eine effektive Hydratation und deshalb trotz reaktiver Glasphase und Klinkermineralien (Belit Ca2SiO4 und Monocalciumaluminat CaAl2O4) intakt in der Bindemittelmatrix erhalten. N2 - From the 1870s the Ludwig von Roll ironworks produced granulated blast furnace slag in Choindez (Jura, Switzerland) as a by-product of the smelting of bean ore excavated until 1926 in the Delsberg Basin. According to historical analyses, this iron ore deposit contais heavy and trace metals such as titanium, chromium, lead and vanadium. In mortar samples from different regions of Switzerland originating from the 19th and early 20th centuries, residues of granulated blast furnace slag are observable as angular glassy particles in the binder matrix. In addition, black spherical grains with greenish lustre (up to 500 micrometres in diameter), probably not ground granulated blast furnace slag, can be distinguished sporadically in thin sections. Raman microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) measurements have revealed, inter alia, the presence of the crystalline components plattnerite PbO2, rutile TiO2 and presumably chromite Fe(II)Cr2O4 or nichromite (Ni,Co,Fe(II))(Cr,Fe(III),Al)2O4. These findings are consistent with historical analyses, which were restricted to the determination of the elemental (not phase) composition of the raw material processed by the Ludwig von Roll ironworks. Furthermore the minerals celestine SrSO4 and zircon ZrSiO4 can be linked to bean ore and bole from Delsberg, and likewise the silicon carbide moissanite SiC, which is a reaction product of quartz sand and coke. The coherence if the results of historical chemical analyses and of modern microscopic imaging and spectroscopy methods described here pinpoints the Ludwig von Roll ironworks as the most probable supplier of the granulated blast furnace slag that was added to the mortars under investigation. The unreacted remnants exhibit defined boundaries; no hydration rims are observable despite the glassy nature of the latent hydraulic aggregate, which contains cement clinker minerals (belite and calcium aluminate) as crystalline components. Not finely ground, the spheroids are too coarse for an effective hydration reaction and act as inert filler. KW - Granulierte Hochofenschlacke KW - Raman Mikroskopie KW - REM-EDX KW - Granulated blast furnace slag KW - Raman microscopy KW - SEM-EDX PY - 2015 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 293 EP - 304 PB - Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH CY - Worms AN - OPUS4-36651 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Álvarez-García, J. A1 - Izquierdo-Roca, V. A1 - Pistor, P. A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Pérez-Rodríguez, A. ED - Abou-Ras, D. ED - Kirchartz, T. ED - Rau, U. T1 - Raman spectroscopy on thin films for solar cells N2 - In the present chapter, the capabilities of Raman spectroscopy for the advanced characterisation of thin films for solar cells are reviewed. Raman spectroscopy is an optical, nondestructive technique based on the inelastic scattering of photons with elemental vibrational excitations in the material. The line shape and position of the Raman bands are determined by the crystalline structure and chemical composition of the measured samples, being sensitive to the presence of crystalline defects, impurities and strain. Presence of peaks characteristic of different phases also allows for the identification of secondary phases that are strongly related to the growth and process conditions of the films. All these aspects account for a strong interest in the analysis of the Raman spectra, providing a powerful nondestructive analytical tool for the structural and chemical assessment of the films. In addition, the combination of a Raman spectrometer with an optical microscope also allows for achieving a high spatial resolutions (of below 1 µm) when mapping surfaces and analyzing depth-resolved phase distributions in thin films. The present chapter is divided into four main sections: The two first ones are devoted to a revision of the Fundamentals of Raman spectroscopy (Section 17.2) and Vibrational modes in crystalline materials (Section 17.3). Section 17.4 deals with the main experimental considerations involved in the design and implementation of a Raman scattering setup. This is followed by a detailed description of the application of Raman scattering for the structural and chemico-physical analysis of thin film photovoltaic materials (Section 17.5), with the identification of crystalline structure and secondary phases, evaluation of film crystallinity, analysis of chemical composition of semiconductor alloys, characterisation of nanocrystalline and amorphous layers, stress effects and crystal orientations. This includes the description of corresponding state of the art and recent case examples that illustrate the capabilities of the Raman technique for the advanced characterisation of layers and process monitoring in thin-film photovoltaic technologies. KW - Thin-film solar cells KW - Polycrystalline materials KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Raman microscopy PY - 2016 UR - http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-3527339922.html SN - 978-3-527-33992-1 SP - 469 EP - 499 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Oxford, UK AN - OPUS4-37451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Jakob, C. A1 - Ectors, D. A1 - Neubauer, J. A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Measuring the Burning Temperatures of Anhydrite Micrograins in a High-Fired Medieval Gypsum Mortar N2 - Typical feature of high-fired medieval gypsum mortars is a compact microstructure of squat gypsum crystals containing firing products as remains of the calcination process. So far, the burning history of the binder is estimated based on morphological characteristics of the latter. A novel Raman microspectroscopy approach provides access to the calcination temperatures of individual anhydrite grains based on quantifiable spectroscopic changes appearing due to gradual variations of crystallinity, as independently confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of anhydrites synthesised at temperatures between 500°C and 900°C. The approach was successfully applied to the high-fired gypsum mortar of a South Tyrolean stucco sculpture of a pieta dated around 1420. Microparticles of burned anhydrite II with firing temperatures scattered around 650°C and clusters of thermally damaged natural anhydrite II crystals from the raw material were identified and imaged. KW - Analytical methods KW - Gypsum technology KW - High-fired gypsum mortar KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - Thermal anhydrite PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201701260 VL - 2 IS - 28 SP - 9153 EP - 9156 PB - Wiley VCH Verlag AN - OPUS4-42458 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Temperaturindikatoren in mittelalterlichen Hochbrandgipsen: Eine Ramanmikrospektroskopische Studie N2 - Infolge der beschränkten Kontrollmöglichkeiten über die in einem Meiler oder Feldofen herrschenden Parameter konstituiert mittelalterliche Hochbrandgipse ein Gemisch aus verschiedenen Anhydritstufen. Basierend auf modernen Versuchsbränden dienen in der gealterten Gipsmatrix nicht oder nur teilweise hydratisiert erhaltene Brenngutkörner üblicherweise anhand der morphologischen Eigenschaften der Anhydritkristalle der groben Einschätzung der zumindest lokal im Ofen bzw. im stückigen Brenngut erreichten Temperaturwerte. Die bildgebende Ramanmikroskopie ermöglicht die kornspezifische Bestimmung der Hitzeeinwirkung über den Grad der sich im Ramanspektrum abbildenden thermischen Beeinträchtigung der Thermoanhydritphasen, als auch deren Unterscheidung von primärem Anhydrit aus der Gipslagerstätte, da diesen eine höhere Kristallinität kennzeichnet. Hier beispielhaft diskutierte Ramananalysen an zwei reliktischen Brenngutkörnern lassen auf Brenntemperaturen von 650°C bzw. 800°C schließen. Pyrometamorphe Phasenneubildungen der natürlichen Verunreinigungen des Rohgipses liefern aufgrund ihres Bildungs- und Stabilitätsbereiches zusätzliche Hinweise. Im Beitrag erörtert werden die an die Dehydratation von magnesiumreichem Chlorit korrelierte Genese von Forsterit sowie die Zersetzung von Dolomit zu Calcit und Periklas, welcher beim Anmachen des Mörtels zu Brucit gelöscht wird und im Laufe der Zeit in der Gipsmatrix zu Magnesit carbonatisiert; beide pyrometamorphen Reaktionen erfordern Temperaturen von über 800°C. KW - Ramanmikrospektroskopie KW - Mineralthermometer KW - Gips PY - 2018 SN - 0931-7198 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 78 PB - Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH CY - Worms AN - OPUS4-47041 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Poppenberg, J. A1 - Richter, S. A1 - Traulsen, Ch. H.-H. A1 - Darlatt, Erik A1 - Baytekin, B. A1 - Heinrich, Thomas A1 - Deutinger, P. M. A1 - Huth, K. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Schalley, Ch. T1 - Programmable multilayers of nanometer-sized macrocycles on solid support and stimuli-controlled on-surface pseudorotaxane formation N2 - Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) such as rotaxanes and catenanes are capable of mechanical motion on the nanoscale and are therefore promising prototypes for molecular machines in recent nanotechnology. However, most of the existing examples are isotropically distributed in solution, which prohibits concerted movement and with it the generation of macroscopic effects. Thus, arranging them in ordered arrays is of huge interest in recent research. We report the deposition of quite densely packed multilayers of tetralactam macrocycles on gold surfaces by metal-coordinated layer-by-layer self-assembly. Linear dichroism effects in angle-resolved NEXAFS spectra indicate a preferential orientation of the macrocycles. The sequence of the metal ions can be programmed by the use of different transition metal ions at each deposition step. Additionally, reversible on-surface pseudorotaxane formation was successfully realized by repeated uptake and release of axle molecules inside the macrocycles cavities. KW - NEXAFS KW - XPS KW - Supramolecular Chemistry KW - Multilayers KW - Pyridine KW - UV/Vis KW - Macrocycles KW - Pseudorotaxanes PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sc50558h VL - 4 IS - 8 SP - 3131 EP - 3139 AN - OPUS4-42668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Genga, R. M. A1 - Glaser, D. A1 - Rokebrand, P. A1 - Cornish, L. A. A1 - Woydt, M. A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Janse van Vuuren, A. A1 - Polese, C. ED - von Leipzig, K. ED - Sacks, N. ED - McClelland, M. T1 - Laser shock peening: A NbC based cermet enhancement alternative for improved GCI interrupted face-milling N2 - Attempts were made to improve the properties and machining performance of NbC based cermet cutting inserts for face milling of grey cast iron (GCI) (BS 1452/GG35) by spark plasma sintering (SPS), use of sub-stoichiometric NbC (NbC₀ˏ₈₈), Cr₃C₂ and Mo₂C additives and laser shock peening (LSP). The microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness and Young’s modulus of WC–Co, NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Co and NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Ni cermet-based inserts were investigated for machining performance. Additions of Mo₂C and manufacture by SPS significantly refined the NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Ni/Co cermet’s carbide grain size from ~5.0 μm to <0.9 μm, which increased the hardness (by ~4GPa) and wear resistance. Laser shock peening (LSP) improved the fracture toughness of all the inserts, from 10% (in the SPS WC based in cermets) to ~100% (in the LPS NbC based cermets). Uncoated cutting inserts were manufactured from the sintered cermets in an SNMA (double sided square insert without a chipformer on the cutting edge) shape (12.7 × 12.7 × 4.3 mm³, 1.6 mm nose radius). The inserts were used for interrupted face-milling of GCI at cutting speeds (ν˛) ranging from 100 m/minute (400 rpm)–500 m/minute (2000 rpm) and depths of cut (ɑₚ) of 0.2–1.0 mm. The insert wear was measured after every pass and analyzed by annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM). Cutting temperatures were measured with a high-speed thermal camera and forces were measured using a Kistler dynamometer. During machining at ν˛ = 200 m/minute and ɑₚ = 1.0 mm, WC–Co inserts had the lowest flank wear rate (FWR), although LSP significantly improved the tool life of the NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Ni inserts, significantly reducing the FWR from 148.63 μm/minute to 99.79 μm/minute (by ~33%) and the average resultant force from 1257 ± 15 N to 535 ± 15 N. During machining at ν˛ = 500 m/minute and ɑₚ = 0.2 mm, LSP significantly lowered the FWRs of the NbC₀ˏ₈₈ inserts, giving better tool life than all the WC based inserts. Generally, LSP improved the NbC₀ˏ₈₈ inserts’ tool life, reducing the flank wear rate by up to 33% during roughing and 63% during finishing. T2 - 8th International Conference on Competitive Manufacturing (COMA ’22) CY - Stellenbosch, South Africa DA - 09.03.2022 KW - Niobium carbide KW - Laser shock peening KW - Face milling KW - Tool wear PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-15602-1 SN - 978-3-031-15601-4 SN - 978-3-031-15604-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15602-1_62 SN - 2194-0525 SN - 2194-0533 N1 - Serientitel: Lecture notes in production engineering – Series title: Lecture notes in production engineering SP - 871 EP - 889 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-62689 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Christensen, J. B. A1 - Jørgensen, A. A. A1 - Vandborg, M. H. A1 - Thomas, P. J. A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Failleau, G. A1 - Eisermann, R. A1 - Grüner-Nielsen, L. A1 - Balslev-Harder, D. A1 - Lassen, M. A1 - Krenek, S. T1 - Fiber-artefact methodology and calibration framework for Brillouin-based fiber sensing N2 - We propose, and demonstrate, the use of a fiber-optical measurement artefact as a metrological tool for traceable distance calibration of distributed optical fiber sensors. The constructed fiber artefact consists of a lead-in fiber coupled to a fiber loop using a 3-dB coupler and is used to calibrate both a home-build Brillouin-OTDR setup and a custom version of a commercial Brillouin-OTDR interrogator build for distributed temperature sensing. For both interrogators, we demonstrate distance calibrations with 1-meter uncertainty (k=1) in the offset length and 0.1 % (1 m/km) uncertainty (k = 1) in the distance scale factor. In addition, it is shown that the fiber artefact can be used to assess undesired distance-dependent measurement biases. KW - Distributed temperature sensing KW - Metrology KW - Distributed optical fiber sensing KW - Brillouin optical time-domain reflectrometry PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618853 DO - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.544659 SN - 1094-4087 VL - 32 IS - 26 SP - 45483 EP - 45493 PB - Optica Publishing Group AN - OPUS4-61885 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Dariz, P. T1 - Shedding light onto the spectra of lime: Raman and luminescence bands of CaO, Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 N2 - In microscopy studies of 19th-century cement stone, we found free lime in the form of darkened spherical structures, as they were described in the literature already. When trying to determine their phase composition by Raman spectroscopy, we encountered contradictive assignments in literature spectra of the lime phases CaO, Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 and observed strong spectral features that have been ignored or erroneously assigned so far. In this study we present Raman spectra of pure lime phases and of a naturally grown calcite crystal, burnt limestone (quick lime, mainly CaO), aged slaked lime putty (mainly Ca(OH)2), and carbonated lime putty (mainly CaCO3). Based on the results, we shed light mainly onto these two questions: (1) Does CaO have a Raman spectrum? (2) Which features in the spectra are luminescence bands that could be (and already have been) misinterpreted as Raman bands? We proof our assignment of luminescence bands in lime phases by using three different laser wavelengths for excitation, and give hypotheses on the origin of the luminescence as well as practical advices on how to identify these misleading features in Raman spectra. This article is mainly addressed to users of Raman spectroscopy in different fields of material analysis who might not be aware of the presence of interfering bands in their spectra. KW - (Free) lime KW - Lime cycle KW - Lime phases KW - Calcium compounds KW - Luminescence PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.4622 SN - 0377-0486 SN - 1097-4555 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 141 EP - 146 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-32559 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Ferruginous phases in 19th century lime and cement mortars: A Raman microspectroscopic study N2 - Raman microscopic imaging was just recently introduced into the analysis of residual Roman and Portland cement grains in 19th century cement stone, displaying evidence of the experimental adaptation of contemporary technological knowledge and practice to local circumstance. Beyond calcium ferrites, this study deals with ferruginous clinker phases that are atypical compared to present-day commercial conditions of manufacture, such as iron oxides, clinopyroxenes or pyroxenoids. Analog, microtexture, mineralogy and chemical composition of pulverized ferrosilicate slag used in the course of the 19th century as mineral additive in lime mortar reflect local resource utilization, recording the melting history within the furnace and the effectiveness of the reduction process of a single smelting event. In the case of the discussed example, chemical imaging by Raman microscopy allowed deducing a lime-rich, low-silica melt exposed to fairly reducing conditions because of the detection of the pyrometallurgic phases fayalite (Fe2SiO4), kirschsteinite (CaFeSiO4) and calcioolivine (Ca2SiO4) in zoned olivine laths and (with the melilite gehlenite, Ca2Al2SiO7) in the Interstitial matrix, cross-cut by dendritic wuestite (FeO). The presented analytical approach faces the high spatial complexity of such mortar samples by microspectroscopic imaging with micrometer lateral resolution and their chemical complexity by extracting the rich chemical information content from Raman spectra. Intensity maps of marker bands provide spatial phase distributions. Furthermore, maps of peak positions can give access to the dissemination of spectroscopically similar phases of solid solution series (e.g., olivine and calcium Aluminate ferrite) as well as varying amounts of incorporated foreign cations (e.g., in hematite). KW - Residual cement grains KW - Ferrite KW - Iron oxide KW - Slag KW - Olivine KW - Raman microspectroscopy PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.04.009 SN - 1044-5803 SN - 1873-4189 VL - 129 SP - 9 EP - 17 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-40039 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Neubauer, J. A1 - Goetz-Neunhoeffer, F. A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Calcium aluminates in clinker remnants as marker phases for various types of 19th-century cement studied by Raman microspectroscopy N2 - In the second half of the 19th century, Roman and Portland cements played an essential role as active hydraulic binder material in building construction and façade ornamentation. Size and heterogeneous phase assemblage of unhydrated cement clinker remnants in historical cement stone differ significantly from those of remnants occurring in modern Portland cement clinker burnt in rotary kilns due to limitations of the production technology available in the 19th century (e.g., comminution and homogeneity of the feedstock, burning temperature and regime in the intermittently operated shaft kilns, grinding machinery). In the common analytical approach, thin sections and fracture surfaces of historical Roman and Portland cement mortars are characterised regarding their mineralogical composition and microstructure using optical and electron microscopic imaging techniques. Raman microspectroscopy can be additionally employed for petrographic examination, overcoming some limitations of the methods used so far. The determination of the phase content of residual cement clinker grains in the hydrated matrix allows for the differentiation of Roman and Portland cement binders. As marker phases, we propose the calcium aluminates CA, C12A7, C2AS and C3A – besides the commonly used calcium silicates C2S and C3S – because of their different formation temperatures and stability fields. This study focuses on the identification of different calcium aluminate and aluminoferrite phases in clinker remnants in samples of cast ornaments of three buildings in Switzerland raised between 1875 and 1893; the obtained Raman spectra are compared with fingerprint spectra of the corresponding pure, synthesised clinker phases collected with the same instrument for an unambiguous data interpretation. In addition to these phases, mainly minerals showing no hydraulic activity, such as, wollastonite CS, rankinite C3S2, free lime, portlandite, iron oxides, garnets, augite, albite and feldspathoids have been identified in the sampled historical cement stones by Raman microspectroscopy. As there is a strong relationship between coexisting clinker phases and the chemical composition of the raw meal as well as the burning and cooling history during clinkering, the results can help in understanding the physical and mechanical characteristics of historical cement mortars. This knowledge is fundamental for the choice and the formulation of appropriate repair materials with tailored properties employed in the field of restoration and preservation of the architectural heritage of the 19th and early 20th centuries. KW - Roman cement KW - Meso Portland cement KW - Portland cement KW - Clinker relicts KW - Raman microspectroscopy PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2577 SN - 0935-1221 SN - 1617-4011 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 907 EP - 914 AN - OPUS4-39046 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Rohrer, P. A1 - Saur, W. A1 - Erdmann, J. A1 - Gorsler, H.-V. ED - Mittal, K. L. T1 - The improvement in adhesion of polyurethane-polypropylene composites by short-time exposure of polypropylene to low and atmospheric pressure plasmas KW - Polyurethane-polypropylene adhesion KW - Low pressure plasma pretreatment KW - Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment KW - Short-time exposure KW - Relevance of functional groups to adhesion KW - Molecular orientation at polymer surfaces PY - 1996 SN - 90-6764-201-0 SP - 49 EP - 72 PB - VSP CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-7007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Rohrer, P. A1 - Saur, W. A1 - Erdmann, J. A1 - Gorsler, H.-V. T1 - The improvement in adhesion of polyurethane-polypropylene composites by short-time exposure of polypropylene to low and atmospheric pressure plasmas KW - Polyurethane-polypropylene adhesion KW - Low pressure plasma pretreatment KW - Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment KW - Short-time exposure KW - Relevance of functional groups to adhesion KW - Molecular orientation at polymer surfaces PY - 1995 SN - 0169-4243 SN - 1568-5616 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 575 EP - 598 PB - VNU Science Press CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-7010 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Almagro, J.-F. A1 - Busch, P. A1 - Gohil, D. D. A1 - Saunders, S. R. J. A1 - Sloof, W. G. A1 - Thiot, J.-F. A1 - Schneider, H. A1 - Whitwood, M. A1 - Wirth, Thomas T1 - Electron-Probe MICROanalysis of LighT Elements - Measurement Methods and Certified Reference Materials (MICROLITE) PY - 2000 IS - 266 SP - 1 EP - 35 PB - National Physical Laboratory CY - Teddington, Middlesex AN - OPUS4-6843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kuhmann, J. A1 - Harde, P. A1 - Pech, O. A1 - Pittroff, W. A1 - Preuß, A. A1 - Adolphi, B. A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Österle, Werner ED - Reichl, H. T1 - Fluxless flip-chip bonding for the photonic assembly - comparison between evaporated SnPb (60/40) and AuSn (80/20) solder T2 - 5th International Conference on Micro-Electro-, -Opto-, -Mechanical Systems and Components CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 1996-09-17 PY - 1996 SN - 3-8007-2200-3 VL - 5 SP - 91 EP - 97 PB - VDE-Verl. CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-2544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abou-Ras, D. A1 - Caballero, R. A1 - Fischer, C.-H. A1 - Kaufmann, C.A. A1 - Lauermann, I. A1 - Mainz, R. A1 - Mönig, H. A1 - Schöpke, A. A1 - Stephan, C. A1 - Streeck, C. A1 - Schorr, S. A1 - Eicke, A. A1 - Döbeli, M. A1 - Gade, B. A1 - Hinrichs, J. A1 - Nunney, T. A1 - Dijkstra, H. A1 - Hoffmann, V. A1 - Klemm, D. A1 - Efimova, V. A1 - Bergmaier, A. A1 - Dollinger, G. A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Rockett, A.A. A1 - Perez-Rodriguez, A. A1 - Alvarez-Garcia, J. A1 - Izquierdo-Roca, V. A1 - Schmid, T. A1 - Choi, P.-P. A1 - Müller, M. A1 - Bertram, F. A1 - Christen, J. A1 - Khatri, H. A1 - Collins, R.W. A1 - Marsillac, S. A1 - Kötschau, I. T1 - Comprehensive comparison of various techniques for the analysis of elemental distributions in thin films N2 - The present work shows results on elemental distribution analyses in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films for solar cells performed by use of wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in a scanning electron microscope, EDX in a transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron, angle-dependent soft X-ray emission, secondary ion-mass (SIMS), time-of-flight SIMS, sputtered neutral mass, glow-discharge optical emission and glow-discharge mass, Auger electron, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, by use of scanning Auger electron microscopy, Raman depth profiling, and Raman mapping, as well as by use of elastic recoil detection analysis, grazing-incidence X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction, and grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films used for the present comparison were produced during the same identical deposition run and exhibit thicknesses of about 2 µm. The analysis techniques were compared with respect to their spatial and depth resolutions, measuring speeds, availabilities, and detection limits. KW - Elemental distributions KW - Comparison KW - Depth profiling KW - Chemical mapping KW - Thin films KW - Solar cells KW - Chalcopyrite-type KW - Cu(In,Ga)Se2 PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927611000523 SN - 1431-9276 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 728 EP - 751 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-24506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hieronymus, Hartmut A1 - Kasch, Thomas A1 - Fomin, P. A1 - Trotsyuk, A. ED - Doerffer, P. T1 - Modeling of film and surface detonations T2 - 5th International Symposium on Experimental and Computational Aerothermodynamics of Internal Flows ; 5th ISAIF CY - Gdansk, Poland DA - 2001-09-04 PY - 2001 SN - 83-88237-35-7 VL - 2 SP - 935 EP - 943 PB - IFFM Publ. CY - Gda´ nsk AN - OPUS4-1157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stadthaus, Meinhard A1 - Thomas, Hans-Martin A1 - Migoun, N. A1 - Porkhorenko, P. A1 - Gnusin, A. ED - Thompson, D. T1 - On the Reliability of the Quantitative Evaluation of Penetrant Systems Quality N2 - The market of the penetrant systems is increasing every year. A sensitivity of the penetrant systems is one of the main criteria for a customer. Therefore the importance of reliable result of the determination of penetrant systems sensitivity is increasing as well. It was established in our experiments that repeating the procedure of type testing in accordance with ISO EN 3452-2, in many cases one can obtain rather variable results for the sensitivity level. The goal of our investigations was to establish the principal factors, influencing upon the result of penetrant system type testing. Our results show that the values of the duration of such penetrant inspection technological stages as penetrant and developer applications may be considerably lower than the values recommended by ISO EN 3452-2 for the type testing. At the same time the character of the procedure's realisation of excess penetrant removal and developer application strongly influences upon the type testing results. Some recommendations for obtaining more reliable results of the determination of penetrant system sensitivity are worked out and proposed. ©2002 American Institute of Physics. T2 - 28th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Brunswick, ME, USA DA - 2001-07-29 PY - 2001 SN - 0-7354-0061-X DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1473037 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 615 SP - 1991 EP - 1996 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-1531 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller-Rochholz, J. A1 - Bronstein, Z. A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Rybak, Thomas A1 - Zeynalov, Eldar A1 - v. Maubeuge, K. P. ED - Delmas, P. T1 - Long-term behaviour of geosynthetic drains - excavations on landfills after up to 12 years service T2 - 7th International Conference on Geosynthetics (ICG) CY - Nice, France DA - 2002-09-22 PY - 2002 SN - 90-5809-525-8 VL - 2 SP - 565 EP - 568 PB - Balkema CY - Lisse AN - OPUS4-1902 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Dariz, P. T1 - Editorial for the special issue "Modern Raman spectroscopy of minerals" N2 - Raman spectroscopy provides vibrational fingerprints of chemical compounds enabling their unambiguous identification. The assignment of Raman spectra to minerals is straightforward, if appropriate reference data is accessible. Modern couplings of Raman spectroscopy with microscopy (Raman microspectroscopy) merge the high structural specificity with down to sub-micrometre spatial resolution. This analytical tool has high potential not only in the identification of minerals from natural sources but also for studying the complex microstructure and mineral distribution of both ancient and modern man-made materials. In addition to the chemical identity of minerals, Raman spectra are affected by crystal orientations (varying relative Raman band intensities); (sub)stoichiometric compositional changes (e.g., in solid solution series), traces of foreign ions, strain (the latter three shifting Raman bands); and crystallinity (changing Raman band widths), enabling a comprehensive physico-chemical characterisation of minerals. Thus, Raman spectroscopy – including its in situ measurement capabilities – provides possibilities to study mineral paragenesis in both, natural and man-made samples at the micrometre scale. While in 1928 the first experimental evidence for inelastic light scattering was provided by C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan by using sunlight for excitation, filters for selecting the inelastically scattered light, and their eyes for detection (later, photographic plates for acquisition of spectra were employed), modern Raman spectrometers make use of laser excitation, dispersive spectrographs and charge coupled device (CCD) detection. This Special Issue includes technological developments and applications in the field of modern Raman spectroscopy of minerals in a broad sense, from natural mineral deposits and archaeological objects to inorganic phases in man-made materials. The studied minerals include fossil resins, typical rock-forming minerals (calcite, quartz, forsterite), iron-sulphur species (e.g., mackinawite), a range of sulphates (gypsum, bassanite, anhydrite III, anhydrite II, celestine, barite, ternesite), as well as silicate minerals like garnets (e.g., almandine). KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - Mineral identification KW - Physico-chemical characterisation of minerals KW - Mineral paragenesis PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515041 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100860 VL - 10 SP - 860 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51504 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Jungnickel, Robert A1 - Dariz, P. T1 - Insights into the CaSO4–H2O System: A Raman-Spectroscopic Study N2 - Even though being the subject of natural scientific research for many decades, the system CaSO4–H2O, consisting of the five crystalline phases gypsum, bassanite, and the anhydrites III, II, and I, has left many open questions for research. Raman spectroscopy was used because of its structural sensitivity and in situ measurement capability to obtain further insight by studying phase transitions in both ex situ and in situ experiments. The findings include significant contributions to the completeness and understanding of Raman spectroscopic data of the system. The dehydration path gypsum–bassanite–anhydrite III was shown to have strong parallels to a physical drying process, which depends on many parameters beyond the burning temperature. Raman band width determination was demonstrated to enable the quantitative discrimination of α-bassanite and β-bassanite as well as the postulated three sub-forms of anhydrite II (AII), which are all based on differences in crystallinity. In the latter case, the observed continuous structural variations over increasing burning temperatures were elucidated as a combination of decreasing surface areas and healing of crystal lattice defects. We propose an only two-fold sub-division of AII into reactive “disordered AII” and much less reactive “crystalline AII” with a transition temperature of 650°C ± 50 K. KW - Gypsum KW - Bassanite KW - Hemihydrate KW - Anhydrite KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506701 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/min10020115 SN - 2075-163X VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 115, 35 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50670 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Demidov, Alexandr A1 - Eschlböck-Fuchs, S. A1 - Kazakov, Alexander Ya. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Kolmhofer, P. J. A1 - Pedarnig, J. D. A1 - Huber, N. A1 - Heitz, J. A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Rössler, R. A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Monte Carlo standardless approach for laser induced breakdown spectroscopy based on massive parallel graphic processing unit computing N2 - The improved Monte-Carlo (MC) method for standard-less analysis in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is presented. Concentrations in MC LIBS are found by fitting model-generated synthetic spectra to experimental spectra. The current version of MC LIBS is based on the graphic processing unit (GPU) computation and reduces the analysis time down to several seconds per spectrum/sample. The previous version of MC LIBS which was based on the central processing unit (CPU) computation requested unacceptably long analysis times of 10's minutes per spectrum/sample. The reduction of the computational time is achieved through the massively parallel computing on the GPU which embeds thousands of co-processors. It is shown that the number of iterations on the GPU exceeds that on the CPU by a factor > 1000 for the 5-dimentional parameter space and yet requires > 10-fold shorter computational time. The improved GPU-MC LIBS outperforms the CPU-MS LIBS in terms of accuracy, precision, and analysis time. The performance is tested on LIBS-spectra obtained from pelletized powders of metal oxides consisting of CaO, Fe2O3, MgO, and TiO2 that simulated by-products of steel industry, steel slags. It is demonstrated that GPU-based MC LIBS is capable of rapid multi-element analysis with relative error between 1 and 10's percent that is sufficient for industrial applications (e.g. steel slag analysis). The results of the improved GPU-based MC LIBS are positively compared to that of the CPU-based MC LIBS as well as to the results of the standard calibration-free (CF) LIBS based on the Boltzmann plot method. KW - Monte Carlo simulation KW - Parallel computing KW - Calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Post-breakdown laser induced plasma KW - Quaternary oxides PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2016.09.016 VL - 125 SP - 97 EP - 102 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-38489 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Strehlow, P. A1 - Banach, Ulrich A1 - Hübert, Thomas T1 - Keramische Tieftemperatursensoren KW - Tieftemperatursensor KW - Keramik KW - Sensor PY - 1996 VL - 1995 SP - 274 EP - 275 CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-691 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Czerwensky, Michael A1 - Birkholz, M. A1 - Kanschat, P. A1 - Weiss, Thomas A1 - Lips, K. T1 - Low-temperature electron-paramagnetic-resonance study of extrinsic and intrinsic defects in CuGaSe2 KW - Electron-paramagnetic resonance KW - EPR PY - 1999 SN - 1098-0121 SN - 0163-1829 SN - 0556-2805 SN - 1095-3795 SN - 1550-235X VL - 59 IS - 19 SP - 12268 EP - 12271 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-785 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eschlböck-Fuchs, S. A1 - Huber, N. A1 - Ahamer, C. M. A1 - Hechenberger, J. G. A1 - Kolmhofer, P. J. A1 - Heitz, J. A1 - Rössler, R. A1 - Demidov, Alexander A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Pedarnig, J. D. T1 - Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the analysis of slags in industrial steel production N2 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a fast and versatile technique for (semi) quantitative element analysis of solids, liquids, gases, and particulate matter. The LIBS method is used for optical sensing in various branches of industrial production. In the contribution we review some of our recent results on LIBS analysis of slags from secondary metallurgy in industrial steel making. Major oxides in steel slags are measured at-line and after homogenization using a calibration-free (CF) method. Two approaches for CF analysis based on the Boltzmann plot method and on the calculation of synthetic spectra are compared for the analysis of quaternary oxides. We also present the research in cooperation with our industrial partners in the process-analytical chemistry network PAC. T2 - 11. Kolloquium Arbeitskreis Prozessanalytik CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 30.11.2015 KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) KW - Process analytical technology KW - Steel slag PY - 2015 PB - Plandruck+ Gesellschaft m.b.H. CY - Wien AN - OPUS4-39005 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, A. A1 - Lischeid, G. A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Lentzsch, P. A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Müller, M.H. T1 - Co-Cultivation of Fusarium, Alternaria, and Pseudomonas on Wheat-Ears Affects Microbial Growth and Mycotoxin Production N2 - Mycotoxigenic fungal pathogens Fusarium and Alternaria are a leading cause of loss in cereal production. On wheat-ears, they are confronted by bacterial antagonists such as pseudomonads. Studies on these groups’ interactions often neglect the infection process’s temporal aspects and the associated priority effects. In the present study, the focus was on how the first colonizer affects the subsequent ones. In a climate chamber experiment, wheat-ears were successively inoculated with two different strains (Alternaria enuissima At625, Fusarium graminearum Fg23, or Pseudomonas simiae Ps9). Over three weeks, microbial abundances and mycotoxin concentrations were analyzed and visualized via Self Organizing Maps with Sammon Mapping (SOM-SM). All three strains revealed different characteristics and strategies to deal with co-inoculation: Fg23, as the first colonizer, suppressed the establishment of At625 and Ps9. Nevertheless, primary inoculation of At625 reduced all of the Fusarium toxins and stopped Ps9 from establishing. Ps9 showed priority effects in delaying and blocking the production of the fungal mycotoxins. The SOM-SM analysis visualized the competitive strengths: Fg23 ranked first, At625 second, Ps9 third. Our findings of species-specific priority effects in a natural environment and the role of the mycotoxins involved are relevant for developing biocontrol strategies. KW - Antagonists KW - Microbe interactions KW - Mycotoxins KW - Priority effect KW - SOM-SM PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-521554 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020443 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 443 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-52155 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krenek, S. A1 - Eisermann, R. A1 - Failleau, G. A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Thomas, P. A1 - Kjeldsen, H. A1 - Anhalt, K. T1 - Fibre-optic thermometry to support the clean energy transition N2 - The measurement and control of temperature plays a key role in achieving the European Green Deal targets for a low carbon energy system. Fibre-optic thermometry is an emerging technology that can improve temperature measurement in extreme environments for energy providers and industry due to its distributed sensing and immunity to electromagnetic fields. Various applications for optimisation and monitoring in the energy sector are described, covering the whole range from energy generation to transmission and consumption. However, fibre-optic thermometers have cross sensitivities to other quantities (e.g., strain and humidity) and ageing effects that need to be investigated, quantified and minimised to obtain traceable and reliable measurements. This is particularly important so that applications in critical infrastructure can benefit from future measurements that are not possible with conventional sensors. The European INFOTherm project aims to overcome the limitations that currently prevent the widespread use of fibre-optic thermometry by creating a dedicated European metrology infrastructure for research, development and calibration. First results on measurement uncertainty, improvement of measurement techniques and practical field tests are presented. KW - Industrial processes optimisation KW - Fibre-optic thermometry KW - Distributed temperature sensing KW - Traceability KW - Thermal energy storage KW - Electrical grid resilience PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640075 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2025-0044 SN - 2196-7113 VL - 92 IS - 9-10 SP - 392 EP - 405 PB - De Gruyter Brill AN - OPUS4-64007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Onel, Yener A1 - Wolk, Thomas A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Ehrig, Karsten A1 - Müller, Bernd R. T1 - Evaluating porosity in cordierite diesel particulate filter materials: advanced X-ray techniques and new statistical analysis methods T2 - ECNDT 2014 - 11th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2014-10-06 KW - Porous ceramics KW - Diesel particulate filters KW - Pore orientation KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - X-ray refraction KW - DIVA algorithm KW - Phase contrast KW - Edge artefact KW - Soft matter radiography KW - Wavelet transform KW - Huygens elementary waves PY - 2014 SN - 978-80-214-5018-9 SP - 1 EP - 8(?) AN - OPUS4-31973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Ehrig, Karsten A1 - Haarring, Holger A1 - Harwardt, Michael A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Onel, Yener A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Wolk, Thomas T1 - Industrial and synchrotron X-ray CT applications for materials characterisation N2 - The combination of tomographic, microstructural data with other experimental techniques and with modeling is paramount, if we want to extract the maximum amount of information on material and component properties. In particular, quantitative image analysis, statistical approaches, direct discretization of tomographic reconstructions represent concrete possibilities to extend the power of the tomographic 3D representation to insights into the material and component performance. This logic thread holds equally for industrial and academic research, and valorizes expensive experiments such as those carried out at synchrotron sources, which cannot be daily repeated. We shall show a few examples of possible use of X-ray tomographic data for quantitative assessment of damage evolution and microstructural properties, as well as for non-destructive testing. We will also show how X-ray refraction computed tomography (CT) can be highly complementary to classic absorption CT, being sensitive to internal interfaces. T2 - iCT Conference 2014 - Conference on industrial computed tomography CY - Wels, Austria DA - 25.02.2014 KW - X-ray absorption and refraction CT KW - Quantitative image analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Complex microstructure PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-8440-2557-6 SP - 15 EP - 31 PB - Shaker CY - Aachen AN - OPUS4-30484 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Christensen, J. A1 - Thomas, P. A1 - Failleau, G. A1 - Eisermann, R. A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Krenek, S. T1 - Fiber artefact for performance evaluation of time domain distributed fiber sensor interrogators N2 - Distributed fiber sensing (DFS) is a powerful tool for structural health monitoring (SHM), allowing continuous and seamless measurements of temperature and strain along the fiber. The spatial accuracy of a DFS interrogator, as a key parameter of the system, is vital for precisely locating structural perturbations or defects. Its evaluation and calibration methods however attract little attention. A fiber optic artefact based on a fiber loop is developed to evaluate distance accuracy and signal quality for both self-developed and commercial sensing systems based on Rayleigh, Raman, and Brillouin scattering effects, respectively. The measured distance is corrected to remove the influence of the pulse width. Additionally, the obtained SNRs are compared for different loop trips and pulse widths, assisting to assess signal quality for SHM applications. KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Distributed fiber sensing KW - Distributed temperature sensing KW - Fiber artefact KW - Spatial correction PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-648966 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ae214e VL - 36 IS - 11 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - IOP Publishing Ltd CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-64896 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Hübner, Wolfgang A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Klein, P. A1 - Friedrich, K. T1 - Friction and wear of PTFE composites at cryogenic temperatures N2 - This paper presents investigations on the tribological behaviour of PTFE composites against steel at cryogenic temperatures. The results showed that the friction coefficient decreases with temperature down to 77 K, but did not follow a linear evolution further down to extreme low temperatures. It can be stated that the cryogenic environment has a significant influence on the tribological performance of the polymer composites. The effect of low temperatures was more clearly detected at low sliding speed, where friction heat is reduced. A change in wear mechanism from adhesive to abrasive was observed in this case. SEM and AFM analyses showed that the PTFE matrix composites investigated under these experimental conditions have transferred material onto the disc down to very low temperatures. Chemical analyses indicate the presence of iron fluorides. KW - PTFE composites KW - Cryogenic tribology KW - Transfer film PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(02)00035-X SN - 0301-679X VL - 35 IS - 7 SP - 449 EP - 458 PB - Butterworth-Heinemann CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-1866 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Hübner, Wolfgang A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Klein, P. T1 - Friction and Wear of Carbon Fibre Filled Polymer Composites at Room and Low Temperatures PY - 2004 SN - 0933-5137 SN - 1521-4052 VL - 35 IS - 10/11 SP - 683 EP - 689 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-6866 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Richter, Tim A1 - Mayr, P. A1 - Nitsche, A. A1 - Mente, Tobias A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas T1 - Hydrogen diffusion in creep-resistant 9% Cr P91 multi-layer weld metal N2 - Welded components of P91 9% Cr steel demand for careful welding fabrication with necessary post weld heat treatment (PWHT). Before the PWHT, a hydrogen removal heat treatment is necessary for avoidance of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC). In this context, the microstructure and temperature-dependent hydrogen diffusion is important, and reliable diffusion coefficients of P91 weld metal are rare. For that reason, the diffusion behavior of P91 multi-layer weld metal was investigated for as-welded (AW) and PWHT condition by electrochemical permeation experiments at room temperature and carrier gas hot extraction (CGHE) from 100 to 400 °C. Hydrogen diffusion coefficients were calculated, and the corresponding hydrogen concentration was measured. It was ascertained that both heat treatment conditions show significant differences. At room temperature the AW condition showed significant hydrogen trapping expressed by to seven times lower diffusion coefficients. A preferred diffusion direction was found in perpendicular direction expressed by high permeability. The CGHE experiments revealed lower diffusion coefficients for the AW condition up to 400 °C. In this context, a hydrogen concentration of approximately 21 ml/100 g was still trapped at 100 °C. For that reason, a certain HAC susceptibility of as-welded P91 weld metal cannot be excluded, and hydrogen removal should be done before PWHT. KW - Creep resisting materials KW - Diffusion KW - Hydrogen KW - Weld metal KW - Post weld heat treatment KW - Microstructure PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00828-8 SN - 0043-2288 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 267 EP - 281 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50471 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dariz, P. A1 - Schmid, Thomas T1 - Phase composition and burning history of high-fired medieval gypsum mortars studied by Raman microspectroscopy N2 - The use of high-fired gypsum as binder for masonry and joint mortars or stuccowork in Central Europe in the Early and High Middle Ages was a regional specific as it depended on local gypsum deposits. The calcination technology possible at the time resulted in an assemblage of calcium sulphate phases dehydrated to different degrees and partly thermally damaged accessory minerals of the raw gypsum. Not hydrated clusters of firing products preserved in the binder matrix are a typical feature of such mortars. A novel Raman microspectroscopic approach, providing access to the burning history of individual anhydrite grains, was applied to samples from medieval South Tyrolean stucco decorations and sculptures. Beyond that, Raman microspectroscopy was employed for tracing and visualising pyrometamorphic reactions in natural impurities of the kiln run. In the discussed examples mineral thermometry indicates process temperatures above 800°C: the breakdown of magnesium-rich chlorite led to the formation of forsterite Mg2SiO4, while the thermal decomposition of dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 to periclase MgO and lime CaO yielded – after hydration and carbonation – magnesite MgCO3, CaCO3 polymorphs and magnesian calcite. Hydration of periclase in the mixed gypsum paste containing sulphate ions also resulted in magnesium sulphate hydrates, here identified in the form of hexahydrite MgSO4·6H2O. Lower burning temperatures left the accessory minerals in their pristine form, but can be traced by measuring the spectra of individual anhydrite crystals in grains of firing products and evaluating Raman band widths. Throughout the present study, calcination temperatures ranging from approx. 600°C to 900°C were determined. KW - High-fired gypsum mortar KW - Anhydrite KW - Dolomite KW - Forsterite KW - Raman microspectroscopy PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.03.013 VL - 151 SP - 292 EP - 301 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-48102 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Onel, Yener A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Wolk, Thomas A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Ehrig, Karsten A1 - Müller, Bernd R. T1 - Bewertung von Porositätsparametern in Cordierit-Diesel-Partikelfilter-Materialien mit fortgeschrittenen Röntgenverfahren und statistischer Analyse N2 - Bikontinuierliche poröse Keramiken für Filteranwendungen weisen eine komplizierte Mikrostruktur auf, in der Poren und Festkörperphase 'vermischt' sind. Mechanische, thermische sowie Filtereigenschaften können nur präzise bestimmt werden, wenn die Morphologie beider Phasen quantitativ angegeben werden kann. Hier werden unter Anwendung von 3D Computertomographie (CT) und verschiedenen Techniken, die auf der Röntgenrefraktion basieren, die Porosität und die Porenorientierung in keramischen Cordierit-Dieselpartikelfiltern bewertet. Dabei werden zur Auswertung der Tomogramme die Fouriertransformierten sowie eine neu entwickelte richtungssensitive Bildanalyse (DIVA, directional interface variance analysis) angewandt. Sowohl die genannten Messtechniken als auch der statistische Ansatz gestatten die Extraktion optional ortsaufgelöster oder gemittelter Werte. Es ergeben sich sehr gute Übereinstimmungen der experimentell ermittelten Porositätswerte mit Ergebnissen aus Quecksilberintrusionsversuchen als auch der ermittelten Porenorientierung im Vergleich zu publizierten Angaben zur kristallographischen Textur. Dies legt den Schluss nahe, dass die Kenntnis der Grenzflächen (zwischen Poren und Materie) genügt, die morphologischen Eigenschaften solcher Materialien hinreichend zu beschreiben. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2014 CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 26.05.2014 KW - Cordierit KW - Poröse Keramik KW - Porenorientierung KW - Röntgenrefraktion KW - Computer-Tomographie KW - 3D-Mikrostruktur PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-312946 SN - 978-3-940283-61-0 VL - 148 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31294 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Rades, Steffi A1 - Borghetti, P. A1 - Ortel, Erik A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Garcia, S. A1 - Gómez, E. A1 - Blanco, M. A1 - Alberto, G. A1 - Martra, G. T1 - Organic surface modification and analysis of titania nanoparticles for self‐assembly in multiple layers N2 - The characteristics of TiO2 coatings can greatly influence their final performance in large‐scale applications. In the present study, self‐assembly of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in multiple layers was selected as a deposition procedure on various substrates. For this, the main prerequisite constitutes the surface modification of both NPs and substrate with, for example, silane coupling agents. A set of functionalized TiO2 NPs has been produced by reaction with either (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) or (3‐aminopropyl)phosphonic acid (APPA) to functionalize the NP surface with free amino‐groups. Then, the complementary functionalized NP set can be obtained from an aliquot of the first one, through the conversion of free surface amino groups to aldehydes by reaction with glutaraldehyde (GA). Several types of TiO2 NPs differing in size, shape, and specific surface area have been functionalized. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), SEM/ energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), XPS, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and Time‐of‐Flight (ToF)‐SIMS analyses have been carried out to evaluate the degree of functionalization, all the analytical methods employed demonstrating successful functionalization of TiO2 NP surface with APTES or APPA and GA. KW - TiO2 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Surface functionalization KW - Layer-by-layer deposition KW - Surface chemical analysis PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508601 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6842 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 52 IS - 12 SP - 829 EP - 834 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd AN - OPUS4-50860 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Dariz, P. ED - Ziemann, M. T1 - Raman band widths of anhydrite II reveal the burning history of high-fired medieval gypsum mortars N2 - The use of high-fired gypsum as binder for masonry and joint mortars or stuccowork in Central Europe in the Early and High Middle Ages was a regional specific as it depended on local gypsum deposits. The calcination technology possible at the time resulted in an assemblage of calcium sulphate phases dehydrated to different degrees and partly thermally damaged accessory minerals of the raw gypsum. Because of the absence of medieval textbooks, the observation of high-temperature, low-pressure mineral transformations and the correlation of phases coexisting in not hydrated binder relicts in the gypsum matrix to the mineralogy of the raw material and the burning conditions constitute the only source to the historical technological know-how. The CaSO4–H2O system consists of five crystalline phases, which can be discriminated by structural analysis methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, due to obvious differences in their spectroscopic data: gypsum (CaSO4 ⋅ 2 H2O), bassanite (hemihydrate, CaSO4 ⋅ ½ H2O), anhydrite III (CaSO4), anhydrite II (CaSO4), and anhydrite I (CaSO4). Only recently, it was possible to demonstrate that small spectroscopic variations exist also within the relatively large stability range of anhydrite II from approx. 180°C to 1180°C: all Raman bands narrow with increasing burning temperature applied in the synthesis from gypsum powder. The determination of band widths of down to 3 cm-1 and differences between them of a few tenths of a wavenumber is not a trivial task. Thus, this contribution discusses peak fitting and strategies for correction of instrument-dependent band broadening. Raman maps of polished thin sections of gypsum mortars provide access to the burning histories of individual remnant thermal anhydrite grains and enable the discrimination of natural anhydrite originating from the gypsum deposit. This novel analytical method was applied to samples from medieval South Tyrolean stucco decorations and sculptures. Beyond that, Raman microspectroscopy was employed for following pyrometamorphic reactions in natural impurities of the raw material. In the presented examples mineral thermometry indicates process temperatures above 800°C: the breakdown of magnesium-rich chlorite led to the formation of forsterite Mg2SiO4, while the thermal decomposition of dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 yielded – after hydration and carbonation – magnesite MgCO3, CaCO3 polymorphs and magnesian calcite. Lower burning temperatures, which leave the accessory minerals in their pristine form, can be traced by measuring the spectra of anhydrite crystalites in grains of firing products and evaluating Raman band widths. Throughout the applications of this analytical method so far, calcination temperatures ranging from approx. 600°C to 900°C were determined. T2 - 10th International Congress on the Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 03.09.2019 KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - High-fired medieval gypsum mortars KW - Raman band width KW - Gypsum dehydration KW - Thermal anhydrite PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-496204 SP - 36 EP - 37 PB - University of Potsdam CY - Potsdam AN - OPUS4-49620 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Jungnickel, R. A1 - Dariz, P. T1 - Raman band widths of anhydrite II reveal the burning history of high‐fired medieval gypsum mortars N2 - When used as a mineral binder, gypsum is thermally dehydrated and mixed with water, resulting in a paste hardening in the backreaction to calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO4 · 2 H2O). Although nowadays mainly hemihydratebased (CaSO4 · ½ H2O) binders are employed, higher firing temperatures in medieval kilns yielded anhydrite II (CaSO4). Except for the discrimination of the metastable phases anhydrite III and I due to different crystal structures, variations within the production temperature range of anhydrite II (approximately 300 to 1180°C) were not analytically accessible until recently. This study describes the development of an analytical technique, which is based on steady changes of band widths in room‐temperature Raman spectra of anhydrite II as a function of burning temperature. Raman microspectroscopic mapping experiments enable to pinpoint individual unreacted grains of thermal anhydrite in mortars and to discriminate them from natural anhydrites originating from the raw gypsum. The determination of band full widths at half maximum of down to 3 cm−1 and differences between them of a few tenths of wavenumbers is not a trivial task. Thus, a focus of this work is on peak fitting and strategies for correction of instrument‐dependent band broadening, which is often neglected also beyond the field of mortar analysis. Including other potential influences on band widths, burning temperatures of 400 to 900°C can be retraced in high‐fired medieval gypsum mortars with an uncertainty of approximately ± 50 K, as demonstrated with sample material of a stucco sculpture dated around 1400. KW - Analytical methods KW - Gypsum dehydration KW - High-fired gypsum mortar KW - Raman band width determination KW - Thermal anhydrite PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5632 SN - 1097-4555 VL - 50 IS - 8 SP - 1154 EP - 1168 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-48757 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotschate, Daniel A1 - Gohlke, Dirk A1 - Dobrovolskij, P. A1 - Vrana, J. A1 - Heckel, Thomas T1 - Herausforderungen bei der Prüfung von Schmiedeteilen durch Vorsatzkeile für Longitudinalwellenprüfköpfe N2 - Trotz moderner Sensortechnologien und Rekonstruktionsmethoden, findet die manuelle und automatisierte Ultraschallprüfung durch konventionelle Senkrecht- und Winkelprüfköpfe vielfach industriellen Einsatz. Um einen flexiblen Prüfeinsatz und die Prüfbarkeit von einfachen sowie komplexen Geometrien zu gewährleisten, werden dort oftmals Vorlaufkeile für die Winkelprüfung mit Longitudinalwellen angewendet um eine Anzeigenschräglage und deren Reflektivität auszugleichen bzw. zu verbessern. Durch den unterschiedlichen Aufbau, im Vergleich zu integrierten Scherwellen-Winkelprüfköpfen, können jedoch während der Prüfung Fehlanzeigen generiert werden. Diese fehlerhaften Anzeigen beruhen auf Mehrfachreflexionen und Wellenumwandlungen innerhalb des Vorlaufkeils, aufgrund der Geometrie und können im Feld nur bedingt von realen Anzeigen unterschieden werden. Dieser Beitrag zeigt die geometrische Betrachtung bei der Verwendung von Vorlaufkeilen und wurde experimentell durch die Bestimmung der Richtcharakteristik und dem Einsatz von elektrodynamischen Sonden validiert. Des Weiteren ermöglichen die so gewonnenen Abhängigkeiten einen vom Keilwinkel abhängigen Verstärkungsausgleich und somit eine korrekte Größenbestimmung durch einen geeigneten Vergleichsfehler. T2 - DACH-Jahrestagung 2019 CY - Friedrichshafen, Germany DA - 27.05.2019 KW - Richtcharakteristik KW - Vorlaufkeile KW - Mehrfachreflexion PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-480999 VL - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - DGZfP Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung AN - OPUS4-48099 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Harsha, A. P. A1 - Gradt, Thomas T1 - On the sliding wear behavior of PEAK composites in vacuum environment N2 - The tribological behavior of neat and filled PEEK and PEKK composites were compared in air and vacuum conditions. Very low friction and wear coefficient were obtained at low sliding speed while severe wear occurred at high speed. Experimental results are discussed by analysing the transfer film and wear debris. KW - PEAK KW - Composites KW - Wear KW - Friction KW - Vacuum PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4042271 SN - 0022-2305 SN - 0742-4787 VL - 141 IS - 4 SP - 044502-1 EP - 044502-7 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-47298 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Modena, Mario M. A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Burg, Thomas P. A1 - Wuttke, Steffan T1 - Nanoparticle characterization: What to measure? N2 - What to measure? is a key question in nanoscience, and it is not straightforward to address as different physicochemical properties define a nanoparticle sample. Most prominent among these properties are size, shape, surface charge, and porosity. Today researchers have an unprecedented variety of measurement techniques at their disposal to assign precise numerical values to those parameters. However, methods based on different physical principles probe different aspects, not only of the particles themselves, but also of their preparation history and their environment at the time of measurement. Understanding these connections can be of great value for interpreting characterization results and ultimately controlling the nanoparticle structure–function relationship. Here, the current techniques that enable the precise measurement of these fundamental nanoparticle properties are presented and their practical advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Some recommendations of how the physicochemical parameters of nanoparticles should be investigated and how to fully characterize these properties in different environments according to the intended nanoparticle use are proposed. The intention is to improve comparability of nanoparticle properties and performance to ensure the successful transfer of scientific knowledge to industrial real‐world applications. KW - Nanoparticle characterization KW - Nanoparticles KW - Porosity KW - Shape KW - Size PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901556 SN - 0935-9648 SN - 1521-4095 VL - 31 IS - 32 SP - 1901556, 1 EP - 26 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-49129 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berthold, J. A1 - Vrana, J. A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Jatzlau, P. A1 - Große, C. T1 - Modellgestützte Bestimmung der Auffindwahrscheinlichkeit (POD) von Reflektoren bei der Ultraschallprüfung großer Schmiedeteile N2 - Bruchmechanische Untersuchungen werden zur Vorhersage der Lebensdauer und der Wartungszyklen benutzt. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass auch Objekte ohne detektierte Anzeigen Materialfehler mit einer Reflektivität kleiner der Nachweisgrenze aufweisen können. Keine detektierte Anzeige bedeutet daher für Bauteilauslegung, dass sie eine konservative Annahme machen müssen: es wird angenommen, dass das Bauteil Materialfehler in Größe der Nachweisgrenze enthält. Dies macht die Nachweisgrenze zu dem die Lebensdauer limitierenden Faktor. Bei probabilistischen Methoden wird zusätzliches Wissen, wie Zuverlässigkeit und Fehlerauffindwahrscheinlichkeiten bei der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung mit in die Berechnung einbezogen, um zu konservative Annahmen zu vermeiden. Ziel ist es eine Model-Assisted-POD aufzubauen mit der die reale volumetrische Ultraschallprüfung großer Schmiedeteile nachgebildet werden kann. Die resultierende POD soll im Weiteren in bruchmechanischen Betrachtungen Verwendung finden. In vorangegangenen Arbeiten [Preißel2015] wurde dazu der Einfluss des Prüfrasters nach der DGZfP-Richtlinie US 07:2014 auf die Fehlerauffindwahrscheinlichkeit (parametrisch) simulativ betrachtet und die Simulationstechnik experimentell validiert. In diesem Paper werden die Ergebnisse von Preißel überprüft und um eine Prüfraster-Summen-POD, die das Szenario der realen Bauteilprüfung beschreibt, erweitert. Zudem wird eine experimentell validierte, simulative, nicht-parametrische POD für schrägliegende Defekte aufgebaut. Schließlich werden erste Untersuchungen zur Defektmorphologie vorgestellt. Diese Arbeit ist im Rahmen eines Studenten-Stipendiums der DGZfP entstanden. T2 - DGZfP DACH Tagung 2019 CY - Friedrichshafen, Germany DA - 27.05.2019 KW - Schmiedeteile KW - POD KW - Ultraschall KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-496796 UR - http://www.ndt.net/?id=24529 VL - 24 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-49679 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Onel, Yener A1 - Wolk, Thomas A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Ehrig, Karsten A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Evaluating porosity in cordierite diesel particulate filter materials, part 1 X-ray refraction N2 - Bi-continuous porous ceramics for filtration applications possess a particularly complicated microstructure, with porosity and solid matter being intermingled. Mechanical, thermal, and filtration properties can only be precisely estimated if the morphology of both solid matter and porosity can be quantitatively determined. Using x-ray absorption and refraction, we quantitatively evaluate porosity and pore orientation in cordierite diesel particulate filter ceramics. Porosity values turn out to agree with mercury intrusion measurements, while pore orientation factors agree with published crystallographic texture data. KW - Porous ceramics KW - Pore orientation KW - X-ray refraction KW - Synchrotron KW - Interface PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2013-00021 SN - 2190-9385 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 169 EP - 176 PB - Göller CY - Baden-Baden AN - OPUS4-29939 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Onel, Yener A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Ehrig, Karsten A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Wolk, Thomas A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Evaluating porosity in cordierite Diesel particulate filter materials, Part 2 statistical analysis of computed tomography data N2 - Complementary to Part 1 of this work, the bi-continuous microstructure of porous synthetic cordierite ceramics for filtration applications was investigated using 3D x-ray computed tomography at different resolutions. Applying both Fast Fourier Transform and a newly developed image analysis algorithm, we quantitatively evaluated porosity and pore orientation. The statistical approach allows extraction of spatially resolved or average values. Porosity values based on x-ray absorption agree with mercury intrusion measurements, while pore orientation factors agree with x-ray refraction data (Part 1 of this work), and with published crystallographic texture data. KW - Pore orientation KW - Porous ceramics KW - Computed tomography KW - 3D microstructure PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2013-00022 SN - 2190-9385 VL - 05 IS - 01 SP - 13 EP - 22 PB - Göller CY - Baden-Baden AN - OPUS4-30379 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Dariz, P. T1 - Raman Microspectroscopic Imaging of Binder Remnants in Historical Mortars Reveals Processing Conditions N2 - Binder remnants in historical mortars represent a record of the connection between the raw materials that enter the kiln, the process parameters, and the end product of the calcination. Raman microspectroscopy combines high structural sensitivity with micrometre to sub-micrometre spatial resolution and compatibility with conventional thin-sectional samples in an almost unique fashion, making it an interesting complementary extension of the existing methodological arsenal for mortar analysis. Raman spectra are vibrational fingerprints of crystalline and amorphous compounds, and contain marker bands that are specific for minerals and their polymorphic forms. Relative intensities of bands that are related to the same crystalline species change according to crystal orientations, and band shifts can be caused by the incorporation of foreign ions into crystal lattices, as well as stoichiometric changes within solid solution series. Finally, variations in crystallinity affect band widths. These effects are demonstrated based on the analysis of three historical mortar samples: micrometric distribution maps of phases and polymorphs, crystal orientations, and compositional variations of solid solution series of unreacted clinker grains in the Portland cement mortars of two 19th century castings, and the crystallinities of thermal anhydrite clusters in a high-fired medieval gypsum mortar as a measure for the applied burning temperature were successfully acquired. KW - Cement clinker remnants KW - High-fired gypsum KW - Thermal anhydrite KW - Spectroscopic imaging KW - Raman microscopy PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515038 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020102 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 1662 EP - 1683 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51503 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rades, Steffi A1 - Borghetti, P. A1 - Ortel, Erik A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Blanco, M. A1 - Gómez, E. A1 - Martinez, A. A1 - Jupille, J. A1 - Martra, G. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Control of functionalization of supports for subsequent assembly of titania nanoparticle films N2 - For self‐assembling of TiO2 nanoparticles in multiple layers by layer‐by‐layer deposition to be applied to TiO2 thin films with defined and homogeneous thickness for large‐scale applications, the proper functionalization of substrate surface is a prerequisite to guarantee sufficient adhesion. The substrates selected and tested in the present paper were conductive, fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, nonconductive silica glass, and titanium alloy. The current study focusses on the analytical control of the stepwise functionalization of the substrates with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde (GA) for both the FTO glass and silica glass and with 3‐aminepropyl phosphonic acid and GA for Ti alloy. The analyses have been conducted by means of surface sensitive methods, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and time‐of‐flight secondary ions mass spectrometry. Chemical composition of surface of functionalized substrates shows differences in the degree and type of modification in dependence on substrate. It could be demonstrated that the best functionalized substrates were the conductive FTO glasses. The analysis of the functionalized Ti substrates has revealed that the surface coverage with 3‐aminepropyl phosphonic acid and GA molecules is an inhomogeneous one, and further optimization of the two‐step functionalization on the Ti alloy substrate is necessary. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Surface functionalization KW - TiO2 KW - SEM/EDX KW - Auger Electron Spectroscopy KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Thin films PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6398 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 50 IS - 11 SP - 1200 EP - 1206 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. AN - OPUS4-46406 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Boller, Ch. A1 - Mueller, Bernd R. A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Starke, P. A1 - Gohlke, Daniel A1 - Venkat, R. S. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Nonlinearities based inverse approach for the characterisation of the damage evaluation process in very high cycle fatigued CFRP specimens N2 - This paper focuses on the aspect on how damage evolution processes in composite materials and structures including matrix fracture, delamination, fibre-matrix debonding, and fibre fracture can be detected by taking advantage of the material’s inherit mechanical properties. These properties can be described on the basis of non-linear mechanical phenomena measurable as an inert frequency response signal. The approach is proposed as a means for residual life structural assessment specifically in the context of VHCF. T2 - The Seventh International Conference on Very High Cycle Fatigue - VHCF7 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 03.07.2017 KW - Composite materials KW - Damage KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Fatigue KW - Structural simulation KW - Non-linear vibration PY - 2017 VL - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - DVM AN - OPUS4-41102 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Onel, Yener A1 - Wolk, Thomas A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Ehrig, Karsten A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Evaluating porosity in cordierite diesel particulate filter materials: advanced X-ray techniques and new statistical analysis methods N2 - Bi-continuous porous ceramics for filtration applications possess a particularly complicated microstructure, whereby porosity and solid matter are intermingled. Mechanical, thermal, and filtration properties can only be precisely estimated if the morphology of both solid matter and porosity can be quantitatively determined. Using 3D computed tomography (CT) at different resolutions, and several X-ray refraction-based techniques, we quantitatively evaluated porosity and pore orientation in cordierite diesel particulate filter ceramics.Moreover, applying both Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and a newly developed image analysis algorithm (directional interface variance analysis, DIVA), we quantitatively evaluated porosity and pore orientation. Both the experimental techniques and the statistical approach allow extraction of spatially resolved or average values.Porosity values from synchrotron computed tomography used turn out to agree with mercury intrusion measurements, while pore orientation factors agree with published crystallographic texture data. This latter point also implies that the study of the pore/matter interface is sufficient to describe the morphological properties of these materials. KW - Diesel particulate filters KW - DIVA Algorithm KW - Pore Orientation KW - Porous Ceramics KW - X-Ray Computed Tomography KW - X-Ray Refraction PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.91.64 SN - 1662-0356 VL - 91 SP - 64 EP - 69 PB - Techna CY - Faenza AN - OPUS4-32069 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rades, Steffi A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Ortel, Erik A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Borghetti, P. A1 - Garcia, S. A1 - Gómez, E. A1 - Blanco, M. A1 - Alberto, Gabriele A1 - Martra, G. T1 - Organic surface modification and analysis of titania nanoparticles for self-assembly in multiple layers N2 - Parameters of TiO2 coatings can greatly influence their final performance in largescale applications such as photocatalytic measurements, orthopedic and/or dental prostheses, cell cultures, and dye-sensitized solar cells. From different film deposition procedures, self-assembly of TiO2 NPs in multiple layers was selected for systematic characterization. EDX, AES and ToF-SIMS analysis have been carried out in order to evaluate the functionalization of several types of TiO2 NPs differing in size, shape and surface area. KW - TiO2 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Surface modification KW - Functionalization PY - 2017 UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-and-microanalysis/article/organic-surface-modification-and-analysis-of-titania-nanoparticles-for-selfassembly-in-multiple-layers/66776A4CA7FD059CE39041A99A922D90 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927617010029 SN - 1431-9276 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 23 IS - S1 (July) SP - 1872 EP - 1873 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York, NY, U.S.A. AN - OPUS4-42457 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dumit, Verónica I. A1 - Furxhi, Irini A1 - Nymark, Penny A1 - Afantitis, Antreas A1 - Ammar, Ammar A1 - Amorim, Monica J. B. A1 - Antunes, Dalila A1 - Avramova, Svetlana A1 - Battistelli, Chiara L. A1 - Basei, Gianpietro A1 - Bossa, Cecilia A1 - Cimpan, Emil A1 - Cimpan, Mihaela Roxana A1 - Ciornii, Dmitri A1 - Costa, Anna A1 - Delpivo, Camilla A1 - Dusinska, Maria A1 - Fonseca, Ana Sofia A1 - Friedrichs, Steffi A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Hristozov, Danail A1 - Isigonis, Panagiotis A1 - Jeliazkova, Nina A1 - Kochev, Nikolay A1 - Kranjc, Eva A1 - Maier, Dieter A1 - Melagraki, Georgia A1 - Papadiamantis, Anastasios G. A1 - Puzyn, Tomasz A1 - Rauscher, Hubert A1 - Reilly, Katie A1 - Jiménez, Araceli Sánchez A1 - Scott‐Fordsmand, Janeck J. A1 - Shandilya, Neeraj A1 - Shin, Hyun Kil A1 - Tancheva, Gergana A1 - van Rijn, Jeaphianne P. M. A1 - Willighagen, Egon L. A1 - Wyrzykowska, Ewelina A1 - Bakker, Martine I. A1 - Drobne, Damjana A1 - Exner, Thomas E. A1 - Himly, Martin A1 - Lynch, Iseult T1 - Challenges and Future Directions in Assessing the Quality and Completeness of Advanced Materials Safety Data for Re‐Usability: A Position Paper From the Nanosafety Community N2 - Ensuring data quality, completeness, and interoperability is crucial for progressing safety research, Safe‐and‐Sustainable‐by‐Design approaches, and regulatory approval of nanoscale and advanced materials. While the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Re‐usable) principles aim to promote data re‐use, they do not address data quality, essential for data re‐use for advancing sustainable and safe innovation. Effective quality assurance procedures require (meta)data to conform to community‐agreed standards. Nanosafety data offer a key reference point for developing best practices in data management for advanced materials, as their large‐scale generation coincided with the emergence of dedicated data quality criteria and concepts such as FAIR data. This work highlights frameworks, methodologies, and tools that address the challenges associated with the multidisciplinary nature of nanomaterial safety data. Existing approaches to evaluating the reliability, relevance, and completeness of data are considered in light of their potential for integration into harmonized standards and adaptation to advance material requirements. The goal here is to emphasize the importance of automated tools to reduce manual labor in making (meta)data FAIR, enabling trusted data re‐use and fostering safer, more sustainable innovation of advanced materials. Awareness and prioritization of these challenges are critical for building robust data infrastructures. KW - Advanced materials KW - Safety data KW - Re-usability KW - Nanosafety KW - SSbD KW - FAIR KW - Standardisation PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652918 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202500567 SN - 2366-7486 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-65291 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nattuveettil, Keerthana A1 - Brunner, Nanine A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Thomas, Marcus A1 - Melzer, Michael A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. T1 - Digital approach of certification in Quality Infrastructure N2 - QI-Digital is a joined project aiming at digitalising Quality Infrastructure (QI) processes involving standardization, conformity assessment, accreditation, metrology, and market surveillance [1]. Federal institute of material research and testing (BAM) is working on the creation of a digital calibration certifi-cate (DCC) to achieve digital metrological traceability and conformity assessment. The utilisation of machine readable and executable DCCs in the XML format is demonstrated on an example of a tem-perature measurement at a hydrogen refueling station. The certificates will be retrieved and analysed automatically at a Process Control System or at a Digital Twin. T2 - SMSI 2023 Conference CY - Nürnberg, Germany DA - 08.05.2023 KW - Quality Infrastructure KW - Digital Certificates KW - Temperature calibration KW - Digitalisation KW - Hydrogen technology PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2023/A3.4 SP - 51 EP - 52 PB - AMA Service GmbH CY - Wunstorf AN - OPUS4-57964 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Hübner, Wolfgang A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Klein, P. A1 - Friedrich, K. T1 - Tribologisches Verhalten der Werkstoffpaarung Polymerverbundwerkstoff/Stahl bei tiefen Temperaturen KW - Kryotechnik KW - Polymerkomposite KW - PTFE KW - PEEK KW - Flüssigwasserstoff KW - Flüssighelium KW - Reibungszahlen KW - Übertrag PY - 2005 SN - 0724-3472 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 20 EP - 25 PB - Expert Verlag CY - Renningen AN - OPUS4-12645 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Cong A1 - Aumont, Cédric A1 - Mikhailova, Alina A. A1 - Audisio, Tracy A1 - Hellemans, Simon A1 - Weng, Yi-Ming A1 - He, Shulin A1 - Clitheroe, Crystal A1 - Wang, Zongqing A1 - Haifig, Ives A1 - Sillam-Dussès, David A1 - Buček, Aleš A1 - Tokuda, Gaku A1 - Šobotník, Jan A1 - Harrison, Mark C. A1 - McMahon, Dino P. A1 - Bourguignon, Thomas T1 - Unravelling the evolution of wood-feeding in termites with 47 high-resolution genome assemblies N2 - Termites are a lineage of social cockroaches abundant in tropical ecosystems where they are key decomposers of organic matter. Despite their ecological significance, only a handful of reference-quality termite genomes have been sequenced, which is insufficient to unravel the genetic mechanisms that have contributed to their ecological success. Here, we perform sequencing and hybrid assembly of 45 taxonomically and ecologically diverse termites and two cockroaches, resulting in haplotype-merged genome assemblies of 47 species, 22 of which were near-chromosome level. Next, we examine the link between termite dietary evolution and major genomic events. We find that Termitidae, which include ~80% of described termite species, have larger genomes with more genes and a higher proportion of transposons than other termites. Our analyses identify a gene number expansion early in the evolution of Termitidae, including an expansion of the repertoire of CAZymes, the genes involved in lignocellulose degradation. Notably, this expansion of genomes and gene repertoires coincided with the origin of soil-feeding in Termitidae and remained unchanged in lineages that secondarily reverted to a wood-based diet. Overall, our sequencing effort multiplies the number of available termite genomes by six and provides insights into the genome evolution of an ancient lineage of social insects. KW - Comparative genomics KW - Entomology KW - Genome evolution KW - Phylogenetics PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-651719 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65969-5 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 16 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-65171 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Füllenbach, L.C. A1 - Perez, J. P. H. A1 - Freeman, H.M. A1 - Thomas, A.N. A1 - Mayanna, S. A1 - Parker, J. E. A1 - Göttlicher, J. A1 - Steininger, R. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Benning, L.G. A1 - Oelkers, E.H. T1 - Nanoanalytical Identification of Siderite Dissolution-Coupled Pb Removal Mechanisms from Oxic and Anoxic Aqueous Solutions N2 - Lead(II) is a toxic pollutant often found in metalcontaminated soils and wastewaters. In acidic aqueous environments, Pb(II) is highly mobile. Chemical treatment strategies of such systems therefore often include neutralization agents and metal sorbents. Since metal solubility and the retention potential of sorbents depend on the redox state of the aqueous system, we tested the efficiency of the naturally occurring redox-sensitive ferrous iron carbonate mineral siderite to remove Pb(II) from acidic aqueous solutions in batch experiments under oxic and anoxic conditions over a total of 1008 h. Siderite dissolution led to an increase in reactive solution pH from 3 to 5.3 and 6.9, while 90 and 100% of the initial aqueous Pb(II) (0.48 × 10−3 mol kg−1) were removed from the oxic and anoxic systems, respectively. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, combined with X-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy, indicated that under oxic conditions, Pb(II) was consumed by cerussite precipitation and inner-sphere surface complexation to secondary goethite. Under anoxic conditions, Pb(II) was removed by the rapid precipitation of cerussite. This efficient siderite dissolution-coupled sequestration of Pb(II) into more stable solid phases demonstrates this potential method for contaminated water Treatment regardless of the redox environment. KW - Siderite KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Wastewater treatment PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00180 VL - 4 IS - 11 SP - 1966 EP - 1977 PB - ACS Publication AN - OPUS4-51961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Cong A1 - Hellemans, Simon A1 - Weng, Yi-Ming A1 - Mikhailova, Alina A. A1 - Aumont, Cédric A1 - Buček, Aleš A1 - Šobotník, Jan A1 - Harrison, Mark C. A1 - McMahon, Dino P. A1 - Bourguignon, Thomas T1 - Robust termite phylogenies built using transposable element composition and insertion events N2 - Phylogenetic trees are typically reconstructed using conserved sequence alignments. Other genomic elements, such as transposable elements (TEs), make up a large fraction of eukaryotic genomes but are ignored for phylogenetic reconstruction, despite potentially containing phylogenetic information, which could be used to resolve nodes that remain contentious. Here, we reconstructed accurate phylogenetic trees of 45 termites and two cockroaches using two types of characters derived from the TE landscape: (1) genome-wide presence and absence of 37,966 TE families and (2) presence/absence data of 37,966 TE families in the flanking regions of orthologous ultraconserved elements (UCEs), which was a proxy for TE insertions. The topologies of our TE-based phylogenetic trees were largely congruent with phylogenetic trees inferred from alignments of UCEs and single-copy orthologous genes, only differing for a few nodes variably reconstructed in other phylogenetic analyses. Notably, trees based on genome-wide TE family composition were more accurate than trees inferred from mitochondrial genome alignments, and trees based on TE family composition in regions flanking UCEs achieved comparable accuracy with trees inferred from single-copy orthologous gene alignments. Our results demonstrate that the TE landscape is phylogenetically informative, representing an additional set of markers for robust phylogenetic reconstructions, with potential use to resolve ambiguous nodes in the tree of life. KW - Comparative genomics KW - Genome evolution KW - Insects KW - Isoptera KW - Mitogenomes KW - Molecular markers KW - Phylogenomics KW - Transposons PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2025.10.019 SN - 0960-9822 VL - 35 IS - 22 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-64737 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hübner, Wolfgang A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Klein, P. A1 - Friedrich, K. T1 - Der Einfluss kryogener Medien auf den Materialtransfer im Tribosystem Polymerkomposit/Stahl PY - 2001 SN - 0724-3472 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 8 EP - 12 PB - Expert Verlag CY - Renningen AN - OPUS4-12659 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El Abbassi, Abdelouahad A1 - Krenzer, Julius A1 - Petrov, Eugene P. A1 - Biesen, Lukas A1 - Vasylyeva, Vera A1 - Merzenich, Sarah A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Müller, Thomas J. J. T1 - Aroyl-S,N-ketene acetal-triarylamine bichromophores – intramolecular energy transfer and dual emission upon induced aggregation and encapsulation N2 - Aroyl-S,N-ketene acetal-based bichromophores are synthesized by a catalytic aryl amination and their photophysics are studied in the solid state, in ethanol–water mixtures inducing aggregation, and after encapsulation in polystyrene nanoparticles. The dye substitution pattern controls aggregation-induced emission and intramolecular energy transfer efficiency, resulting in single-band or dual fluorescence and a strong increase in fluorescence quantum yield upon particle encapsulation. KW - Fluorescence KW - Dye KW - Aggregation KW - Photophysics KW - Enhancement KW - White light emission KW - Energy transfer KW - Quantum yield PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656700 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra09361a SN - 2046-2069 VL - 16 IS - 11 SP - 10255 EP - 10260 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-65670 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Coelho Lima, Isabela A1 - Robens-Radermacher, Annika A1 - Titscher, Thomas A1 - Kadoke, Daniel A1 - Koutsourelakis, P.-S. A1 - Unger, Jörg F. T1 - Bayesian inference for random field parameters with a goal-oriented quality control of the PGD forwardmodel's accuracy N2 - Numerical models built as virtual-twins of a real structure (digital-twins) are considered the future ofmonitoring systems. Their setup requires the estimation of unknown parameters, which are not directly measurable. Stochastic model identification is then essential, which can be computationally costly and even unfeasible when it comes to real applications. Efficient surrogate models, such as reduced-order method, can be used to overcome this limitation and provide real time model identification. Since their numerical accuracy influences the identification process, the optimal surrogate not only has to be computationally efficient, but also accurate with respect to the identified parameters. This work aims at automatically controlling the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) surrogate’s numerical accuracy for parameter identification. For this purpose, a sequence of Bayesian model identification problems, in which the surrogate’s accuracy is iteratively increased, is solved with a variational Bayesian inference procedure. The effect of the numerical accuracy on the resulting posteriors probability density functions is analyzed through two metrics, the Bayes Factor (BF) and a criterion based on the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. The approach is demonstrated by a simple test example and by two structural problems. The latter aims to identify spatially distributed damage, modeled with a PGD surrogate extended for log-normal random fields, in two different structures: a truss with synthetic data and a small, reinforced bridge with real measurement data. For all examples, the evolution of the KL-based and BF criteria for increased accuracy is shown and their convergence indicates when model refinement no longer affects the identification results. KW - Variational inference KW - Proper generalized decomposition KW - Goal-oriented KW - Digital twin KW - Random field PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555755 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-022-02214-6 SN - 1432-0924 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-55575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Krause, Martin A1 - Mayer, K. A1 - Ballier, G. A1 - Borchardt, Kerstin A1 - Chinta, P.K. A1 - Effner, Ute A1 - Milmann, Boris A1 - Müller, Sabine A1 - Nowak, Thomas Rudolf T1 - Hochgenaue Strukturerkennung von Holzbauteilen mit 3D-Ultraschall N2 - Inhalt ist die zerstörungsfreie Detailuntersuchung von Holzbauteilen mit einem dreidimensional abbildenden Ultraschall-Echoverfahren. Das neu entwickelte 3D-Verfahren berücksichtigt den anisotropen Aufbau des Holzes. Die Bildschnitte und Projektionen werden aus flächigen Ultraschallaufnahmen berechnet. Die Messungen erfolgen an Probekörpern sowie an Bauteilen aus der Praxis. In dem Forschungsvorhaben wird die für Holz neue 3D-Rekonstruktionsrechnung verwendet und mit dem Ziel weiterentwickelt, unter Berücksichtigung der anisotropen Struktur des Holzes eine dreidimensional aufgelöste Abbildung von Reflektoren im Inneren der Holzbauteile zu ermöglichen. Damit werden die bisher für Holzbauteile zur Verfügung stehenden Verfahren entscheidend ergänzt, weil nun eine hochgenaue dreidimensionale Abbildung erreichbar ist (Auflösung: 20 mm und besser). KW - Ultraschallecho-Verfahren KW - Holzbauteile KW - Abbildungsverfahren KW - Imaging PY - 2014 UR - https://www.irb.fraunhofer.de/bauforschung/baufolit/projekt/Hochgenaue-Strukturerkennung-von-Holzbauteilen-mit-3D-Ultraschall/20138035979 SN - 978-3-8167-9212-3 VL - 109 SP - 1 EP - 101 PB - Fraunhofer IRB Verl. CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-32852 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodrigues, A.C.P. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Azevedo, César Roberto de Farias T1 - Impact of copper nanoparticles on tribofilm formation determined by pin-on-disc tests with powder supply: Addition of artificial third body consisting of Fe3O4, Cu and graphite N2 - Copper, magnetite and graphite particles were mixed in order to observe their impact on the coefficient of friction (CoF) during pin-on-disc tests and on the tribofilm formation after testing. Pure magnetite powder provided a value of CoF of 0.4. Magnetite-copper mixtures tested at 400 °C revealed lower CoF values (~0.4) than those at room temperature (~0.6). Magnetite-graphite and magnetite-graphite-copper mixtures presented lower CoF values (~0.3). All systems formed a magnetite-based tribofilm and patches of metallic copper were found on the tribosurfaces of the mixtures containing copper. Carbon layers and graphite nanoinclusions were observed in the graphite mixtures. The incorporation of zirconia particles, a by-product of ball milling mixing, prevented the selective transfer of graphite and copper to the tribosurfaces of some of the samples. KW - Brake pad materials KW - Sliding friction KW - Transfer layer KW - Surface analysis KW - Model friction tests PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.02.014 SN - 0301-679X VL - 110 SP - 103 EP - 112 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-40104 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reinecke, E.-A. A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Tkatschenko, I. A1 - Kessler, A. A1 - Kuznetsov, M. A1 - Wilkins, B. A. A1 - Hedley, D. A1 - Azkarate, I. A1 - Proust, C. A1 - Acosta-Iborra, B. A1 - Gavrikov, A. A1 - De Bruijn, P.C.J. A1 - Marangon, A. A1 - Teodorczyk, A. A1 - Grafwallner, F. T1 - Integration of experimental facilities: a joint effort for establishing a common knowledge base in experimental work on hydrogen safety T2 - 3rd International conference on hydrogen safety CY - Ajaccio, Corsica, France DA - 2009-09-16 PY - 2009 IS - ID 204 SP - 1 EP - 16 AN - OPUS4-20254 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Welzel, F. A1 - Grunewald, Thomas A1 - Beyer, M. A1 - Grätz, Rainer A1 - Klages, C.-P. T1 - Mechanisch erzeugte Reib- und Schlagfunken im Vergleich T2 - 12. Kolloquium zu Fragen der chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2010-06-15 PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-9813550-1-7 SN - 0938-5533 SP - 32 EP - 36 PB - BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-21266 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinecke, E.-A. A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Tkatschenko, I. A1 - Kessler, A. A1 - Kuznetsov, M. A1 - Wilkins, M. A1 - Hedley, D. A1 - Azkarate, I. A1 - Proust, C. A1 - Acosta-Iborra, B. A1 - Gavrikov, B. A1 - De Bruijn, P.C.J. A1 - Marangon, A. A1 - Teodorczyk, A. A1 - Grafwallner, A. T1 - Integration of experimental facilities: a joint effort for establishing a common knowledge base in experimental work on hydrogen safety N2 - In the area of hydrogen safety, research facilities are essential for the experimental investigation of relevant phenomena, for testing devices and safety concepts, as well as for the generation of validation data for the various numerical codes and models. Within the framework of the European HySafe Network of Excellence (NoE), the 'Integration of Experimental Facilities (IEF)' activity has provided basic support for joint experimental work. Even beyond the funding period of the HySafe NoE in the 6th Framework Program, IEF represents a long-lasting effort for the sustainable integration of experimental research capacities and expertise of the partners from different research fields. In order to achieve a high standard in the quality of experimental data provided by the partners, emphasis was put on the know-how transfer between the partners. On the one hand, documentation on the experimental capacities was prepared and analyzed. On the other hand, a wiki-based communication platform was established, supported by biannual workshops covering topics ranging from measurement technologies to safety issues. Based on the partners' contributions, a working document was created on best practice including the joint experimental knowledge of all partners with regard to experimental set-ups and instrumentation. The paper gives an overview of the IEF partners and the network activities over the last five years. KW - Hydrogen safety KW - Experiments PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.04.162 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 2700 EP - 2710 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-23257 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Güttler, B. A1 - Schiel, D. A1 - Danzebrink, H. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Müller, J.-P. T1 - Physical and Chemical Characterization of Thermal and Native Siliconoxide layers on Silicon T2 - Symposium "Reference Materials for Technologies in the New Millenium" CY - Berlin, BAM, Germany DA - 2000-05-22 PY - 2000 SP - 1(?) EP - 7(?) AN - OPUS4-6924 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stadthaus, Meinhard A1 - Thomas, Hans-Martin A1 - Migoun, N.P. A1 - Gnusin, A.B. A1 - Baugatz, J. A1 - König, W. T1 - Sensitivity of penetrant and magnetic particle testing - Performance testing of detection media for penetrant and magnetic particle testing (PT and MT) N2 - Die Empfindlichkeit von Eindring- und Magnetpulverprüfungen (PT, MT) hängt unter anderem von der Eignung und der Qualität der Prüfmittel ab (für PT bezeichnet als Eindringsystem). Die Ermittlung der Empfindlichkeit erfolgt an Kontrollkörpern mit natürlichen und künstlichen Inhomogenitäten durch Ermittlung der Anzeigenerkennbarkeit als Maß für die Eignung. Die europäischen Normen spezifizieren die Anforderungen an die Prüfmittel für Typen-, Chargen- und Betriebsprüfungen nach pr EN ISO 3452-2 für PT und EN ISO 9934-2 für MT. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Ermittlung der Empfindlichkeit von Prüfmitteln sowie deren Qualifizierung bei der Typenprüfung. Die vorgeschlagenen Verfahren wurden durch experimentelle Untersuchungen validiert, bei denen ein Bildverarbeitungssystem zur Ermittlung der Anzeigenerkennbarkeit verwendet wurde. Im Hinblick auf die Qualifizierung der Prüfmittel wird die Zuverlässigkeit der Verfahren diskutiert. PY - 2004 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.100591 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 320 EP - 326 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-3574 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Witke, Klaus A1 - Klaffke, Dieter A1 - Schneider, Thomas A1 - Schreckenbach, J.P. T1 - Laser-damaging as a useful tool for materials characterization by Raman microscopy KW - Raman-Mikroskopie KW - Raman-Laser KW - Laserstrahlbearbeitung PY - 1999 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 151 IS - 1-2 SP - 33 EP - 39 PB - North-Holland CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-709 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Cong A1 - Hellemans, Simon A1 - Kinjo, Yukihiro A1 - Mikhailova, Alina A A1 - Aumont, Cédric A1 - Weng, Yi-Ming A1 - Buček, Aleš A1 - Husnik, Filip A1 - Šobotník, Jan A1 - Harrison, Mark C A1 - McMahon, Dino P A1 - Bourguignon, Thomas T1 - Recurrent horizontal gene transfers across diverse termite genomes N2 - Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the transmission of genetic material across species, is an important innovation source in prokaryotes. In contrast, its significance is unclear in many eukaryotes, including insects. Here, we used high-quality genomes of 45 termites and two cockroaches to investigate HGTs from non-metazoan organisms across blattodean genomes. We identified 289 genes and 2,494 pseudogenes classified into 168 orthologous groups originating from an estimated 281 HGT events. Wolbachia represented the primary HGT source, while termite gut bacteria and the cockroach endosymbiont Blattabacterium did not contribute meaningfully to HGTs. Most horizontally acquired genes descended from recent and species-specific HGTs, experienced frequent duplications and pseudogenizations, and accumulated substitutions faster than synonymous sites of native protein-coding genes. Genes frequently transferred horizontally to termite genomes included mobile genetic elements and genetic information processing genes. Our results indicate that termites continuously acquired genes through HGT, and that most horizontally acquired genes are specific to restricted lineages. Overall, genes acquired by HGT by termites and cockroaches seemed generally non-functional and bound to be lost. KW - Phylogenomics KW - Isoptera KW - Comparative genomics PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpag003 SN - 0014-3820 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Oxford University Press (OUP) AN - OPUS4-65418 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -