TY - CONF A1 - Soszynska, A. A1 - Säuberlich, T. A1 - Borch, J. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Reulke, R. T1 - Analysis of the gas flare flame with IR cameras N2 - Greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities remain one of the most important subjects of international discussions. The routine gas flaring has been estimated to be responsible for as much as 1% of global carbon dioxide emission per year. Gas flaring analysis is one of the key-interest subjects in remote sensing community. Some of the existing publications use remote sensing techniques with satellite imagery to derive information about flame temperature and further about to estimate the volume of the flared gas. The often missing element is an in-situ measurement analysis of gas flames, combining signals recorded by a camera on-ground and data on flared gas volume, temperature and gas type. In order to address this problem, an experiment was conducted, in which the gas flame was recorded by thermal cameras on-ground, simultaneously to an aerial survey and the gas flow was measured at the same time on-ground. The measurement setup was designed in cooperation between Institute of Optical Sensor Systems of German Aerospace Center (DLR) and German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). Cameras recording in thermal and mid-wave IR wavelengths were used to record the burning gas on-ground and from the aerial survey. All the measurements have been compared and statistically analysed with respect to the recorded temperature. The purpose of the examination was to describe the signal changes in thermal imagery with respect to changes in energy, emitted by the burning process. This approach will allow for later calculation of the amount of energy in form of thermal radiation sent from the flame to the satellite. T2 - Processing Methodologies I CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 10.09.2019 KW - Gas flaring KW - Thermal remote sensing KW - Thermal radiation KW - Aerial survey PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532887 SP - Paper 11156-5, 1 EP - 19 AN - OPUS4-48997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Balke, Christian A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Fire protection systems for above-ground storage tanks N2 - Liquefied propane gas (LPG) tanks in a fully engulfing accidental fire experience a fast increase in internal pressure. The result is often a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) that can result in a large fireball and flying debris over a radius of more than 100 meters. In the last 30 years BAM has carried out more than 30 real scale fire tests on propane storage vessels across three test sites. The primary research goal was to identify systems that can delay or prevent a BLEVE. Early studies started with water deluge systems, and have since moved on to consider alternative protection systems. It has been shown that an unprotected vessel fails within 10 minutes or less. Tests with different oil and propane fueled fires have given an overview on possible real accidents involving full-engulfing scenarios. LPG tanks of various sizes (2.7 m³, 3.6 m³, 4.8 m³, 6.7 m³) were used with different filling levels. Numerous protection systems, ranging from active systems like water systems to passive thick- and thin-film layers. Also, the degree of thickness of these layers was variated. Pressure relief valves (PRV) have also been investigated, both alone and in combination with protection systems. This paper gives an overview of the work performed by BAM in the field of BLEVE prevention of protecting system since the last 30 years. It has been shown that e.g. with a full applied coating degree on the tank with and without PRV can be reached an exposition in a test fire scenario a duration of more than 60min. For partly coated tanks with and without PRV the duration time is like an unprotected vessel. Furthermore, it could be shown that the active water system also protects with technically correct design. T2 - Loss Prevention 2019 CY - Delft, Niederlande DA - 16.06.2019 KW - Fire KW - Protection systems KW - Propane storage tanks PY - 2019 SN - 978-88-95608-72-3 VL - 75 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-49021 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. ED - Otremba, Frank T1 - A computational scheme for assessing driving N2 - The systematization of the analysis, based on the Software proposed in this paper, could contribute to integrally improve the sustainability of the Transportation. KW - Computational scheme KW - Assessing KW - Driving PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-22870-5 SN - 978-3-030-22871-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22871-2 SN - 2194-5357 VL - 1 SP - 44 EP - 58 PB - Springer CY - Switzerland AN - OPUS4-48585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Oblique testing of a partially filled tank on a tilt table N2 - Braking-in-a-turn maneuvers represent a critical operational condition for any vehicle, due to the associated longitudinal and lateral perturbations to which it is subjected, which maximize the load transfer among the different wheels, and result in vehicle´s poor lateral stability and deficient braking performance. In this paper, a suspended vehicle supporting a partially filled 10 litter-capacity container, is set on a tilt table at oblique angles, in order to simulate a braking-in-a-turn maneuver. The measurements are assessed in the time and frequency domains, on the basis of the lateral load transfer ratio and the infrastructure fatigue damage. The outputs from the experiment show that the Minimum fill level (one-quarter), generates the larger lateral load transfer (0.45). Such fill level also causes the greatest ratios for the alternate stress over the mean stress on the infrastructure. The spectral analysis reveals the dominance of one of the sloshing frequencies during such combined perturbation condition. T2 - IFToMM world congress CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 30.06.2019 KW - Sloshing KW - Lateral stability KW - Load transfer KW - Braking-in-a-turn maneuvers KW - Infrastructure damage KW - Experimental approach PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-20130-2 SN - 978-3-030-20131-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20131-9_359 SN - 2211-0984 VL - 73 SP - 3641 EP - 3650 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 AN - OPUS4-48454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Vehicle’s components damage N2 - The failure of vehicle’s suspension components has contributed to road crashes, while their defective operation can deteriorate the fuel efficiency of the vehicles. In this context, and when compared with solid cargo transporters, the road tankers would tend to produce larger roll forces during turning, as the curved shape of the liquid cargo container, shifts upwards the centre of gravity of the cargo. With reference to a rectangular cargo container representing the solid cargo situation, the increase in the position due to elliptical and circular tank shapes, can attain a value of 17% (100% fill, circular tank). In this study, experimental results comparing the lateral load transfer due to solid and liquid cargoes, indicate that the average force increase on the vehicle’s load-receiver side due to a liquid cargo, is 4.3%. To analyse the fullscale situation of both situations, that is, the higher position of the centre of gravity and the shifting of the liquid cargo, a simplified model is developed. The outputs from such a model when subjected to realistic operating conditions (speed and turning radius), suggest that the higher position of the centre of gravity due to using a non-rectangular cargo container generates an average force increase of 4.9% on the side receiving the load transfer. The incorporation of the effect of the liquid cargo, through the simple pendulum analogy, suggests that such an average increases to 6.76%, with a maximum of 8.35% in the case of the elliptical tank at 75% fill level. It is found that the average liquid cargo effect is 5.44%, which should be compared with the 4.3% of the experiments. Road tankers components would thus have a relatively shorter load cycle life than those of the solid cargo trucks. KW - Liquid cargo KW - Load transfer KW - Roll reactions KW - Experimental modelling KW - Pendulum-analogy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407020960543 VL - 235 IS - 2-3 SP - 446 EP - 454 PB - Sage Journals AN - OPUS4-51386 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Martínez Madrid, M. T1 - Quasistatic rollover threshold of atmospheric road tankers N2 - Several geometrical analytical tools can be used for assessing the potential benefits of any alternative tank shape. The quasistatic evaluation of the cargo-vehicle behavior represents a fast way to objectively determine the roll stability benefits of any potentially new tank shape. In this paper, the geometrical, quasistatic rollover performance of a convex bottom tank shape is compared with that of standard tank shapes, finding that in spite of the lower position of the cargo´s center of gravity in such a tank shape for the un-perturbed condition, it has the same performance as the elliptical tank shape when subjected to Steady lateral acceleration. That as a result of the large cargo´s lateral displacement. Consequently, the combination of a lower center of gravity for the cargo when it is not perturbed, and a Minimum lateral shift due to lateral accelerations inputs, define the conditions for an ideal tank shape. T2 - CONIIN 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Tank shape KW - Road tankers KW - Center of gravity shifting KW - Quasistatic KW - Convex bottom KW - Geometrical analysis PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-51388 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Jáuregui Correa, J.C.A. T1 - Forces on rails in turns: A review N2 - Regardless of the mode of transportation, directional changes generate greater forces on the infrastructure as a result of the lateral load transfer and of the respective steering forces in the vehicles. In the case of Railway transportation, a concentrated damage occurs in the rail at the initiation of the turning maneuver, whose magnitude depends on the bogie´s yaw stiffness and on the level of friction at its centre plate. To mitigate such rail-damaging effects, some new designs have been proposed and used for the bogies´ wheelset. However, no new designs for the centre plate have been used. In this paper, a review of the causality for the forces arising during Railway Vehicle's turn negotiations, is presented, including the description of a modeling framework to analyze the influential Parameters for determining the magnitude of such forces. T2 - CONIIN 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Turning maneuvers KW - Rail damage KW - Yaw stiffness KW - Yaw resistance KW - Self-aligning bogies KW - Lateral load transfer KW - Steering forces PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-51390 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Experimental methods for road tankers. A critical review N2 - The transportation of liquids involves several situations derived from the curved shape of the cargo containers, including a comparatively high center of gravity, which negatively shifts when the container is partially loaded, and the vehicle is subjected to steering or braking accelerations. Aiming at reducing these effects several experimental approaches have been applied, involving different tank shapes and the use of baffles, tested under laboratory or field conditions, at full scale or at a down-scale. However, the scope of such approaches has been limited, mainly because the potential effect of other components of the vehicle on the road tanker behavior, has been neglected. In this paper, a critical review is presented of the experimental approaches considered so far, identifying specific experimental needs to improve the performance of the vehicles, from both the road safety and the environmental perspective. T2 - IMECE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Tank KW - Road KW - Methods PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-51641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - An energy frame of reference to assess vehicle´s physical externalities N2 - Externalities of the road transportation are multidimensional in nature and involve the road-vehicle interaction under different environmental conditions. Estimating the pavement and vehicle damage potentials as a function of the condition sunder which such interaction takes place, is important to avoid accelerated or catastrophic damages in these systems. Such an assessing is crucial from the perspective of pricing the effects of the vehicle on the infrastructure and vice versa. The existing models for pricing such interaction, critically depends on gross average statistical models. In this paper, it is proposed a deterministic approach to realize such an assessment, based upon validated approaches for the pavement damage. The simulation scheme considers different degrees-of-freedom vehicle models, and a discrete asphalt pavement, that make possible the simulation of massive traffic situations on realistic road lengths. T2 - IMECE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Energy KW - Frame KW - Assess KW - Vehicles PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-51645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Lateral load transfer due to sloshing cargo in partially filled containers N2 - A testing methodology has been proposed in this paper, to compare the load transfer derived from solid and liquid cargoes when the carrying vehicle is subjected to a lateral acceleration in a tilt table. Besides the type of cargo, the other factors (a) One-quarter fill level (b) One-half fill level (c) Three-quarter fill level (d) Fast input considered are the fill level and the rate at which the considered are the fill level and the rate at which the acceleration input is acceleration input is exerted on the vehicleexerted on the vehicle. The acceleration The acceleration input can represent the entering of the carrying vehicle into a input can represent the entering of the carrying vehicle into a curved portion curved portion of of aa road. The testing device integrates the needed components to measure the fourmeasure the four--wheel loads of the wheel loads of the carrying vehicle, while carrying vehicle, while providing different times to attain providing different times to attain aa 10°10° angle angle for the tilt table. for the tilt table. The performance measure selected is significant to assess the rollover trend of a vehicle, on the basis of the wheel loads at both sides of the vehicle. both sides of the vehicle. The outputs from the experiments suggest that the sloshing suggest that the sloshing cargo transfercargo transferss the greater loads, the greater loads, regardless of the fill level and regardless of the fill level and acceleration rate inputacceleration rate input, as a result , as a result of the shifting of the center of of the shifting of the center of gravitygravity of the liquidof the liquid, and of of the the dynamic vibration at the end of dynamic vibration at the end of the perturbation input. In this respect, while the solid cargo the perturbation input. In this respect, while the solid cargo exhibits an initial peak and decay, the exhibits an initial peak and decay, the sloshing cargo exhibits sloshing cargo exhibits several oscillations of the saseveral oscillations of the same magnitude, which is attributed me magnitude, which is attributed to the to the liquid inertia and liquid inertia and to the to the reflection of the surface waves. reflection of the surface waves. A further analysis could supplement this research, to assess supplement this research, to assess the effect of some other factors on the dynamic the effect of some other factors on the dynamic behavior of the behavior of the liquid cargoliquid cargo-vehicle system. Fvehicle system. For example, to analyze the effect or example, to analyze the effect of longitudinal baffles, and to validate theoretical models.of longitudinal baffles, and to validate theoretical models. T2 - IMECE – International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition CY - Salt Lake City, UT, USA DA - 11.11.2019 KW - Transfer KW - Sloshing KW - Cargo KW - Container PY - 2019 SP - 2019-10030 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-49980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A real-time GPS scheme to assess safe driving skills N2 - Avoiding road crashes has been the purpose behind many specialized software and hardware systems, involving both active and passive safety principles. Global Positioning technologies were incorporated into the transportation systems with the main purpose of acquiring the position of the vehicle under a continuous basis, for security and economy purposes. However, the GPS data can also be used for assessing the level of safety at which the vehicle is driven. On the basis of the essential data available from commercial GPS devices, in this paper we propose a combined performance measurement to assess the road safety level at which the vehicle is being driven. Such performance measure uses GPS data of the vehicle displacement, including the speed and the acceleration, as well as the course (latitude and longitude coordinates), in an integral driving assessment formulation that can run in real time. Results from the experimental use of this formulation suggest that the level of safety in the driving is time dependent, and that there are risky situations when different factors converge. T2 - ICASAT – 2019 – IEEE international Conference on Applied Science and Advanced Technology CY - Queretaro, México DA - 27.11.2019 KW - GPS Scheme KW - Safe KW - Driving PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - A real-time GPS scheme to assess safe driving skills N2 - GPS-data based calculation scheme for assessing, in real-time, the level of safety exerted during driving, has been described and used. The several variables involved considered the main factors that lead to road mishaps, including the speed, the acceleration and the effects that these variables have on the vehicle when it is negotiating a turn. The performance measure combines three individual performance outputs: speed, acceleration and a hybrid performance measure considering the speed, the acceleration and the change in latitude/longitude. The measures are designed in such a way that weighting factors can be calibrated in order to establish certain critical parameters. On the other hand, the terms in the equations preclude any division by zero of the involved ratios. On the other hand, the simplicity of the equations makes it possible to carry out the assessment in real time. The use of the resultant performance measure to a relatively long path, together with its current average value, indicates that the safe performance of the driving changes with time, and that, for the selected values of the calibration constants, the traveling speed dominates the overall safety performance of the driving. Furthermore, the different calibration constants provide the possibility of considering different types of hazmat carrying vehicles. While many other formulation components could be integrated into the performance measure, this three-component performance measure could be used to assess the driving of a hazmat-carrying vehicle, in order to detect and to prevent dangerous conditions, such as driver fatigue. Finally, the implementation of the different performance measure formulations in a system such as the one described in the introduction of this paper, could be straightforward. T2 - ICASAT – 2019 – IEEE international Conference on Applied Science and Advanced Technology CY - Queretaro, México DA - 27.11.2019 KW - GPS KW - Scheme KW - Safe KW - Driving PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-49984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hildebrand, R. A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. A1 - Sklorz, Christian ED - Otremba, Frank T1 - A simplified analytical approach on the dynamic pressures in cylindrical vertical tanks N2 - A simplified methodology is proposed to estimate the dynamic pressures developed within partially filled cylindrical vertical tanks when subjected to earthquake-related horizontal accelerations. The total pressure at the bottom of the tank is calculated as the superposition of vertical and horizontal pressures. While the magnitude of the vertical pressure depends on the free surface height of the liquid, the horizontal pressure depends on the magnitude of the horizontal acceleration and on the diameter of the tank. The liquid free surface oscillation angle is simulated based upon the principles of the simple pendulum analogy for sloshing. The length of the pendulum, however, is set on the basis of a methodology to calculate the free sloshing frequency of partially filled containers. Such a methodology is experimentally verified in this work. The outputs of the model for full scale situations, suggest that the lateral perturbation - sloshing phenomenon (earthquake effect) can generate an increase in the total pressure of 56% above the no lateral perturbation situation, further suggesting that such an overpressure should be taken into account when designing tanks that could be potentially subjected to earthquake-related perturbations. KW - Vertical cylindrical tanks KW - Pendulum analogy KW - Experimental approach KW - Sloshing, transition matrix approach KW - Hazmat PY - 2021 SN - 978-981-15-8273-8 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian T1 - Testing of pressurized vessels N2 - The results are based on data1. Figure 3 displays temperatures of the tank wall and of the gas phase over testing time. It can be seen that a complete coating strongly delayed the heating of tank wall and gas phase, whereas the partly coated tanks only had a minor influence on temperature development. There was no significant difference between a half coated and a thirdly coated tank measurable. Figure 4 shows the internal pressure of tanks over testing time. Only the fully coated tank enabled a low pressure over 90 min testing time. Hence, a complete coating is necessary to guarantee the fire safety of hazmat tanks and a partly coating is not sufficient. T2 - Annual Conference on Engineering and Information Technology CY - Nagoya - Japan DA - 29.03.2017 KW - Fire KW - Testing KW - Vessels KW - Dangerous goods PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Modelling a partly filled road tanker during an emergency braking N2 - A simplified model, based upon physical principles, is proposed the simulate the effect of sloshing on the pressure developed in the tanker chambers. The model has been validated in good extent, with experimental data from full scale testing. The characteristic that mostly affects the pressure developed with the chambers of the tanker is the length of the chamber. While a reduction in this property could decrease the pressure developed within a given chamber, the analysis should take into account an overall approach, as a shortening of the individual chambers would influence the number of chambers necessary to carry a certain amount of product. Consequently, the resulting model could be used to study different effects of the sloshing cargo on the carrying vehicles, including the length and position of the chambers along the tanker body. T2 - WCECS 2017 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 25.10.2017 KW - Braking KW - Emergency KW - Tanker PY - 2017 UR - http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2017/ SN - 978-988-14048-4-8 SN - 2078-0958 VL - II SP - 610 EP - 614 AN - OPUS4-42957 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Analysis of the capsizing of a tanker in the Rhine river N2 - A dynamic simulation model for a tanker ship along the Rhine River has been proposed, based on a simplified computational scheme, involving a two-degree-of-freedom roll plane multibody system, subjected to lateral accelerations estimated on the basis of measured data. The resulting equations of motion are solved through the transition matrix approach. The results suggest that many contributing factors were involved in the capsizing of the ship, including the relatively high speed of the river water and the meandering path of the infrastructure, further affected by dynamic effects derived from the behavior of the payload and from the steering maneuvers performed. T2 - ASME 2017 IMECE CY - Tampa, FL, USA DA - 03.11.2017 KW - Capsizing KW - Tanker KW - Rhine river PY - 2017 SN - 978-0-7918-5837-0 VL - 4A SP - Article UNSP V04AT05A063, 70488 EP - 70495 PB - ASME Press AN - OPUS4-42928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - An active acceleration system to mitigate/avoid underride rear-end crashes N2 - Rear-end crashes involving heavy trucks as the leading vehicle, and cars as the impact vehicle, cause many deaths and permanent injuries to car´s occupants. Measures have been thus taken in the trucks to prevent underride crashes, including the mounting of stiffer underride guards, set at car´s bumper height. In this respect, an active acceleration system(AAS), installed in the truck, could also contribute to mitigate the effects of These crashes, through the decrease of the relative Speed of the vehicles at the instant of the crash. In this paper, an AAS system is proposed, under the principles of ultrasonic sensors and an actuator for the truck´s accelerator mechanism. Simulation results of the operation of this AAS system, suggest that such a system could decrease the relative impact speed around 8% for an initial relative speed of 10 m/s. T2 - 2017 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems CY - Xiamen, China DA - 06.12.2017 KW - Mitigate KW - Avoid KW - Rear-end crashes PY - 2017 SN - 978-1-5386-2601-6 SP - 329 EP - 334 AN - OPUS4-43400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pötzsch, Sina A1 - Timme, Sebastian A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Skoczowsky, Danilo A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Fire protection systems for tanks made of GFRP N2 - The application of lightweight materials for tanks for transportation appears promising. Besides saving weight and therefore transportation costs, new complex geometries that depart from common cylindrical shapes of steel tanks can be manufactured. For transportation of dangerous goods, fire and explosion safety must be maintained to prevent accidents with serious consequences. In this work the fire behavior of lightweight tanks made from glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) with complex geometries is investigated. Pretests on intermediate scale GFRP plates are conducted to identify suitable fire protection systems and surface treatments for composite tanks. The fire resistance is shown to be improved by addition of fire protective coatings and integrated layers. Finally, a complex rectangular GFRP tank with a holding capacity of 1100 liters is fire protected with an intumescent fire coating. The tank is filled up to 80 % with water and burned under an engulfing fully developed fire. It was shown that the intumescent layer could expand before the decomposition of the resin occurred. Furthermore, the adhesion between tank surface and coating was maintained. The structure could withstand a fire for more than 20 min. T2 - ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE) 2017 CY - Tampa, Florida, USA DA - 03.11.2017 KW - Lightweight tank KW - Composites in fire KW - GFRP KW - Fire retardants KW - Intumescent layer PY - 2017 SN - 978-0-7918-5849-3 VL - 14 SP - Article UNSP V014T14A017, 1 EP - 6 PB - ASME Press AN - OPUS4-42991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Bradley, Ian T1 - Pressure vessel subjected by fire N2 - Test facilities at BAM, Types of fire test, Vessel testing, Modelling of vessel response to fire, Current research, Future research T2 - COTEQ 2017 CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil DA - 15.05.2017 KW - Vessels KW - Fire KW - Modelling PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40307 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Simulation of liquid cargo – vehicle interaction under lateral and longitudinal accelerations N2 - Amongst the vehicle parameters influencing road safety, the carried cargo plays a critical role in the case of a liquid cargo, posing rollover risk and affecting the available friction forces for braking. While the lateral sloshing of the cargo within the vehicle´s compartments, can be excited when the vehicle negotiates a turn, the longitudinal motion of the cargo derives from changes of speed. The combination of both types of perturbations occurs when the vehicle brakes while negotiating a turn. In this paper, a two-pendulum formulation is used to simulate the lateral and longitudinal behavior of a vehicle when negotiating a braking in a turn maneuver. The suspension forces are thus calculated as the linear superposition of both models. Results suggest that the vehicle roll stability is affected by the cargo sloshing, with increments on the order of 100% in the lateral load transfer, for a 50% filled tank. On the other hand, the dispersion of the travelling speed also affects the lateral stability of such type of vehicles, as a function of the dispersion of the vehicle´s travelling speed. T2 - The 9th International Conference on Computational Methods (ICCM2018) CY - Rome, Italy DA - 06.08.2018 KW - Sloshing cargo KW - Road tankers KW - Pendulum analogy KW - Braking in a turn KW - Lateral load transfer ratio PY - 2018 SP - 88 EP - 102 PB - Scientech Publisher LLC AN - OPUS4-45821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Betanzo Quezada, E. A1 - Obregón Biosca, S. A. T1 - The railway transport sustainability in Mexico. Europe and Mexico perspective N2 - The use of railway transportation for satisfying the transport needs of goods in Mexico is less intense than in developed countries, such as Germany. Mexican performance measures based upon the railway length per capita (intensity), or the railway length per square km of the country surface (density), are well behind from corresponding indicators for Germany, in such a way that the length of the railway infrastructure of Mexico should be, at least, doubled in order to reach a comparable intensity rate as that of Germany. In this paper, the benefits from transferring the whole transportation of goods from road to railway, is discussed. The benefits include a remarkable reduction in energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The feasibility for the electrical infrastructure to provide the necessary energy is further shown, while the economic feasibility of such situation is analyzed on the basis of the federal budget of Mexico. According to these estimations, the investment in railway infrastructure is feasible, while the electrical installed capacity is enough to satisfy an all-electric system. T2 - XIV Congreso Internacional de Ingenieria (XIV International Engineering Congress) CY - Querétaro, Mexico DA - 14.05.2018 KW - Railways KW - Trucking KW - Transport externalities KW - Comparative assessment KW - Energy saving potentials PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-5386-7018-7 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-45823 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Modelling of a Partially Loaded Road Tanker during a Braking-in-a-Turn Maneuver N2 - This paper describes a theoretical model to simulate the effects of a sloshing cargo on the safety performance of a vehicle that performs a braking-in-a-turn maneuver when travels at a partial fill level. The fundamental assumption of the model consists of the superposition of the effects of two simplified mechanical-analogy models that represent a liquid cargo on a vehicle, including one for the roll motion and another one for the pitch motion. The distinctive characteristics of the mechanical models, however, is that they are based upon a validated formulation to establish the properties of the pendulum (length). The results suggest a small effect of the sloshing cargo on the braking efficiency of the cargo, while the load transfer is moderately affected. However, such results should be put into a perspective, according to which such small variations can represent the avoidance of a rear-end crash or a rollover. In this respect, a specialized ABS system could be considered to improve the performance of such kind of vehicles when performing such maneuvers. Validation of the proposed methodology should be performed as a continuation of this research effort. KW - ABS KW - Braking-in-a-turn maneuver KW - Cargo sloshing KW - Road tankers KW - Load transfer KW - Simulation KW - Turning maneuvers PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-456908 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/act7030045 VL - 7 IS - 45 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-45690 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pötzsch, Sina A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Borch, Jörg A1 - Hilse, Thilo A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - The fire resistance of lightweight composite tanks depending on fire protection systems N2 - To save weight and resources lightweight tanks with complex geometries made of glass-fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) are a promising innovation for the transportation of dangerous goods. To realise the use of polymer tanks for such applications, their fire safety must be guaranteed. This paper presents solutions to protect fibre-reinforced plastic tanks from fire. The fire resistance of six GFRP tanks with different fire protection systems was tested in an outdoor full-scale fire test facility according to the regulation stipulated in the ADR (European agreement concerning the national carriage of dangerous goods by road). All tanks feature a complex geometry and a holding capacity of 1100 litres. The fire protection systems are composed of specialised resins as well as two intumescent coatings. All systems had a protective impact. The best results were achieved by the epoxy based intumescent coating, which was able to prolong the time needed to reach 150 °C inside the tank by 20 min. The emergence of a temperature holding point inside the tank due to condensation effects was observed at temperatures around 100 °C. KW - Fire safety composite tanks PY - 2018 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379711218301644 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.08.007 SN - 0379-7112 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 100 SP - 118 EP - 127 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-45697 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borch, Jörg-Peter A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Jetfire-Prüfstand ergänzt die bereits vorhandenen Brandprüfstände N2 - Seit zehn Jahren führt die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (kurz: BAM) auf zwei Prüfständen Brandprüfungen z. B. an Transport-und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe oder zur Prüfung von Brandschutzbeschichtungen durch. Als Brandmedium wird Flüssiggas (Propan-Butan-Gemisch C) eingesetzt, mit dem die Prüfobjekte simulierten Unfallfeuern ausgesetzt werden. Seit Anfang 2018 verfügt die BAM darüber hinaus auch über einen Jetfire-Prüfstand, der die Anforderungen der ISO 22899-1:2007 1) erfüllt. KW - JetFire KW - Prüfstand PY - 2018 SN - 2191-0073 SP - 28 EP - 30 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-46566 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano-Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Commodities and rail damage N2 - The normalized contact-mechanics fourth-power law approach for the dynamic loads, suggest: worst railway use situation (double deck at 65 km/h) is 350 times that of the less rail damage situation (flat car at 45 km/h). The normalized dispersion approach for the dynamic loads (Dynamic Load Coefficient), suggest that the worst railway use situation (double deck at 65 km/h) is about 4 times that of the less rail damage Situation (flat car at 45 km/h). The potential effect of the different types of cars on the railway fatigue life could be significant, as a function of the vehicle speed. The experimental validation of these outputs will be carried out as a continuation of this research effort. In addition to that, it should be mentioned that the associated simplified model could be used to analyze some other situations, related with the transport safety of different products. T2 - IMECE 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition CY - Pittsburgh, PA, USA DA - 09.11.18 KW - Commodities KW - Rail KW - Damage PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46649 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano -Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Commidities and rail damage N2 - A roll-plane simplified model, representing the suspended body-cargo of a railway car, was developed to simulate thedynamic response of a railway car while subjectedto lateral acceleration derived from its traveling along curved tracks. The model provides the means to calculate the suspension forces, which are supposed to be transmitted to the bogie´s wheelset. For the analysis of the potential effect of such forces on the railway fatigue life, different performance measures were considered, under different concepts. A family of curves were produced to analyze the effect of the height of the center of gravity of the body-cargo system, on the different performance measures. The resultingdiagramswereused to assess the rail damage potentials offour different railway cars. Results suggest that the height of the center of gravity, associated to the different types of railway cars, nonlinearly and strongly affects the fatigue lifeof the rail, with the double stack car being the moreinfrastructure-aggressive. In this respect, experimental evidence should be provided about such remarkable effects, so as to supportsome operational recommendationsthat shouldbe taken to mitigate these effects, including, for example, the regulation of the traveling speed of some vehicles. T2 - IMECE 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition CY - Pittsburgh, PA, USA DA - 09.11.2018 KW - Commidities KW - Rail KW - Damage PY - 2018 SP - 86008-1 EP - 86008-6 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-46650 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kutz, Philipp A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Sklorz, Christian T1 - Development of a Single Walled Tank under Cryogenic Conditions made of Composite N2 - The use of glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GRP) can reduce the weight of tanks significantly. By replacing steel with GRP in tanks for gases (propane, etc.) a weight reduction of up to 50 % was reached. In this project not only the material should be optimized, but also the design. Previous tanks consist of a double-walled structure with an insulation layer between the two shells (e.g. vacuum). Goal of this project is to realize a single-walled construction of GRP with an insulation layer on the outside. To determine the temperature dependent material values, two different experiments are performed: In the first experiment, temperature dependent material properties of liquid nitrogen found in literature research are validated in a simple setup. The level of liquid nitrogen in a small jar is measured over the experiment time. Numerical simulation shows the change of nitrogen level with sufficient precision. In the second experiment, a liquid nitrogen is applied on one side of a GRP plate. Temperature is measured with thermocouples on top and bottom of the GRP plate, as well as in the middle of the plate. By use of numerical simulation, temperature dependent thermal conductivity is determined. In the third experiment, a test stand is designed to examine different insulation materials. In this test stand, the insulation material can easily be changed. A numerical simulation, in which the determined material data is used, is performed as well for this test stand. The experiments show, that GRP can be used in cryogenic environments. Multiphase simulations are a suitable tool to describe the energy absorption of thermal energy due to thermal phase change. Results on different insulation materials will follow. T2 - IMECE 2018 CY - Pittsburgh, PA, USA DA - 09.11.2018 KW - Lightweight design KW - Thermal properties of GRP KW - Liquid nitrogen KW - LNG PY - 2018 UR - http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=2722335 SN - 978-0-7918-5214-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-86365 VL - 9 SP - V009T12A019 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-47321 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Hazmat tanks subjected to fire N2 - Transport safety depends in great extent of what happens to the cargo once the carrying vehicle derails or rollovers. The exposure of tanks to direct fire is a condition that potentially involves catastrophic consequences. Studying the behavior of the contained fluid under these drastic circumstances, is critical to develop methods and techniques to mitigate the serious consequences of many mishaps. In this paper, the experimental potentials of a Particle Image Velocimetry data acquisition system are described, for providing experimental data that could be used to calibrate mathematical models. As an example of the situations that need to be modelled, an experiment is described concerning the effect of the boundary conditions and protecting devices, on the rate of variation of pressure and temperature of the fluid in a tank exposed to a direct fire. In this regard, the results emphasize the importance of equipping the vessels with both thermal insulation and safety valves. T2 - ICMEA CY - Da Nang, Vietnam DA - 16.01.2019 KW - Pool fire KW - Pressure vessel PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47231 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Frana, K. A1 - Simon, S. A1 - Attia, S. T1 - Numerical simulation of the gas filling N2 - It was possible to achieve an error as 9% or even 0% at certain time steps, as shown in the graph above, the usage of UDF code has major importance in achieving the pressure Profile required, and it heat transfer between the bottle itself and the surroundings was taken into consideration which of course had a high influence on how the temperature of the air flask changes. T2 - ASME 2017 CY - Tampa, FL, USA DA - 03.11.2017 KW - Numerical Simulation KW - Gas Filling KW - Compoite Receptacle PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42847 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Analysis of the capsizing of a tanker in the Rhine river N2 - Simplified model made possible to get a physical perspective about this accident T2 - IMECE 2017 CY - Tampa, FL, USA DA - 03.11.2017 KW - Tanker KW - Rhine river KW - Capsizing PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42850 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A simplified model to simulate the pitch instability of a partially filled tank trailer N2 - Singular situation of pitch instability, modeled through simplified models. More analysis is required to proposed vehicle design improvements. T2 - IMECE 2017 CY - Tampa, FL, USA DA - 03.11.2017 KW - Pitch instability KW - Tank trailer KW - Simulation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42851 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Modelling a partly filled road tanker during an emergency braking N2 - Figure 10 illustrates the theoretical results from the simplified model considered, together with the experimental data. These results and measurements are presented one next to the other, in order to facilitate the validity analysis of the proposed simulation methodology. These results illustrate that the trends are comparable for both sets of data, that is, a similar range is obtained for all of the variables reported. A lower pressure is generated in chamber 5, which is attributed to the shorter length of this chamber. However, such increase in pressure does not correspond exactly to the difference of lengths, as the ratio of lengths would cause a differential pressure of 2.3/1.23 = 1.86, while the ratio of average pressures is on the order of 2. That is, there is an incremental, which is associated to the maximum height attained by the fluid in the chamber. The major difference between both sets of data, the experimental and theoretical, is that the theoretical do not include much of the noise and random oscillations reported in the experimental data. Such noise, however, is of very low amplitude, in comparison with the maximum values attained. The practical applications of these results could be in the area of chamber design, so that the effects of the length of the chambers be taken into account. That is, such greater lengths for the fluid in the chamber would involve larger pressures and consequently, greater stresses. However, the analysis should include an overall perspective, that is, the shortening of the chambers would imply an increase in the number of chambers, for a certain total payload, and the superposition effect of pressures, should be considered. On the other hand, the analysis could be extended to characterize the effects of the distribution of the lengths of the different chambers along the axis of the tanker, as the different resulting forces could have different effects on the pitch response of the road tanker. T2 - WCECS 2017 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 25.10.2017 KW - Tanker KW - Emergency KW - Braking PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42854 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Energy saving potentials of railways instead of roadways: Mexico case N2 - For the last 100 years, Mexico has not invested in new freight railway infrastructure. Consequently, the values of indicators about the use of such Transport mode are poorly compared with those of developed countries such as Germany. T2 - Railways 2018 CY - Sitges, Barcelona, Spain DA - 03.09.2018 KW - Energy saving KW - Potentials KW - Railways KW - Roadways PY - 2018 UR - http://www.railwaysconference.com/ SP - Paper E5.05, 1 EP - 4 PB - Civil-Comp Limited CY - Dun Eaglais, UK AN - OPUS4-45909 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Cargo securement standards and braking maneuvers N2 - There was a need to validate the longitudinal performance required for the cargo securement, as current standards exhibit differences. A model has been proposed in this paper, to simulate the effect of a shifting cargo on the braking efficiency of the vehicle. Results suggest that the braking efficiency can be greater in the case of a shifting cargo, as a result of the uncoupling of the cargo-vehicle systems, implying that similar braking forces are exerted on a reduced mass. The shifting of the cargo can occur as a result of the vibration of the vehicle, that leads to having a diminished friction force to prevent the shifting of the cargo. T2 - 20th Internatinal Conference on Road Traffic Saefy an Public Transport Vehicles CY - Paris, France DA - 29.10.2018 KW - Cargo KW - Securement KW - Braking KW - Maneuvers PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fraňa, K. A1 - Attia, S. H. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A numerical simulation of the filling process in the pressure bottle N2 - A filling process of the pressure bottle used for the air storage was investigated by numerical simulations. During the filling process, the temperature was rising up to maximal value and after that started to decline. The good match was found between experimental and numerical results. In order to reproduce the experimental conditions, the process of the filling bottle was controlled by the pressure which varied in time. This filling strategy influenced furthermore the mass flow rate and the air flow velocity. Because of the geometrical symmetry, the simulation was calculated as an axisymmetric problem. KW - Filling procedere KW - Receptacle PY - 2018 UR - http://www.ijmerr.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=162&id=997 DO - https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr.7.5.558-563 SN - 2278-0149 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 558 EP - 563 PB - IJMERR CY - Rowland Heights, CA, USA AN - OPUS4-46021 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Bradley, I. A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Boiling Thermohydraulics within Pressurized Vessels N2 - Transport safety depends in great extent of what happens to the cargo once the carrying vehicle derails or rollovers. The exposure of tanks to direct fire is a condition that potentially involves catastrophic consequences. Studying the behavior of the contained fluid under these drastic circumstances, is critical to develop methods and techniques to mitigate the serious consequences of many mishaps. In this paper, the experimental potentials of a Particle Image Velocimetry data acquisition system are described, for providing experimental data that could be used to calibrate mathematical models. As an example of the situations that need to be modelled, an experiment is described concerning the effect of the boundary conditions and protecting devices, on the rate of variation of pressure and temperature of the fluid in a tank exposed to a direct fire. In this regard, the results emphasize the importance of equipping the vessels with both thermal insulation and safety valves. T2 - WCECS 2018 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 23.10.2018 KW - Thermohydraulic KW - Vessels PY - 2018 SN - 978-988-14049-0-9 SN - 2078-0958 SN - 2078-0966 SP - 538 EP - 542 AN - OPUS4-46419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Boiling Thermohydraulics within Pressurized Vessels N2 - Small and large-scale tests have been carried out Pressure vessel – to improve numerical modelling Different types of fire must be distinguished Modelling of vessels were discussed Test configuration has been developed to see what happens in the vessel First results encourage us to continue the Research Thermohydraulics needs further work (boundary layers). T2 - WCECS 2018 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 23.10.2018 KW - Boiling KW - Thermohydraulic KW - Vessels PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46420 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Cargo securement standards and braking maneuvers N2 - There was a need to validate the longitudinal performance required for the cargo securement, as current standards exhibit differences. A model has been proposed in this paper, to simulate the effect of a shifting cargo on the braking efficiency of the vehicle. Results suggest that the braking efficiency can be greater in the case of a shifting cargo, as a result of the uncoupling of the cargo-vehicle systems, implying that similar braking forces are exerted on a reduced mass. The shifting of the cargo can occur as a result of the vibration of the vehicle, that leads to having a diminished friction force to prevent the shifting of the cargo. T2 - International Research Conference CY - Paris, France DA - 29.10.2018 KW - Cargo KW - Securement KW - Maneuvers PY - 2018 SP - 2105 EP - 2108 AN - OPUS4-46423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bradley, I. A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, V. A1 - Birk, A. M. T1 - Experimental Analysis of a Pressurized Vessel Exposed to Fires: an Innovative Representative Scale Apparatus N2 - A novel deign of test equipment has been commissioned to investigate thermal stratification and boiling during fire exposure of pressure vessels. Extensive temperature measurements and video of the internal conditions during fire exposure are possible, and the equipment has been designed for future compatibility with laser-based velocity measurement techniques. It is expected to generate data large quantities of data that will be of use in validation of two- and three-dimensional CFD models for the prediction of pressure vessel behaviour in fire. Future work will seek to characterize the boundary layer conditions in detail for a range of test fluids, fill levels and fire-induced thermal boundary conditions. Initial tests undertaken during commissioning may indicate that fire exposure of the vessel wall just above the liquid level can have a notable influence on the pressurization rate, by increasing the degree of superheat. Further experimental and modelling work is required to confirm and quantify this effect, or to rebut this conclusion. T2 - ICH 13th International Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering CY - Milan, Italy DA - 28.05.2017 KW - Representative Scale Apparatus KW - Pressurized Vessel, KW - Fire PY - 2017 VL - 57 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-40663 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bradley, I. A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, V. A1 - Birk, A. M. T1 - Experimental analysis of a pressurized N2 - Test equipment has been commissioned and proven to work.Initial data on temperatures, and pressurization rates have been collected and are now under analysis. The level of detail of the measurements is suitable for CFD validation. Initial PIV studies were undertaken to measure the velocity field. T2 - ICH 13th International Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering CY - Milan, Italy DA - 28.05.2017 KW - Fire KW - pressurized vessel KW - Representative scale apparatus PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40665 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A massive vehicle-flexible pavement dynamic interaction simulator N2 - The interaction of the vehicles with the pavements imply damaging effects on both systems, as a function of the operating conditions and design characteristics of both systems. These effects influence the road pricing as well as the maintenance costs of the vehicles. In this paper, a simulation scheme has been proposed to analyze such interaction in massive way, involving a multivehicle models was the uncoupling of the roll and pitch responses. Results suggest that the damaging effects on the pavement and the vehicle, depends on the position along the road profile. However, the vertical design of the road would mainly affect the pavement damage, while the turning maneuvers would strongly influence the damage of the vehicle. Many uses can be identified for the proposed simulation scheme, involving different design and operating conditions for both systems. T2 - NAFEMS World Congress 2017 CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 11.06.2017 KW - Vehicle KW - Interaction simulator PY - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-40667 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Modelling of the lateral stability of river tankers N2 - A model of the cargo – ship interaction has been presented, for a navigation environment in which there is no waves, in which the ship lateral stability depends only on the manoeuver performed and the characteristics of the ship and cargo. Several simplifications have been introduced in the model, including the circular bottom of the ship, which facilitates the location of the buoyancy force on the ship, and the analogy of the sloshing cargo motion to a simple pendulum. Two forms of damping were introduced (river waters with the ship´s hull and the friction of the liquid inside the tanker walls), while the sliding motion of the ship when turning has been assumed as negligible. The results suggest that the sloshing cargo influences the lateral stability of the river tanker, with increases in the maximum roll angle from 15% to 40%, as a function of the speed and the fill level. The maximum roll angle has been found to occur at a 75% fill level, regardless of the ship speed. T2 - NAFEMS World Congress 2017 CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 11.06.2017 KW - Lateral stability KW - River tankers PY - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-40669 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero, Jose A. ED - Sio-Iong Ao, T1 - Modeling of vehicle-cargo interaction under different environments N2 - The safety of any transport system depends on a multitude of conditions, parameters and circumstances. In this regard, the interaction of the carried Cargo with the carrying vehicle represents a factor influencing the overall safety of any transport. The effects of cargo on the vehicle have to do with the vibration or shifting of the cargo, affecting the lateral stability of the vehicles and the braking performance. Such interaction has been associated to road crashes and maritime vehicles capsizing. Simulation of cargo-vehicle interaction thus represents an interesting Topic when a reduction in transport accidents is pursued. In this paper, the fundamentals principles for simulating the interaction of the liquid cargo and the carrying vehicle, is presented. In the case of a road transportation, the proposed simplified Simulation methodologies, show good agreement with a full-scale test. KW - Transition matrix approach KW - Braking performance KW - Experimental approach KW - Newton approach Ship stability KW - Sloshing PY - 2018 SN - 978-981-13-2191-7 SP - 47 EP - 57 PB - Springer Nature CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-46773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Experimental modeling of railway car wheel-forces during turning N2 - An experimental testing rig has been proposed to study the dynamic interaction between a liquid cargo and the carrying vehicle during turning maneuvers. The basic operational principle of the testing rig consists in simulating the lateral accelerations associated to turning maneuvers through the use of a tilt table. While the experimental capabilities of the testing rig include the analysis of the effects of the cars on the whole transport infrastructure, including sleepers and ballast, a first use of the rig considered the effect of sloshing cargo on the level of dynamic forces transmitted to the rails. Such test was used to validate a simplified theoretical approach consisting of a two degree-of-freedom double pendulum mechanical system, where a simple pendulum, representing the sloshing cargo, is articulated to the spring-supported vehicle chassis, which is modelled as an inverted torsional pendulum. While the theoretical results exhibit a high correlation with the experimental data, the main discrepancy between both outputs, relates with the frequency of the residual vibration, once the lateral acceleration input is ceased. Such difference in frequency, would imply an underestimation of the number of loading cycles to which the infrastructure is subjected. On the other hand, the peak values are within acceptable difference levels. T2 - IEEE/ASME Joint Rail Conference CY - Snowbird, Utah, USA DA - 09.04.2019 KW - Railway KW - Wheel-forces KW - Turning PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-47880 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - An, Q. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Rehfeldt, Rainer A1 - Hidde, Gundula T1 - Investigation of mechanical stress and B10 exposure on FKM polymer N2 - Biofuels, particularly biodiesel, have gained significant attention as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels in recent years. Unlike diesel, which contains hundreds of compounds, biodiesel only contains a few compounds in the C16-C18 carbon chain. However, the use of biodiesel in automobile and transportation applications can result in problems of degradation or even damage in materials. Among the commonly used polymer materials, fluorocarbon (FKM) shows excellent performance and high stability and compatibility towards oil, diesel, ethanol, and other chemicals. FKM is a family of fluorocarbon-based fluoroelastomer materials, which provide excellent high-temperature and chemical stability compared to other elastomers. As a result, FKM is widely used in chemical processes such as petroleum refining, where it is used for sealings, pumps, and other components. T2 - TMS 2024 153rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings CY - Orlando, Florida, USA DA - 03.03.2024 KW - B10 exposure KW - FKM polymer PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59636 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - An, Q. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Rehfeldt, Rainer A1 - Hidde, Gundula A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Investigation of Mechanical Stress and B10 Exposure on FKM Polymer N2 - Mechanical stress often accelerates the failure of polymer materials. The aim of this research is to study the interaction between the sealing material FKM and biofuels B10 (heating oil with 10% biodiesel). The mechanical stress test was carried out in a special apparatus. Both mechanical and non-mechanical stress tests were conducted on specimens at 20, 40, and 70 °C for 28 days to document changes in mass, volume, and tensile properties. Both increasing temperature and mechanical stress have a significant effect on the tensile strength of the FKM polymer when exposed to B10. The combination of increasing temperature and mechanical stress induced rupture within 2 h. It was also established that FKM polymer with pre-exposure in B10 survived longer during mechanical stress compared to specimens exposed only to air. With the support of infrared (IR) spectroscopy, we were able to confirm the penetration of B10 into the FKM polymer. T2 - TMS 2024 Annual Meeting & Exhibition Teilnahme mit Präsentation CY - Orlando-Florida / USA DA - 03.03.2024 KW - Biofuels KW - Sealing materials KW - Mechanical stress KW - Change in tensile properties PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50349-8_108 SP - 1253 EP - 1261 PB - Springer CY - Orlando-Florida / USA AN - OPUS4-59638 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Camplese, D. A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Cozzani, V. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Insulation Materials Used in Tanks for the Storage of Cryogenic Fluids in Fire Scenarios N2 - The importance of tanks for storing cryogenic fluids in the energy industry is increasing because of ongoing political conflicts and the implementation of more environmentally friendly energy sources. Key representatives for the application of cryogenic tanks are natural gas in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and hydrogen, e. g. in the form of Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2), for which significantly higher transport capacities can be achieved with the same transport volume using cryogenic storages than with storages based solely on overpressure. What applies to all cryogenic transported fluids in common is their condition that must be maintained. Hence heat flows into the preserved fluid must be minimized. Thermal super Insulations (TSI) based on e. g. multilayer insulations (MLI), perlites, and vacuum are utilized for this purpose and have already proven themselves in similar applications. However, for the use of tanks for cryogenic fluids in the transport sector, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the course and consequences of incidents, which is due to the still short period of use and the few documented incidents, hence few investigations carried out in this field. Typical scenarios in the transport sector represent car accidents with collisions, fires, and their combination, which are associated with extraordinary loads on the tank. The focus of this study is to investigate the behavior of TSI as a result of their thermal exposure to a heat source representing a fire. It is worth mentioning that this could lead to an increase of the heat flux into a tank by several orders of magnitude, and to permanent damage of the TSI, ultimately rapid release of flammable gas as well as a Boiling Liquide Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). For this purpose, a high temperature thermal vacuum chamber (HTTVC) has been developed that allows thermal loading of MLI or perlites in a vacuum and simultaneous measurement of heat flow through this TSI. The HTTVC is designed to represent realistic insulation conditions and to withstand thermal loads from typical design fires. The HTTVC was applied to investigate TSI based on MLI and vacuum. It is shown that the thermal stress caused permanent damage to the TSI, with shrinkage, phase change, pyrolysis, and condensation being significant damage mechanisms. The results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios and can thus contribute to the improvement of TSI and the development of emergency measures for the protection of persons and infrastructures. T2 - ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2023) CY - Atlanta, Georgia, USA DA - 16.07.2023 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - MLI KW - Safety PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57974 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Chianese, Carmela A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Modeling the performance of multilayer insulation in cryogenic tanks undergoing external fire scenarios N2 - Multilayer Insulation (MLI) is frequently used in vacuum conditions for the thermal insulation of cryogenic storage tanks. The severe consequences of the degradation of such materials in engulfing fire scenarios were recently evidenced by several large-scale experimental tests. In the present study, an innovative modelling approach was developed to assess the performance of heat transfer in polyester-based MLI materials for cryogenic applications under fire conditions. A specific layer-by-layer approach was integrated with an apparent kinetic thermal degradation model based on thermogravimetric analysis results. The modeling results provided a realistic simulation of the experimental data obtained by High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber tests reproducing fire exposure conditions. The model was then applied to assess the behavior of MLI systems for liquid hydrogen tanks in realistic fire scenarios. The results show that in intense fire scenarios degradation occurs rapidly, compromising the thermal insulation performances of the system within a few minutes. KW - Multilayer Insulation KW - Cryogenic Vessels KW - Liquefied Hydrogen KW - Liquefied Natural Gas KW - Safety KW - Fire PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599418 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.04.061 SN - 0957-5820 VL - 186 SP - 1169 EP - 1182 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-59941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Systems with Cryogenic Liquefied Gases in Fire Incidents N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Its storage requires tanks with Thermal Super Insulations (TSI) to keep the transported fluid cold. TSI has proven itself in various applications over a long time, but not in the land transport sector, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. The focus of this study is to investigate the behavior of different types of TSI when exposed to a heat source that represents a fire. Therefore, a High- Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (HTTVC) was used that allows the thermal loading of thermal insulation material in a vacuum and measuring the heat flow through the TSI in parallel. Within this study, 5 samples were tested regarding 3 different types of MLI, rock wool, and perlites. The thermal exposure caused different effects on the samples. In practice, this can be connected to the rapid release of flammable gases as well as a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). These results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the improvement of TSI, and the development of emergency measures. T2 - IMECE 2023 CY - New Orleans, Louisiana, USA DA - 29.10.2023 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58769 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, D. A1 - Chianese, C. A1 - Scarponi, G. A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, V. T1 - Analysis of high temperature degradation of multi-layer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen storage tanks N2 - The interest in hydrogen-based green energy is increasing worldwide, and the same is true for hydrogen-powered vehicles. Among the possible solutions to store hydrogen in such vehicles, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are the most promising to increase the amount of energy stored per unit volume. However, MLI is affected by severe deterioration when exposed to an external source of heat such as a fire following a car accident, leaving the tank unprotected and leading to failure in a relatively short time. In this work, a one-dimensional model to evaluate MLI thermal degradation when a liquid hydrogen tank is exposed to fire is presented. The relevance of taking MLI degradation into account when simulating the pressure increase due to external fire exposure is here demonstrated through the analysis of several case studies. The results show that MLI systems performance depletes within a few minutes of exposure to hydrocarbon poolfire. T2 - ICheaP 16 CY - Naples, Italy DA - 21.05.2023 KW - LH2 KW - MLI KW - Tiefkalt KW - Fire KW - Tank PY - 2023 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. AN - OPUS4-57584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -