TY - JOUR A1 - Saeidfirozeh, H. A1 - Kubelík, P. A1 - Laitl, V. A1 - Krivkova, A. A1 - Vrabel, J. A1 - Rammelkamp, K. A1 - Schroder, S. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Kepes, E. A1 - Zabka, J. A1 - Ferus, M. A1 - Porízka, P. A1 - Kaiser, J. T1 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in space applications: Review and prospects N2 - This review describes the principles and summarizes the challenges of analytical methods based on optical emission spectroscopy (OES) in space applications, with a particular focus on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Over the past decade, LIBS has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for space exploration and In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) of celestial bodies. Its implementation has been suggested for various segments of the Space Resources Value Chain, including prospecting, mining, and beneficiation. Current missions to Mars, including the ChemCam instrument on the Curiosity rover, the SuperCam on the Perseverance rover, and the MarSCoDe on the Zhurong rover, are considered flagship applications of LIBS. Despite neither the Pragyan rover nor the Vikram lander waking from the lunar night, the success of the Chandrayaan-3 mission marks another milestone in the development of LIBS instruments, with further missions, including commercial ones, anticipated. This paper reviews the deployment of LIBS payloads on Mars rovers, upcoming missions prospecting the Moon and asteroids, and LIBS analysis of meteorites. Additionally, it highlights the importance of data processing specific to space applications, emphasizing recent trends in transfer learning. Furthermore, LIBS combined with other spectroscopic techniques (e.g., Raman Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) represents an intriguing platform with comprehensive analytical capabilities. The review concludes by emphasizing the significance of LIBS-based contributions in advancing our understanding of celestial bodies and paving the way for future space exploration endeavors KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Mars KW - Moon KW - Asteroids KW - Meteorites KW - Machine learning KW - Transfer learning KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2024.117991 VL - 181 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-62142 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Képeš, E. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Pořízka, P. A1 - Kaiser, J. T1 - Tomography of double-pulse laser-induced plasmas in the orthogonal geometry N2 - The temporal evolution of laser-induced plasmas is studied in the orthogonal double-pulse arrangement. Both the pre-ablation mode (an air spark is induced above the sample surface prior to the ablation pulse) and the re-heating mode (additional energy is delivered into the plasma created by the ablation pulse) is considered. The plasmas are investigated in terms of the temporal evolution of their electron density, temperature, and volume. The plasma volumes are determined using a time-resolved tomography technique based on the Radon transformation. The reconstruction is carried out for both white-light and band-pass filtered emissivities. The white-light reconstruction corresponds to the overall size of the plasmas. On the other hand, the band-pass emissivity reconstruction shows the distribution of the atomic sample species (Cu I). Moreover, through spectrally resolved tomographic reconstruction, the spatial homogeneity of the electron density and temperature of the plasmas is also investigated at various horizontal slices of the plasmas. Our results show that the pre-ablation geometry yields a more temporally stable and spatially uniform plasma, which could be beneficial for calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) approaches. On the contrary, the plasma generated in the re-heating geometry exhibits significant variations in electron density and temperature along its vertical axis. Overall, our results shed further light on the mechanisms involved in the LIBS signal enhancement using double-pulse ablation. KW - Laser-induced plasma KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Double-pulse laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Plasma tomography KW - Radon reconstruction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.078 SN - 0003-2670 SN - 0378-4304 VL - 1135 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51142 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kepes, E. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Pořízka, P. A1 - Kaiser, J T1 - Spatiotemporal spectroscopic characterization of plasmas induced by non-orthogonal laser ablation N2 - Ablation geometry significantly affects the plasma parameters and the consequent spectroscopic observations in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Nevertheless, plasmas induced by laser ablation under inclined incidence angles are studied to a significantly lesser extent compared to plasmas induced by standard orthogonal ablation. However, inclined ablation is prominent in stand-off applications, such as the Curiosity Mars rover, where the orthogonality of the ablation laser pulse cannot be always secured. Thus, in this work, we characterize non-orthogonal ablation plasmas by applying plasma imaging, tomography, and spectral measurements. We confirm earlier observations according to which non-orthogonal ablation leads to a laser-induced plasma that consists of two distinct parts: one expanding primarily along the incident laser pulse and one expanding along the normal of the sample surface. Moreover, we confirm that the former emits mainly continuum radiation, while the latter emits mainly sample-specific characteristic radiation. We further investigate and compare the homogeneity of the plasmas and report that inclined ablation affects principally the ionic emissivity of laser-induced plasmas. Overall, our results imply that the decreased fluence resulting from inclined angle ablation and the resulting inhomogeneities of the plasmas must be considered for quantitative LIBS employing non-orthogonal ablation. KW - Radon transformation KW - Laser induced plasma KW - Plasma tomography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0an01996h VL - 146 IS - 3 SP - 920 EP - 929 PB - The Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51774 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Kratochvilo, L. A1 - Pořízka, P. A1 - Kaiser, J. A1 - Millar, S. A1 - et al., T1 - Interlaboratory comparison for quantitative chlorine analysis in cement pastes with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - Concrete structures experience severe damage during service, for example due to pitting corrosion of rebars caused by the ingress of chlorine (Cl) into the porous concrete structure. The ingress can be monitored using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a recently introduced civil engineering technique used to detect Cl in concrete structures in addition to conventional wet chemistry methods. The key advantages of LIBS are high spatial resolution, which is important when analyzing heterogeneous concrete samples, as well as the almost complete absence of sample preparation. To assess LIBS as a reliable analytical method, its accuracy and robustness must be carefully tested. This paper presents the results of an interlaboratory comparison on the analysis of Cl in cement paste samples conducted by 12 laboratories in 10 countries. Two sets of samples were prepared with Cl content ranging from 0.06 to 1.95 wt% in the training set and 0.23–1.51 wt% in the test set, with additional variations in the type of cement and Cl source (salt type). The overall result shows that LIBS is suitable for the quantification of the studied samples: the average relative error was generally below 15%. The results demonstrate the true status quo of the LIBS method for this type of analysis, given that the laboratories were not instructed on how to perform the analysis or how to process the data. KW - LIBS KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - Round robin test KW - Cement KW - Chlorine PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2023.106632 SN - 0584-8547 VL - 202 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-57102 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohan, M. A1 - Prochazka, D. A1 - You, Yi A1 - Riedel, Jens A1 - Gornushkin, Igor A1 - Rocnakova, I. A1 - Papula, M. A1 - Porízka, P. A1 - Kaizer, J. T1 - Investigating plasma morphology at material boundaries under varying ambient pressures N2 - Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a widely used technique for elemental analysis. The analysis of the obtained LIBS spectra generally assumes plasma homogeneity. However, using focused laser beams for interrogation, LIBS probes materials on the microscale and is, thus, prone to artefacts from sample heterogeneities on the micrometer scale. An ablation at a material boundary of two matrices may result in a significant inhomogeneity in the plasma plume, which can severely impact the accuracy of quantitative analysis. Since this propagation of the surface morphology into the plasma plume is driven by the plasma expansion, its final impact is strongly pressure dependent. This study examines the influence of varying ambient pressures (7–1000 mbar) on plasma morphology, spectral characteristics, and key plasma properties such as electron number density at a well-defined Cu–Sn boundary, in comparison with the results obtained using homogeneous alloys. Several approaches of plasma imaging with bandpass filters, spectroscopy, and Radon transform-based 3D reconstruction were employed to analyze elemental distribution, signal-to-noise (SNR) and signal-to-background (SBR) ratios, as well as electron number densities. The 3D reconstructions revealed a pronounced plasma asymmetry for the ablation at the material boundary, in contrast to the near-axial symmetry observed for the ablation of homogeneous alloys. At lower pressures, this distinct elemental separation in plasma persisted, while higher pressures led to an increased collisional mixing and homogenization. SNR and SBR were consistently lower for ablation at the boundary compared to homogeneous samples. These findings highlight how boundary ablation contributes to plasma inhomogeneities in LIBS analysis of heterogeneous materials and emphasize the need to account for these effects when using LIBS for elemental mapping of fine heterogeneous structures. KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Plasma inhomogeneity KW - Plasma tomography KW - Radon transform KW - Material boundaries KW - Ambient pressure effects PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634777 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2025.128377 SN - 1873-3573 VL - 295 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-63477 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -