TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Gashochdruckleitungen T2 - Ruhrgas Meeting Gashochdruckleitungen CY - Essen, Germany DA - 2012-01-25 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25415 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Kühl, Christiane T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen an Rohrfernleitungen in schutzwürdigen Gebieten T2 - Wangerooger Sicherheitstage 2012 Workshop: Vermeidung katastrophaler Umweltschäden - Schadensbegrenzung bei Dennoch/Exzeptionellen Störfällen CY - Wangerooge, Germany DA - 2012-04-22 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25770 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Kühl, Christiane T1 - Schadensbegrenzung bei Dennoch/Exzeptionellen Störfällen T2 - Wangerooger Sicherheitstage 2012, Vermeidung katastrophaler Umweltschäden CY - Wangerooge, Germany DA - 2012-04-22 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25771 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reich, Franziska A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Würsig, Andreas T1 - Fail-safe? A study about the integrity of safety valves for tanks for dangerous goods N2 - In Europe, tanks designed on different safety philosophies are used for transporting one and the same liquid dangerous goods (Krautwurst, 2011). Owing to this circumstance, the BAM was commissioned by the BMVBS to conduct a research project designed to analyse and assess the equipment of tanks. Furthermore in these project were researched some failure mechanism of pressure relief devices (PRD). Based on the knowledge gained, possible solutions were worked out under safety-relevant aspects that would benefit tank transport by providing a lower hazard potential. Besides looking at the mode of operation and the construction of PRV, their blow-off characteristics and total flow rate are considered from a safety engineering point of view. Based on in-depth studies, a concept for and the further approach to examinations of the failure limits of PRD, especially of spring loaded relief valves, was developed and comprehensively described in the report “The use of safety devices, particularly safety valves, on transport containers” (Pötzsch, Reich, & Jochems, 2011). The purpose of this study was to investigate failure causes of safety valves by normal modes and accidental fire heat loads. A series of investigations for different influences using safety valves for tanks were obtained. Testing vibration modes and corrosion presents some design limits. Experimental study of a pressure vessel engulfing in fire identify significant design limits. The complete set of results provides direct information of fail-safe modes and discusses the usage. T2 - ASME 2013 International mechanical engineering congress and exposition CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 15.11.2013 KW - Safety valves KW - Transporttanks KW - Dangerous goods KW - Fire prooving KW - Response behavior PY - 2013 IS - IMECE2013-62204 SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-29717 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Ziegenhorn, B. T. U. A1 - Sklorz, Christian T1 - Integrity of aluminium gas receptacle T2 - IMECE 2013 CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 2013-11-15 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29668 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Balke, Christian T1 - Integrity of tanks under extreme loading conditions T2 - International Conference on Engineering and Applied Science CY - Hong Kong, China DA - 2013-12-19 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29837 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Balke, Christian T1 - BLEVE performance of fire protection coating systems on dangerous goods tanks in a test fire N2 - How can the risk of a BLEVE be reduced? That is the main question based on different research projects. In various large scale fire tests fire protection coating systems were used of different manufacturers. The degree of the coating as well as the layer thickness and the processing were varied. These experimental configurations were partly tested with and without pressure relief valve. The pressure relief valves were not protected again the thermal Load from the test fire. The ambition is to find a minimum of the thickness from the fire protection coating witch delay a BLEVE up to 90 minutes. Here are given the most interested configurations of tanks in fire and a description of the test-rigs. KW - BLEVE KW - Fire protection coating KW - Isolation KW - Test rigs KW - Large scale fire test PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.12720/ijmse.1.2.90-93 SN - 2315-4527 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 90 EP - 93 PB - Engineering and technology publishing AN - OPUS4-30124 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zur, Malte A1 - Klippel, Alexander A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Leder, A. T1 - Numerical simulation and experimental study of cabin-airflow and transport of gas-mixtures in aircraft cargo compartments: model validation N2 - Dangerous goods are transported as air freight in commercial aircrafts. Using plastic jerrycans or plastic containers, liquids or gases can escape by leakage or permeation effects. Prior research by the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) showed that the lower explosion limit can be reached when transporting dangerous goods in sea-freight containers under normal transportation situations. This motivated the presented study of the transportation situation of dangerous goods in cargo compartments of commercial airplanes. The scope of this paper is to present the experimental method used for validating a numerical model for CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations. The CFD model will be used in a future study to evaluate the potential risk from transporting dangerous goods. The objective of this paper is to present the model mock-up of an aircraft cargo compartment and some examples of three dimensional velocity profiles of the air flow in the mock-up. The velocity profiles are calculated using numerical simulations and measured by Laser-Doppler-Anemometry (LDA) experiments. The mock-up is a generic model of a wide-body aircraft lower deck cargo compartment in a 1:10 scale. Geometry, air exchange rates and inlet as well as outlet flow conditions in the cargo compartment are modeled using realistic boundary conditions. The commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code ANSYS CFX 14 is used for numerical flow simulations applying RANS (Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes) equations and turbulence models. The turbulence models studied are the renormalization group k-ε-model (RNG), the Reynolds-Stress model by Launder, Reece and Rodi (LRR) and the SST-k-ω-model by Menter (SST). The flow measurement with LDA in the mock-up of a cargo compartment proves to be a feasible method for producing data to validate CFD simulations. Qualitative evaluation of the results shows a good overall agreement between numerical and experimental results. The experimental validation indicates that the implemented CFD model is capable of reproducing the flow situation in the model mock-up. T2 - ASME 2013 Fluids engineering summer meeting - 7th International symposium on flow applications in aerospace CY - Incline Village, Nevada, USA DA - 07.07.2013 KW - Computational fluid dynamics KW - Aircraft cabin air flow KW - Gas mixtures KW - Model validation PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-7918-5555-3 IS - Paper FEDSM2013-16622 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-30076 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Mohr, F. A1 - Kilian, R. T1 - Alloy 800 steam generator tube stress corrosion cracks - Detection T2 - 9th International conference on NDE in relation to structural integrity for nuclear and pressurized components CY - Seattle, USA DA - 2012-05-22 PY - 2013 SN - 978-92-79-28212-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.2790/74243 SN - 1018-5593 SP - 862 EP - 870 AN - OPUS4-28886 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. A1 - Morales-Velazquez, L. A1 - Valtierra-Rodríguez, M. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Jáuregui-Correa, J. C. T1 - Frequency Analysis of the Railway Track under Loads Caused by the Hunting Phenomenon N2 - Hunting is a potentially dangerous phenomenon related to the lateral oscillation of the wheels that impacts the rails and causes the wear of the infrastructure’s components. Therefore, the analysis and timely detection of hunting can lead to the application of corrective maintenance tasks, reducing damages, and costs and even derailments as a result. In this work, the vibration response of a finite element model of a rail with hunting-induced loads by a single wheel is analyzed in three directions: longitudinal, lateral, and vertical. The contact patch forces are calculated by means of Simpack® using the Kalker linear theory and the contact Hertz theory. The system is solved by using the Newmark-_ approach. The results of the deflection and vibration analysis, following the proposed methodology, show how the different characteristics of the loads impact the rail. KW - Continuous wavelet transform KW - Empirical mode decomposition KW - Finite element method KW - Frequency analysis KW - Hunting phenomenon KW - Mechanical modelling KW - Rail vibrations PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-551517 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/10/13/2286/htm# DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/math10132286 VL - 10 IS - 13 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-55151 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental Assessing of the Energy Transformation in Turns N2 - Turning maneuvers of rail vehicles involve demanding situations for the infrastructure because of the steering forces generated and the resultant lateral load transfers. Such forcing situation involves increased tangential forces that consume kinetic energy from the vehicle. While much attention has been paid in the literature to the damage in such infrastructure segments, the energy that is dissipated in these maneuvers, has not been explicitly addressed. In this paper, a specialized scale-down infrastructure is used to characterize the effect of the initial speed of the vehicle and its mass, on the magnitude of both the rail forces developed and the amount of dissipated energy during turning maneuvers. The outputs of the experiments suggest that most of the original kinetic energy is dissipated at the first portion of the turn. Also, that the magnitude of the wheel forces and the amount of dissipated energy, correlate. That is, a greater rail damage would correspond to greater energy dissipation. T2 - IMECE2022 CY - Columbus, OH, USA DA - 30.10.2022 KW - Energy dissipation KW - Turning maneuvers KW - Rail damage KW - Experimental approaches PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56333 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental Assessing of the Energy Transformation in Turns N2 - Turning maneuvers of rail vehicles involve demanding situations for the infrastructure because of the steering forces generated and the resultant lateral load transfers. Such forcing situation involves increased tangential forces that consume kinetic energy from the vehicle. While much attention has been paid in the literature to the damage in such infrastructure segments, the energy that is dissipated in these maneuvers, has not been explicitly addressed. In this paper, a specialized scale-down infrastructure is used to characterize the effect of the initial speed of the vehicle and its mass, on the magnitude of both the rail forces developed and the amount of dissipated energy during turning maneuvers. The outputs of the experiments suggest that most of the original kinetic energy is dissipated at the first portion of the turn. Also, that the magnitude of the wheel forces and the amount of dissipated energy, correlate. That is, a greater rail damage would correspond to greater energy dissipation. T2 - IMECE2022 CY - Columbus, OH, USA DA - 30.10.2022 KW - Turning maneuvers KW - Energy dissipation KW - Rail damage KW - Experimental approaches PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-56334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank ED - Zobory, I. T1 - Conceptual design of an active centre plate N2 - The efficiency and safety of railway transportation depend both on numerous factors linked to the vehicle, the infrastructure, the operator and the environment. Curved tracks are subjected to demanding situations due to elevated stress levels, as a function of the operating conditions and vehicle/infrastructure design. In such segments, steering forces are superimposed to lateral load transfers. The steering forces depend on the condition and the design of the centre plate and bogies’ suspensions design. While the friction at the centre plate provides the needed damping to mitigate the hunting vibration of the bogie in straight track segments, such yaw resistance originates high steering forces and rail damage on curved tracks. A centre plate with low friction at turns and high friction at straight track segments would thus be highly advantageous. In this paper, a centre plate design is proposed which provides a yaw-rotation resistance torque that depends on the bogie-car relative position. Two different designs are considered for that purpose, one that combines a spring-acted centring mechanism with a lower pair kinematics, while the other one involves higher kinematic pairs which should incorporate lateral damping elements. As a result of using an engineering design approach, the higher kinematic pairs-based design is recommended however, the validation of such operational principles, including the introduction of the needed damping, should be configured on the basis of experimental models. T2 - 11th International Conference on Railway Bogies and Running Gears CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Steering torques KW - Railway transportation KW - Bogie design KW - Conceptual design KW - Engineering design KW - Transport externalities PY - 2020 SN - 978-963-9058-42-2 SP - 77 EP - 86 PB - Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineers (SSME/GTE) CY - Budapest AN - OPUS4-54086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jauregui-Correa, J. C. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. T1 - Determination of the effect of sloshing on the railcar-track dynamic behavior N2 - Liquid cargo has a significant impact on the interface wheel-track interaction. The sloshing affects the track-railcar's dynamic behavior. The effect is detectable at the track level and at the vehicle. Its characterization requires the combination of different techniques: Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) Time-Frequency Maps Sloshing occurred when significant perturbations happened in the railcar: The railcar entered a curve Reduction in its travel speed A railcar with a tank is a clear example of a multibody dynamic system with a nonlinear behavior. T2 - 7th International Symposium on Multibody Systems and Mechatronics - MuSMe 2021 CY - Córdoba, Argentina DA - 12.10.2021 KW - Liquid cargo KW - Wheel-track interaction KW - Sloshing affects KW - Vehicle PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Jauregui-Correa, J. C. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. ED - Pucheta, M. ED - Cardona, A. ED - Preidikman, S. ED - Hecker, R. T1 - Determination of the Effect of Sloshing on the Railcar-Track Dynamic Behavior N2 - This paper presents the study of the impact caused by a liquid Cargo on a railway infrastructure. The dynamic behavior of a tank car corresponds to a multibody dynamic system with several degrees of freedom. This study’s data were obtained from a scale experimental fixture consisting of a track and a railcar with a tank. The track was instrumented with strain gauges and the railcar with accelerometers. The data showed non-periodic and periodic terms; therefore, the results were analyzed with the Empirical Mode Decomposition method (EMD). It was found that the EMD identified the signal components that were related to the sloshing. These components represent the mode shapes of the original signal. The location of the sloshing in the track was found applying spectrograms to the accelerometer data. This paper’s experimental outputs suggest that the sloshing effect is detectable at the track and in the vehicle dynamics. KW - Sloshing effect KW - Empirical Mode Decomposition KW - Wheel/track interaction KW - Multibody dynamics PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-88750-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88751-3_14 SP - 131 EP - 140 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG AN - OPUS4-53561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Würsig, Andreas A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Neue FVK-Tanks in den Unmodellvorschriften sowie Ergebnisse aktueller Forschungsvorhaben N2 - 100 mm of PUR-foam give satisfying results in terms of thermal properties. The non-pressure testing methods gives reliable and repeatable results. Bending modulus of laminates does not change until the first damage occurs. After that, the bending modulus decreases by 50 % but max. stress is still higher than at room temperature. T2 - 25. Gefahrgutkongress MV CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 19.10.2021 KW - FVK-Tanks KW - Unmodellvorschriften KW - Forschungsvorhaben PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53570 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Kutz, P. W. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Testing of Small Scale Tank Prototypes under Cryogenic Conditions N2 - Climate change, CO2 reduction, resource efficiency are only 3 current keywords that describe the current industrial-economic situation. In order to influence climate change effectively, the conversion of supply systems with technically usable forms of energy must succeed in the next decade. The international network founded in Baku in 2015 bundles research activities in the broad field of energy supply and energy efficiency. Discuss current research approaches and results with scientists and experts from renowned universities and follow Azerbaijan's efforts to implement the energy revolution. T2 - Neseff 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Mud pumps KW - Mud circulation system KW - Pistons KW - Hydrostatic pressure KW - Friction wear KW - Ceramic liners KW - Tribology PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-940471-59-8 SP - 4 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-52149 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Experimental-theoretical modelling of the lateral sloshing in rail tankers N2 - The objective of this paper is to describe and to validate a simplified pendulum-analogy model to simulate the interaction of a liquid cargo with ist carrying vehicle. The resulting testing rig consists of a rectangular container, spring supported on a two wheelset-bogie having a scale down of 1/10 with respect to a full-size equipment. The testing rig is used to validate a simple pendulum-based, simplified three degree-of-freedom mathematical model of the response of a partially filled container to lateral accelerations. The length of the pendulum is set according to validated methodologies. The resulting mathematical scheme reveals a high correlation with the experimental output, on the order of 99%, while some other performance measures, related to the peak forces and the range of variation of the wheel-rail forces, also show good concordance with the experimental results. KW - Sloshing KW - Rail tankers KW - Pendulum analogy KW - Experimental modelling KW - Mechanical fatigue PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2021.117504 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 435 EP - 454 AN - OPUS4-53101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jauregui-Correa, J. C. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. A1 - Romero-Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental test rig for simulating dynamic loads on subway systems N2 - Scaled-down experimental facility: Can reproduce actual failures; can produce simulated data for identifying cracks in the substructure or other defects. The acceleration data can be converted into an equivalent deformation. The experimental facility can analyse dynamic loads. Equivalent force data: Facilitates the application to a health monitoring system; simplifies the development of predictive maintenance. These data is helpful in validating analytical or simulation models. T2 - Fifth International Conference on Railway Technology CY - Montpellier, France DA - 22.08.2022 KW - Test rig KW - Dynamic loads KW - Subway system PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-55566 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jauregui-Correa, J. C. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. A1 - Romero-Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental test rig for simulating dynamic loads on subway systems N2 - Degradation in substructures, Mexico’s City Subway. Improve predictions using vibration Measurements. Ability to test operating conditions at Laboratory. Improve previous laboratory rig. Control operating conditions. Produce enough data for evaluating actual conditions. T2 - Fifth International Conference on Railway Technology CY - Montpellier, France DA - 22.08.2022 KW - Test rig KW - Simulating KW - Dynamic loads KW - Subway PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55568 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Liquid cargo effect on load transfer under orthogonal accelerations N2 - A methodology is proposed for the experimental analysis of the liquid cargo effect under combined orthogonal accelerations. To simultaneously subject the vehicle-cargo system to longitudinal and lateral accelerations, the vehicle is set obliquely on a tilt table. The experimental outputs suggest that there is a significant effect of the liquid cargo on the lateral load transfer ratio (LTR), on the order of 20%, which is attributable to the resulting shifting of the liquid cargo’s centre of gravity. That is, the peak LTR values due exclusively to sloshing were not significant, in such a way that the liquid cargo would only pose a safety risk under a steady acceleration input. Also, the inverse of the product of the magnitude of the acceleration times the free surface length, correlates with the liquid cargo effect. That is, the magnitude of the input acceleration is not fully determinant for greater load transfers. KW - Sloshing KW - Liquid cargo KW - Cargo shifting KW - Lateral load transfer KW - Braking in a turn manoeuvre KW - Experimental methods KW - Transport safety PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2022.127011 SN - 1744-232X VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 213 EP - 226 PB - Inderscience Enterprises CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-56016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jauregui-Correa, J. C. A1 - Morales-Velazquez, L. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. T1 - Method for predicting dynamic loads for a health monitoring system for subway tracks N2 - This paper presents a method for processing acceleration data registered on a train and determining the health condition of a subway’s substructure. The acceleration data was converted into a dynamic deformation by applying a transfer function defined using the Empirical Mode Decomposition Method. The transfer function was constructed using data produced on an experimental rig, and it was scaled to an existing subway system. The equivalent deformation improved the analysis of the dynamic loads that affect the substructure of the subway tracks because it is considered the primary load that acts on the track and substructure. The acceleration data and the estimated deformations were analyzed with the Continues Wavelet Transform. The equivalent deformation data facilitated the application of a health monitoring system and simplified the development of predictive maintenance programs for the subway or railroad operators. This method better identified cracks in the substructure than using the acceleration data. KW - Health monitoring KW - Transfer function KW - Railroad KW - Substructure failures KW - Dynamic loads PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-557480 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2022.858424 SN - 2297-3079 VL - 8 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-55748 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Iancu, O.T. A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian T1 - Consistency between analytical and finite element predictions for safety of cylindrical pressure vessels at higher temperatures N2 - Die Vorhersage der Beanspruchung bei plastischem Versagen von zylindrischen Druckbehältern wird häufig mittels Finite Elemente Berechnungen durchgeführt. Die Berechnung der zulässigen Beanspruchung erfordert ein elastisch-plastisches Werkstoffmodell und die Berücksichtigung von nichtlinearen geometrischen Effekten. Das plastische Versagen verursacht eine gesamte Strukturinstabilität und kann nicht direkt aus der Finite Elemente Analyse bestimmt werden. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Beanspruchung für plastisches Versagen eines zylindrischen Druckbehälters mittels eines analytischen Verfahrens basierend auf einem linear elastischen ideal-plastischen Materialmodell bestimmt. Wenn Plastizität auftritt, wird zum einen der Werkstoff als inkompressibel und zum anderen der Tensor der plastischen Dehnungen als parallel zum Spannungsabweichungstensor angenommen. In diesem Fall kann die Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehung von Henkel angewendet werden, um den Druck zu berechnen, bei dem plastisches Fließen und Versagen eintritt. Die analytischen Ergebnisse werden von den Finite Elemente Berechnungen vollkommen bestätigt. KW - Materials testing KW - FEM KW - Plastic instability KW - Limit load analysis KW - Pressure vessel KW - Analytical solution PY - 2014 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 274 EP - 278 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-30722 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - ACEAIT-2673 Heat Treatment of Aluminium Receptacle T2 - ACEAIT Annual Conference on Engineering and Information Technology CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 2014-03-28 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30511 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Iancu, A1 - Balke, Christian T1 - Consistency between analytical and Finite element predictions for safety analysis of cylindrical pressure vessels at higher temperatures T2 - ASME IMECE2014-36107 CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 2014-11-16 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32046 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Reich, Franziska A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Balke, Christian T1 - Limited load analysis of pressurized containers T2 - ASME IMECE2014-36334 CY - Montreal DA - 2014-11-16 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32048 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - BLEVE - Untersuchungen am Transporttank T2 - Sichrheitstage Wangerooge 2014 CY - Wangerooge, Germany DA - 2014-05-12 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-31024 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Nondestructive testing and fracture mechanics N2 - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) and fracture mechanics are two different disciplines in applied engineering science. Both areas are very important for the evaluation of the component integrity. Unfortunately the technical understanding in both disciplines is not identically, what lead to misunderstandings. In the present paper, the basic ideas about fracture mechanics and the input parameters coming from the NDT side are explained, concerning the integrity evaluation of the components. The widely used NDT methods are magnetic particle, dye penetrant, electrical eddy currents, radiography and ultrasonics. But not all of these common NDT methods can deliver parameters satisfy the fracture mechanics requirements. The first two can detect only surface-breaking or immediately sub-surface defects. Eddy current can also find defects in deeper sub-surface layers, while radiography and ultrasonics can also find embedded, remote defects. These three methods have furthermore a high potential for defect sizing and are therefore predestined to provide fracture mechanics input parameters. At the example of steam generator tube inspection the interplay of eddy current and fracture mechanics as related to tube integrity will be explained. T2 - 5th International CANDU In-Service inspection workshop and NDT in Canada 2014 conference CY - Toronto, Ontario, Canada DA - 16.06.2014 KW - Eddy current KW - Steam generator tube inspection KW - Component integrity KW - Fracture mechanics PY - 2014 SP - 1 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-30907 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - PALESTRA - Pre-warning system of tanks containing dangerous goods T2 - 4. FORUM SOBRE NOVAS TECNOLOGIAS E APLICACOES DE END E INSPECÄO CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil DA - 2014-04-28 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30645 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Borch, Jörg-Peter A1 - Birk, T1 - Pressure Vessel Fire Test T2 - ISO TC 92 SC2 WG 12 CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 2014-09-17 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-31417 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kocinski, Lilianna A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Drousch, Björn T1 - Positions-Bestimmung - Versagensverhalten - Eine Beanspruchungsanalyse für Kunststoff-Kanister mittels der Finite Elemente Methode (FEM) könnte zur Vereinheitlichung der Fallprüfung und Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse beitragen PY - 2009 SN - 0016-5808 VL - 9 SP - 20 EP - 21 PB - Storck CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-19824 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Bethke, John A1 - Jahnke, Wolfgang A1 - Otremba, Frank ED - Karl-Friedrich Ziegahn, T1 - Ermittlung explosionsfähiger Gemische beim Gefahrguttransport unter normalen Beförderungsbedingungen T2 - 38. Jahrestagung der GUS 2009 - Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Karlsruhe DA - 2009-03-18 KW - Permeation KW - Packagings for dangerous goods KW - Freight containers KW - Explosive atmosphere KW - Solvents PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-9810472-7-1 IS - V 19 SP - 227 EP - 237 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Karlsruhe AN - OPUS4-23256 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Balke, Christian A1 - Butz, Manuel A1 - Zur, Malte T1 - Ermittlung von Wärmeübergangszahlen eines sich im Feuer befindlichen Tanks N2 - Für die Bewertung der Integrität von Tanks ist die detaillierte Kenntnis der belastungsrelevanten Parameter unabdingbar. Die Wärmeübergangszahl a ist eine derartige Größe. Die Wärmeübergangszahl bestimmt direkt die Größe der vorhandenen Beanspruchungen im Tank. Insofern sollte die Wärmeübergangszahl bekannt sein. Aus diesem Grund wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Für einen sich im Feuer befindlichen Tank ergibt sich die Wärmeübergangszahl zu 50 W/m2K. Auf dieser Basis konnten die bereits durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen mithilfe der Methode der finiten Elemente nachgerechnet werden. Die dabei erzielten Ergebnisse sind infolge der getroffenen modelltechnischen sowie thermodynamischen Vereinfachungen als zufriedenstellend zu bezeichnen. In einem nächsten Schritt wird an einer verbesserten Modellierung sowie thermodynamischen Beschreibung der Verhältnisse im Tank gearbeitet. PY - 2011 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 1 IS - 7/8 SP - 22 EP - 24 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-24216 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ulrich, Armin A1 - Balke, Christian A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Brandverhalten von Gefahrguttanks - Erste Ergebnisse eines Forschungsvorhabens N2 - In einem von der BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung durchgeführten Forschungsvorhaben wurde untersucht, inwieweit bei Gefahrguttanks im Brandfall ein 'BLEVE', d. h. ein Versagen der Umschließung mit anschließender Freisetzung der Flüssigkeit bzw. des verflüssigten Gases, verzögert bzw. verhindert werden kann. PY - 2011 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 1 IS - 5 SP - 13 EP - 19 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-23641 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bradley, I. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Birk, A. M. A1 - Bisby, L. T1 - Novel equipment for the study of pressure vessel response to fire N2 - Pressurisation of full-containment pressure vessels in fire is known to be driven by thermal stratification. The predominant mode of heat transfer to the contents (convection from the shell to the liquid phase) results in formation of „hot“ boundary layers. Sub-cooled boiling may also be present. The warm layer rises to the surface through buoyancy and bubble flow, increasing the surface of the liquid above that of the bulk temperature, and hence driving a pressure rise. For reliable prediction of the complex effects governing vessel pressurization a three-dimensional numerical model is required. Work is being undertaken on such a model by other institutions in cooperation with this project. T2 - ASME 2016 CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA DA - 11.11.2016 KW - Vessels KW - Novel equipment PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Simon, Sylvio T1 - A new tank design for Hazmat N2 - Initial studies have shown pre-deformed honeycomb structure pressure vessels to have comparable burst pressure to straight steel vessels. It was shown that honeycomp structured tanks have a higher energy absorption than straight steel tanks. Future studies will investigate optimization of the deformed plate, to determine if increased payloads or a reduced wall thickness can be achieved. T2 - ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (ICME 2016) CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA DA - 11.11.2016 KW - Hazmat KW - Tankdesign KW - Honeycomb structure PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38399 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero Navarrete, José-Antonio A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Experimental and theoretical modeling of cargo sloshing during braking N2 - The outputs from a simplified mathematical designed to simulate the liquid cargo-vehicle interaction during an emergency braking maneuver, have been compared with full scale data regarding the sloshing pressure on one of the vehicle chambers. While the specific dimensions and fill level of the fluid within the chamber in the full scale testing, have been considered for the simulation model, the vehicle has been simplified to a straight truck instead of an articulated truck. Nevertheless, the pressure within the chamber is realistically modelled, concerning the maximum and minimum pressures attained, with differences lower than 10% between the simulation and the experimental data. Consequently, these results suggest that the articulation pertaining to the articulated vehicle, does not affect in a significant manner the maximum and minimum values of the pressure within the chamber. A nonlinear model for the suspension, however, could improve the model performance. On the other hand, simulation results suggest that the effect of sloshing could cause a loss of braking efficiency on the order of 7%, when such performance is measured in terms of the stopping time. T2 - ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE2016) CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA DA - 11.11.2016 KW - Braking event KW - Dynamic pressures KW - Vehicle containers PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7918-5055-8 VL - 4B SP - Article V04BT05A002, IMECE2016-65698, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-38400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero, J. A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Experimental and theoretical modeling of cargo sloshing during braking N2 - Simplified cargo-vehicle interaction: linear pendulum, rigid multibody linear dynamics, straight, instead of articulated vehicle. Realistic results about the pressure developed on the sensor, with differences lower than 10% between the simulation and the experimental data. Sloshing could affect the braking efficiency in 7%, approximately, corresponds with other sources. T2 - ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE2016) CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA DA - 11.11.2016 KW - Cargo sloshing KW - Road transportation KW - Braking in a turn PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Temperature distribution during filling of a composite receptacle N2 - The arrangement of the measuring sensors allowed the capture of air flow induced temperatures and material temperatures on various points of the cylinder body. Four significant temperature levels could be observed: Inside the cylinder (far from the wall, close to the wall), inside the aluminium liner and outer surface. Figure 5 shows the temperature distribution after a regular filling process with a filling time of ten minutes. The temperature sensors T1 - T9 are marked with different colors. The corresponding measurement points are shown in Figure 4. Due to the high thermal conductivity of the aluminum liner the induced temperature peaks are quickly derived. A flow-induced exceeding of the maximum approval temperature is not expected. Regarding the safety assessement the results show that the pressure and temperature profilesmustbe taken into account. T2 - ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE2016) CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA DA - 11.11.2016 KW - Distribution during filling KW - Type III composite pressure receptacles PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bradley, I. A1 - Birk, A.M. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Gonzalez III, F. A1 - Prabhakaran, A. A1 - Bisby, L. T1 - Development and characterisation of an engulfing hydrocarbon pool fire test for hazardous materials pressure vessels N2 - The US Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) current regulations for rail tank cars in the United States stipulate that, for certain hazardous materials, tank cars shall have a thermal protection system capable of preventing rupture of the tank for 100 minutes when exposed to an engulfing fire with a blackbody equivalent flame temperature of 871 °C (+/- 56°C), and that tanks shall have a pressure relief device set at an appropriate level (depending on the type of tank car and contents). Pressure relief devices are a source of non-accident releases, and hence may cause serious incidents when tanks are transporting hazardous materials. Industry in North America would therefore benefit from removal of pressure relief devices on tanks transporting certain hazardous materials. Such an approach is known as full Containment, and is standard practice in Europe. In 2014 the FRA commissioned an experimental study to investigate the ability of a specific design of rail tank to resist rupture without incorporating a pressure release valve. As a precursor to tests on tanks there was a need to develop and characterise a simulated pool fire capable of reliably exposing large-scale tanks to repeatable, uniform conditions. This paper describes such a fire test setup, developed using a burner array system fuelled by liquid propane and designed to produce luminous, low velocity flames representative of those found in large hydrocarbon pool fires. The experimental set-up is described, along with the Instrumentation (directional flame thermometers, infra-red camera, and thermally massive calorimeter) and methodology used to characterise the fire. Comparisons are made against previous fire tests on vessels to assess the suitability of the experimental set-up for future vessel testing. T2 - CONFAB 2015 - 1st International conference on structural safety under fire & blast CY - Glasgow, UK DA - 02.09.2015 PY - 2015 SP - 485 EP - 494 AN - OPUS4-34545 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Reich, Franziska T1 - Limit load analysis of pressurized containers N2 - Limit load analysis is a well known method to calculate the allowable design pressure of container components. A limit load of a pressurized container is achieved, when the stress of a wall and the flow stress are equal. In the following paper the transferability of limit load analysis from small scale tank containers up to large scale containers (railway tank) are investigated. Finite element calculations are carried out and compared with experimental results. It can be concluded that the limit load analysis works very well. Furthermore, the yield strength of the material should be used as flow stress. T2 - IMECE 2014 - ASME International mechanical engineering congress and exposition CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada DA - 2014-11-14 PY - 2014 SN - 978-0-7918-4958-3 SP - Paper 36334, 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-32316 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Iancu, O.T. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian T1 - Comparison between analytical and finite element calculation for pressurized container N2 - The prediction of the plastic collapse load of cylindrical pressure vessels is very often made by using expensive Finite Element Computations. The calculation of the collapse load requires an elastic-plastic material model and the consideration of non-linear geometry effects. The plastic collapse load causes overalls structural instability and cannot be determined directly from a finite element analysis. The ASME (2007) code recommends that the collapse load should be the load for which the numerical solution does not converge. This load can be only determined approximately if a expensive nonlinear analysis consisting of a very large number of sub steps is done. The last load sub step leading to a convergent solution will be taken as the critical load for the structure. In the instability regime no standard finite element solution can be found because of the lack of convergence of the numerical procedure. Other methods for the calculation of the allowable pressure proposed by the ASME code are the elastic stress analysis and the limit load analysis. In the present paper the plastic collapse load for a cylindrical pressure vessel is determined by an analytical method based on a linear elastic perfectly plastic material model. When plasticity occurs the material is considered as incompressible and the tensor of plastic strains is parallel to the stress deviator tensor. In that case the finite stress-strain relationships of Henkel can be used for calculating the pressure for which plastic flow occurs at the inside of the vessel wall or in the case of full plasticity in the wall. The analytical results are fully confirmed by finite element predictions both for axisymmetric and high costs three dimensional models. The analytical model can be used for fast predictions of the allowable load for the design of a large variety of pressure vessels under safety considerations. The accuracy of the predicted collapse load largely depends on the quality of the temperature dependent wall material data used both in the analytical and numerical calculations. T2 - IMECE 2014 - ASME International mechanical engineering congress and exposition CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada DA - 14.11.2014 PY - 2014 SN - 978-0-7918-4958-3 SP - Paper 36106, 1 EP - 5 PB - Amer soc mechanical engineers CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-32317 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Zur, Malte T1 - Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Cabin-Airflow and Transport of Gas-Mixtures in Aircraft Cargo Compartments T2 - International Conference on Civil Engineering and Environmenatal Engineering (ICCEE-616) CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 2015-02-04 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32528 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Werner, Jan T1 - Forschen für Sicherheit und Rechtsfortentwicklung T2 - 31. Internationale Gefahrgut-Tage CY - Hamburg, Storck-Verlag DA - 2015-02-09 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32530 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Bradley, Ian T1 - Fire testing of pressurized vessels N2 - The vessel wall response shows a good agreement between the numerical predictions of and experimental data using the limit load approach. Further work is continuing to understand the thermohydraulic response and the boundary conditions for material modelling. As shown in figure 2 there was one BLEVE of a bare tank containing a PRV, highlighting the risk of serious consequences if models are inaccurate. The behavior of partly coated tanks were similar to the bare tank. T2 - ICPPE 2017 CY - Bangkok, Thailand DA - 21.01.2017 KW - Pressurized vessels KW - Fire testing PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39048 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fraňa, K. A1 - Attia, S. H. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Numerical simulation of the filling process in the pressure bottle N2 - Parameter study for CFD in the bottle – grid resolution plays an important role on the temperature at the specific positions, 2D axi-symetrical calculation is a sufficient solution strategy in regards to the examined particular Problem. The intensity of filling process can be controlled by pressure “User defined function” provided by experiments. Numerical simulation demonstrated feasibility to predict temperature progress during the filling process successfully validated by experiments. The turbulent model k-w SST is the best strategy for the turbulent property calculations. The most intensive turbulent kinetic energy appeared in the middle region of the pressure bottle, the impact of the eddy viscosity on the wall was mostly in the wall region. T2 - ECMMM 2018 CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 10.02.2018 KW - Numerical simulation KW - Pressure bottle PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44177 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borch, Jörg A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Der neue Jetfire-Prüfstand der BAM N2 - Die BAM – Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung führt schon seit vielen Jahren auf zwei Brand- prüfständen Brandprüfungen z.B. an Transport- und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe oder zur Prüfung von Brandschutzbeschichtungen durch. Als Brandmedium wird auf diesen Prüfständen Flüssiggas (Propan- Butan-Gemisch C) eingesetzt, mit dem die Prüfobjekte simulierten Unfallfeuern ausgesetzt werden. Mit dem neuen Jetfire – Prüfstand der BAM können seit Anfang 2018 diverse Belastungsszenarien nach den Anforde- rungen der ISO22899-1:2007 [1] simuliert werden. KW - Jetfire KW - Prüftstand PY - 2018 UR - https://www.technische-sicherheit.de/ts/article.php?data[article_id]=89195 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 25 EP - 27 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-44814 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Hazmat tanks subjected to fire N2 - Smaleand large scale tests have been carried out. Pressure vessel –to improve numerical modelling. Thermal coating –increase of surveillance time. Numerical calculations -quantifying the safety margin. RV cannot avoid catastrophic failure. T2 - Kolloquium Gefahrgut an der UAQ CY - Queretaro, Mexico DA - 22.03.2018 KW - Hazmat KW - Tank KW - Fire PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44629 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A testing rig to study vehicle-track interaction during turning N2 - A testing rig for the measurement of the dynamic loads on the rails due to cargo sloshing,has been proposedin this paper. The system represents a scale-down approach that simulates astraightening maneuver of the railway car after negotiating a turn. As part of the experimental effort, a mathematical model was developed that, oncevalidated, will provide more insights about the potential effect of many other cardesign factors, on the level of stress developed in the raildue to the sloshing cargo.A fundamental output from the testing, will be the objective comparison between the railloads due toa sloshing and a non-sloshing cargo, together with a validated model that wouldallow parametric studies in relation withthe potential effect,of several track and carproperties,on the magnitude of the sloshing forces on the rail. T2 - IEEE/ASME Joint Rail Conference CY - Pittsburgh, PA, USA DA - 18.04.2018 KW - Testing KW - Rig KW - Vehicle-Track KW - Interaction PY - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-44816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Qualitätssicherung anstatt Wasserdruckprüfung? N2 - Wasserdruckprüfung kann entfallen: Schutzziel definieren, Qualitätssichernde Maßnahmen während der Herstellung, Nachweise der vorhandenen Qualität muss stetig erfolgen mittels: Betriebsüberwachung, zfP Bewertung des Standes der Technik: Zustandsorientierte Instandhaltung/Inspektion, Reduzierung von Ausfallzeiten durch optimierten Betrieb T2 - CSE-Sicherheitstage CY - Wangerooge, Germany DA - 22.04.2018 KW - Qualitätssicherung KW - Wasserdruckprüfung PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44817 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Obregón Biosca, S. A. ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Effective assessment and management of railway infrastructure for competitiveness and sustainability N2 - In this chapter the challenges facing railways have been illustrated through the description of two important events occurring in different geographical areas. While the explosion in Quebec, Canada, points out the importance of taking away the transportation infrastructure from highly populated areas; the disruption of the European railway network in Rastatt, Germany, describes the importance of designing alternative routes to critical railway segments, together with the need to have contingency plans to face extraordinary situations regarding the connectivity in a given transport network. Future research efforts are recognized in relation with the railway car – track interaction, as the dynamic loads derived from such interaction could be reducing the life of such infrastructure. It is particularly important for infrastructures dedicated to the transportation of liquid hazardous substances. KW - Railway KW - Infrastructure PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-53614-059-0 SP - Chapter 5, 1 EP - 23 PB - Nova Science Publishers, 2018 AN - OPUS4-45150 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A testing facility to assess railway car infrastructure damage N2 - Wheel forces generate stresses in the rail as a function of several vehicle and infrastructure characteristics and operating conditions. The different components of the wheel forces develop strains in the rail which contain an elastic and hysteretic (irreversible) components. The irreversible deformations of the rail would be associated with locomotive energy losses. In this paper, a testing facility is proposed to indirectly characterize the level of stresses in the rail, in terms of the energy that is lost during tuming maneuvers. Different potentially influential factors are considered, including the friction at the Center plate, the wheelbase length, the distance between bogies and the radius of the curved track. The change in the potential energy during a U-turn displacement is measured. In this respect, an experimental model under this operating principle, aimed at validating such a principle of Operation, reveals a significant effect of the friction at the center plate on the energy lost during turning maneuvers, and consequently, on the level of stresses in the rail. T2 - COMPRAIL 2020 - 17th International Conference on Railway Engineering Design & Operation 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Energy losses in transportation KW - Experimental methods KW - Friction energy KW - Rail damage KW - Turning forces KW - Wheel forces PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-142-151 SN - 2058-8305 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 142 EP - 151 PB - WitPress AN - OPUS4-51125 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bradley, Ian A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. ED - Ao, S.-I. ED - Kim, H. K. ED - Amouzegar, M. A. T1 - Boiling and thermohydraulics within pressure vessels N2 - Exposure of pressure vessels to fire can result in catastrophic explosion and escalation of accidents. The safe transportation of cargo in pressure vessels therefore requires knowledge of what will happen to the cargo in the event of a vehicle derailment or rollover resulting in fire exposure. The chapter presents an overview of selected testing and modelling work undertaken to understand the thermohydraulic processes within a vessel that drive pressurization during fire. A series of experiments highlighting the importance of adequate design and selection of protection systems are summarized. It is concluded that pressure relief alone is typically insufficient to prevent vessel rupture, but the combination of relief and thermal coatings can be effective. KW - BLEVE KW - Explosion KW - LPG KW - PIV KW - Pressure vessel KW - Thermohydraulics PY - 2020 SN - 978-981-15-6847-3 SN - 978-981-15-6848-0 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6848-0_13 SP - 158 EP - 172 PB - Springer Nature CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-51138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bradley, Ian A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Birk, A. M. T1 - An overview of test standards and regulations relevant to the fire testing of pressure vessels N2 - Fire exposure of storage and transportation vessels of hazardous materials (including pressure liquefied gases) can result in BLEVEs and other high-consequence incidents with large societal and economic impacts. To reduce risk most countries have numerous regulations, codes of practice and guidance notes covering the design, operation and maintenance of vessels and thermal protection systems. Yet despite such regulations there remains no internationally accepted fire test procedure for pressure vessel and accompanying thermal protection systems that is capable of meeting a range of regulatory requirements. This paper considers some of the regulations in place in the western world and considers the origin of these based on large and medium-scale testing conducted to date. It examines conditions found in these tests to propose a set of recommendations on which to base a standard method of test. These recommendations are proposed as being representative of a credible large pool fire scenario that may occur. KW - LPG KW - Pressure vessel KW - Test KW - BLEVE KW - Fire PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.07.047 SN - 0957-5820 VL - 145 SP - 150 EP - 156 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51139 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A method to assess the gravity response efficiency of a truck N2 - In spite that transport activities do not represent the biggest contributor of pollutants emissions, their reduction has been a priority as some other externalities are associated to such emissions and to the transport itself. A crucial element to characterize the behavior of the vehicles against the environment are the losses that such vehicles exhibit in a passive way, that is, without any involvement of power conditions. The energy loses due to the rolling, the drag and to the friction in mechanical components, have been assessed so far in terms of the stopping acceleration when the vehicle idles on a ramp. However, such a testing procedure produces some uncertainties due to the dynamic conditions that are considered. To avoid such critical limitations, in this paper a testing procedure and facility are proposed, which are based on static conditions of the vehicle at the initiation and at the ending of the test, which are assumed to provide a better reliability to the testing. Some preliminary theoretical analysis should be made in order to validate the operational principles proposed herein for such testing facility. KW - Road tankers KW - Energy efficiency KW - Environmental assessment KW - Gravity response KW - Transportation energy KW - Rolling resistance KW - Drag resistance PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511530 UR - https://www.iaras.org/iaras/home/caijes/a-method-to-assess-the-gravity-response-efficiency-of-a-truck SN - 2367-8941 VL - 5 SP - 213 EP - 219 PB - IARAS CY - Sofia AN - OPUS4-51153 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzman, A. A. T1 - Estimation of the effect of the driving style on pollutants emission by heavy trucks N2 - Different approaches have been attempted so far to reduce fuel consumption and linked pollutants, including vehicle equipment and design, with rational driving style being recognized as a potential source of fuel savings. However, no specific methodology had been suggested so far to assess fuel economy of driving other than the fuel consumed itself. In this paper, the Standard deviation of driving acceleration has been found to be directly associated to fuel consumption, so that the less dispersion of the driving acceleration, produces the lower fuel consumptions and emissions. Such metric could be thus used to assess driving style. KW - Driving style KW - Fuel consumption KW - Stored energy KW - GPS data KW - Simulation KW - Particle emissions PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511540 UR - https://www.iaras.org/iaras/home/caijes/estimation-of-the-effect-of-the-driving-style-on-pollutants-emission-by-heavy-trucks SN - 2367-8941 VL - 5 SP - 220 EP - 226 PB - IARAS CY - Sofia AN - OPUS4-51154 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A Conceptual Design of a Self-Centering Centre Plate N2 - Turning maneuvers originate higher forces exerted on the rail and the loss of locomotive energy, at a rate that is function of several parameters that influence the magnitude of the developed horizontal wheel-rail forces, including the friction at the centre plate and the bogie´s yaw stiffness. However, such a friction at the contact surfaces of the centre plate is needed to mitigate the Hunting phenomenon when the train moves on straight track segments. In this paper, a self-centering centre plate is proposed, consisting of a lubricated centre plate, equipped with a spring- and damper-based self-centering mechanism. Simulation results of the proposed mechanism suggest that the energy performance in turns of a train car equipped with such self-centering centre plate is comparatively better, as the peak friction forces linked to the dry friction at the contact surfaces of current centre plate designs, are avoided. The assessment of the hunting performance of the proposed device in straight track segments is proposed as the continuation of this work. KW - Bogie´s yaw stiffness KW - Bogie´s yaw friction KW - Centre plate KW - Self-centering mechanism KW - Turning PY - 2020 UR - https://publications.waset.org/aerospace-and-mechanical-engineering SN - 1307-6892 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 376 EP - 382 AN - OPUS4-51241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A lowering friction treatment for railway materials N2 - A facility is proposed in this paper to apply a selective carburizing process to the lateral faces of a railways´ head, aiming to increase its carbon content and to decrease the friction coefficient in case that the flange of the railway car wheel gets in contact with the rail during turning. Such a treatment would reduce the energy that is lost during the turning maneuvers performed by the vehicle, further improving the energy efficiency of the railway car. The facility consists of a furnace, which should be set next to the rails´ hot-rolling facility, in order to use the available enthalpy. The proposed furnace is equipped with what is necessary to avoid the decarbonization of the remaining rail material, based upon batteries of oxy-acetylene burners that are installed at the bottom of the furnace, on the opposite side to the carburizing surface. An experimental facility is necessary to validate the operational principles for the equipment proposed in this paper. On the other hand, a study should also be carried out to assess the effect of any rail welding process on the carburized surfaces. KW - Transport efficiency KW - Dry friction KW - Carburizing KW - Selective carburizing KW - Decarbonization KW - Furnace design PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2020.041498 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 2004198 PB - IAAM - VRBI Press AN - OPUS4-50958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Hazmat tanks under extreme loading condition N2 - Gefahrguttanks werden primär gegen betriebliche Belastungen dimensioniert. Unfallbelastungen spielen hierbei keine Rolle. In der Vergangenheit gab es immer wieder einige katastrophale Unfälle, die nicht nur materielle Schäden zur Folge hatten sondern bei denen auch Todesopfer zu beklagen waren. Zur Ermittlung möglicher Sicherheitsreserven werden Untersuchungen zum Abtrag auslegungsüberschreitender Belastungen durchgeführt. Mit dem Grenzlasttragverfahren steht ein leistungsfähiges Analysewerkzeug zur Verfügung, mit dem nichtlineare Beanspruchungsszenarien bewertet werden können. Der Vergleich der numerischen mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen zeigt dies eindeutig. T2 - Gefahrgutkolloquium CY - Quetètaro, Mexico DA - 14.03.2016 KW - Hazmat tanks PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35651 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Prabhakaran, A. A1 - Robitaille, A. A1 - Birk, A. M. A1 - Gonzalez III, F. T1 - Rail tank car total containment fire testing: results and observations N2 - The frequent incidences of Non-Accident Releases (NARs) of lading from tank cars have resulted in an increasing interest in transporting hazardous materials in total Containment conditions (i.e., no pressure relief devices). T2 - Proceedings of the 2016 joint rail conference CY - Columbia, SC, USA DA - 12.04.2016 KW - Rail tank containment fire PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7918-4967-5 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-35772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Matthias, Ziegenhorn A1 - Sylvio, Simon T1 - Gefahrguttanks N2 - Einführung in die Gefahrgutvorschriften ADR/RID Bewertungskonzepte für Druckbehälter und Gefahrguttanks Berücksichtigung auslegungsüberschreitender Belastungen Forschungsergebnisse T2 - Wirtschaft trifft Wissenschaft CY - Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany DA - 10.03.2016 KW - Gefahrgutvorschriften KW - Wärmebehandlung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35549 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gonzalez III, F. A1 - Prabhakaran, A. A1 - Robitaille, A. A1 - Booth, G. A1 - Birk, A.M. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Rail tank car total containment fire testing: planning & test development N2 - Given the frequent incidences of Non-Accident Releases (NARs) of hazardous materials from tank cars, there in an increasing interest in transporting hazardous materials in total containment conditions (i.e., no pressure relief devices). However, the ability of tank cars to meet thermal protection requirements provided in the Code of Federal Regulations under conditions of total containment has not been established. Also, the modeling tool commonly used by industry to evaluate thermal protection, AFFTAC, has not been validated under these conditions. The intent of this effort was to evaluate through a series of third-scale fire tests, the ability of tank cars to meet the thermal protection requirements under total containment conditions, and also, to validate AFFTAC for such conditions. This paper describes the test design and planning effort associated with this research, including the design and evaluation of a fire test setup to simulate a credible, fully engulfing, pool fire that is consistent and repeatable, and the design and hydro-static testing of a third-scale tank specimen. The fire design includes controls on the spatial distribution and temperature variation of the flame temperature, the heat flux, and the radiative balance, to best reflect large liquid hydrocarbon pool fire conditions that may be experienced during derailment scenarios. T2 - JRC2015 - Joint rail conference CY - San Jose, CA, USA DA - 23.03.2015 PY - 2015 SP - 5764, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-32985 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zur, Malte A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Numerical simulation and experimental study of cabin-airflow and mass transport of dangerous goods in aircraft cargo compartments N2 - Using plastic jerrycans or plastic containers, dangerous goods are transported as air freight in commercial aircrafts. Liquids or gases can escape by leakage or permeation effects from these plastic containers. The German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) conducted prior research which showed that the lower explosion limit can be reached when transporting dangerous goods in sea-freight containers under normal transportation situations. The presented study is motivated based on these findings. The research objective of this study is to analyze the transportation situation of dangerous goods in cargo compartments of commercial airplanes. The scope of this paper is to present the experimental method used for validating a numerical model for CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations and to present some simulation results of the mass transport of dangerous goods in the cargo compartment. The velocity profiles and the mass transport is calculated using numerical simulations and measured by Laser-Doppler-Anemometry (LDA) experiments. The mock-up is a generic model of a wide-body aircraft lower deck cargo compartment in a 1: 10 scale. Geometry, air exchange rates and inlet as well as outlet flow conditions in the cargo compartment are modeled using realistic boundary conditions. The commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code ANSYS CFX 14 is used for numerical flow simulations applying RANS (Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes) equations and turbulence models. The turbulence models studied are the renormalization group k-e-model (RNG), the BSL-Reynolds-Stress model (BSL) and the SST-k-co-model by Menter (SST). The flow measurement with LDA in the mock-up of a cargo compartment proves to be a feasible method for producing data to validate CFD simulations. Qualitative evaluation of the results shows a good overall agreement between numerical and experimental results. The experimental validation indicates that the implemented CFD model is capable of reproducing the flow situation in the model mock-up T2 - ICCEE 2015 - International conference on civil engineering and environmental engineering CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 03.02.2015 PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-32585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Würsig, Andreas T1 - Hazmat tanks under extreme loading condition T2 - Coteq 2015 (Conferencia sobre Tecnologia de Equipamentos) CY - Recife, Brasilien DA - 2015-06-15 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33539 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Novarette, J.A.R. T1 - A Simplified Approach to Model Liquid Cargo-Vehicle during an ABS Braking T2 - 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition CY - Houston, Texas DA - 2015-11-16 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34954 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kutz, Philipp A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Werner, Jan T1 - Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Composite Material and Insulation for a Single Walled Tank for Cryogenic Liquids N2 - This paper describes the testing methods used to determine the thermal properties of insulation materials and mechanical properties of materials used for the load-bearing structure for pressure tanks (up to 4 bar, relative) and cryogenic liquids (LNG, −166 °C to -157 °C at atmospheric pressure). Goal is to design a transportation tank that does not exceed 4 bars (relative) within 10 h, starting at atmospheric pressure. PUR-foam is a suitable material for the insulation. A 12,5 l small scale tank prototype reached 4 bar (relative) within 87 minutes, which is, regarding the influence of the size, a satisfying result. The mechanical properties change significantly at cryogenic temperatures. The bending modulus is similar at first, but decreases at a certain point by appr. 50 %. However, the maximum stress is much higher and could not be reached within this testing setup. T2 - 26th Assembly Advanced Materials Congress CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 10.06.2019 KW - GFRP KW - LNG KW - Lightweight design KW - Thermal properties KW - Mechanical prtoperties PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2020.011457 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - VBRI Press AN - OPUS4-50216 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. ED - Otremba, Frank ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Sloshing in Vertical Circular Tanks and Earthquakes Perturbations N2 - A simplified formulation is proposed in this paper to assess the proximity of the earthquake-related Perturbation frequencies to the natural sloshing frequencies of the liquid contained in vertical cylindrical tanks. The methodology is based upon an existing gravity-waves approach, which was developed for rectangular cross-section reservoirs, and is extended in this paper to analyze circular cross-section tanks. The experimental outputs of this paper show that the existing methodology correlates at 100% with experimental data in the case of rectangular containers; while the corresponding average error in the case of a conical container and a cylindrical container is 7% and 9.1 %, respectively. The full diameter of the cross section was considered. The use of sovalidated methodology to full scale tanks, suggests that cylindrical vertical tanks with a capacity lower than 700 m3, could be exposed to a resonance excitation when subjected to earthquake motions, regardless of the fill level. T2 - WCECS 2019 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 22.10.2019 KW - Sloshing KW - Tanks KW - Earthquake KW - Perturbation PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IA ENG CY - San Francisco AN - OPUS4-49407 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Sloshing in vertical circular Tanks and Earthquakes Perturbations N2 - Tanks with capacity larger than 700 m3, could be exposed to a resonance excitation when subjected to earthquake motions, regardless of the fill level. Further studies to assess the dynamic forces linked to such resonance and close-to-resonance situations, in a context of a standard overloading situation due to sloshing forces. T2 - WCECS 2019 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 22.10.2019 KW - Sloshing KW - Tanks KW - Earthquake KW - Perturbation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49408 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kutz, Philipp A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Testing of Composite Material for Transport Tanks for LNG N2 - To reduce the emission of carbondyoxide (CO2) of combustion engines, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is used as an alternative fuel. LNG is transported via truck, ship or railway for long distances. Double walled stainless steel tanks are used for transportation, which are heavy and expensive. The vacuum insulation between the two walled structure ensures that the LNG stays liquid over the transportation time (boiling point of LNG: -162 ◦C). This causes a high temperature difference between the transported good and the ambient air. A simplified tank construction is used to reduce the weight and price of the tank. Instead of stainless steel, glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) is used. The design is changed to a single walled construction with a solid insulation material outside on the GFRP structure. Goal of this work is the characterization of a suitable insulation material and configuration as well as the analysis of the mechanical properties of GFRP under cryogenic conditions. Several experiments are carried out. Numerical models of these experiments can then be used for parameter studies. KW - GFRP KW - Lightweight design KW - LNG PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.809.625 SN - 1662-9795 VL - 809 SP - 625 EP - 629 PB - Trans Tech Publications Ltd. AN - OPUS4-48271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero Navaratte, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineers N2 - The efficiency and safety of railway transportation depends on many factors and operating conditions, associated to the vehicle, the infrastructure, the operator and the environment. From the vehicle-infrastracture perspective, some influential factors include the dynamics of the vehicle and infrastructure interaction when the vehicle operates on curved tracks. Düring such changes of direction, the vehicle dynamically responds to the lateral perturbation, producing a lateral load transfer that represents an increase of the wheel forces on one side of the track, as a function of the train operating conditions and track design, including track's geometry and over-elevation, and vehicle's operating speed as well as its inertial properties and dimensions. In this context, the lateral load transfer superimposes to tangential steering forces, which are developed when the vehicle enters the curved track, and stabilize once a steady state is attained if the vehicle travels along a constant radius track at constant speed. The magnitude of such tangential forces depends on a variety of factors, including the yaw stiffness of the bogie, and the friction at the centre plate. While the friction at the centre plate generates higher tangential forces on the track and a consequential greater rail wearing and lose of locomotive energy, such friction is also crucial to avoid the hunting phenomenon when the vehicle travels along tangents. In this paper, a mechanically active centre plate is proposed, which increases the friction torque at the centre plate when the vehicle travels along tangents, and reduces such a friction torque when the vehicle negotiates curved portions of the track. Such conceptual design includes the principles of Operation and a needed preliminary experimental model to assess the potential benefits as well as the feasibility of such equipment. T2 - 11th international conference on railway bogies and running gears CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Centre plate KW - Railway KW - Fiction PY - 2019 SP - 28 EP - 30 AN - OPUS4-49004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Soszynska, A. A1 - Säuberlich, T. A1 - Borch, J. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Reulke, R. T1 - Analysis of the gas flare flame with IR cameras N2 - Greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities remain one of the most important subjects of international discussions. The routine gas flaring has been estimated to be responsible for as much as 1% of global carbon dioxide emission per year. Gas flaring analysis is one of the key-interest subjects in remote sensing community. Some of the existing publications use remote sensing techniques with satellite imagery to derive information about flame temperature and further about to estimate the volume of the flared gas. The often missing element is an in-situ measurement analysis of gas flames, combining signals recorded by a camera on-ground and data on flared gas volume, temperature and gas type. In order to address this problem, an experiment was conducted, in which the gas flame was recorded by thermal cameras on-ground, simultaneously to an aerial survey and the gas flow was measured at the same time on-ground. The measurement setup was designed in cooperation between Institute of Optical Sensor Systems of German Aerospace Center (DLR) and German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). Cameras recording in thermal and mid-wave IR wavelengths were used to record the burning gas on-ground and from the aerial survey. All the measurements have been compared and statistically analysed with respect to the recorded temperature. The purpose of the examination was to describe the signal changes in thermal imagery with respect to changes in energy, emitted by the burning process. This approach will allow for later calculation of the amount of energy in form of thermal radiation sent from the flame to the satellite. T2 - Processing Methodologies I CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 10.09.2019 KW - Gas flaring KW - Thermal remote sensing KW - Thermal radiation KW - Aerial survey PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532887 SP - Paper 11156-5, 1 EP - 19 AN - OPUS4-48997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Balke, Christian A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Fire protection systems for above-ground storage tanks N2 - Liquefied propane gas (LPG) tanks in a fully engulfing accidental fire experience a fast increase in internal pressure. The result is often a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) that can result in a large fireball and flying debris over a radius of more than 100 meters. In the last 30 years BAM has carried out more than 30 real scale fire tests on propane storage vessels across three test sites. The primary research goal was to identify systems that can delay or prevent a BLEVE. Early studies started with water deluge systems, and have since moved on to consider alternative protection systems. It has been shown that an unprotected vessel fails within 10 minutes or less. Tests with different oil and propane fueled fires have given an overview on possible real accidents involving full-engulfing scenarios. LPG tanks of various sizes (2.7 m³, 3.6 m³, 4.8 m³, 6.7 m³) were used with different filling levels. Numerous protection systems, ranging from active systems like water systems to passive thick- and thin-film layers. Also, the degree of thickness of these layers was variated. Pressure relief valves (PRV) have also been investigated, both alone and in combination with protection systems. This paper gives an overview of the work performed by BAM in the field of BLEVE prevention of protecting system since the last 30 years. It has been shown that e.g. with a full applied coating degree on the tank with and without PRV can be reached an exposition in a test fire scenario a duration of more than 60min. For partly coated tanks with and without PRV the duration time is like an unprotected vessel. Furthermore, it could be shown that the active water system also protects with technically correct design. T2 - Loss Prevention 2019 CY - Delft, Niederlande DA - 16.06.2019 KW - Fire KW - Protection systems KW - Propane storage tanks PY - 2019 SN - 978-88-95608-72-3 VL - 75 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-49021 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. ED - Otremba, Frank T1 - A computational scheme for assessing driving N2 - The systematization of the analysis, based on the Software proposed in this paper, could contribute to integrally improve the sustainability of the Transportation. KW - Computational scheme KW - Assessing KW - Driving PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-22870-5 SN - 978-3-030-22871-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22871-2 SN - 2194-5357 VL - 1 SP - 44 EP - 58 PB - Springer CY - Switzerland AN - OPUS4-48585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Oblique testing of a partially filled tank on a tilt table N2 - Braking-in-a-turn maneuvers represent a critical operational condition for any vehicle, due to the associated longitudinal and lateral perturbations to which it is subjected, which maximize the load transfer among the different wheels, and result in vehicle´s poor lateral stability and deficient braking performance. In this paper, a suspended vehicle supporting a partially filled 10 litter-capacity container, is set on a tilt table at oblique angles, in order to simulate a braking-in-a-turn maneuver. The measurements are assessed in the time and frequency domains, on the basis of the lateral load transfer ratio and the infrastructure fatigue damage. The outputs from the experiment show that the Minimum fill level (one-quarter), generates the larger lateral load transfer (0.45). Such fill level also causes the greatest ratios for the alternate stress over the mean stress on the infrastructure. The spectral analysis reveals the dominance of one of the sloshing frequencies during such combined perturbation condition. T2 - IFToMM world congress CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 30.06.2019 KW - Sloshing KW - Lateral stability KW - Load transfer KW - Braking-in-a-turn maneuvers KW - Infrastructure damage KW - Experimental approach PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-20130-2 SN - 978-3-030-20131-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20131-9_359 SN - 2211-0984 VL - 73 SP - 3641 EP - 3650 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 AN - OPUS4-48454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Vehicle’s components damage N2 - The failure of vehicle’s suspension components has contributed to road crashes, while their defective operation can deteriorate the fuel efficiency of the vehicles. In this context, and when compared with solid cargo transporters, the road tankers would tend to produce larger roll forces during turning, as the curved shape of the liquid cargo container, shifts upwards the centre of gravity of the cargo. With reference to a rectangular cargo container representing the solid cargo situation, the increase in the position due to elliptical and circular tank shapes, can attain a value of 17% (100% fill, circular tank). In this study, experimental results comparing the lateral load transfer due to solid and liquid cargoes, indicate that the average force increase on the vehicle’s load-receiver side due to a liquid cargo, is 4.3%. To analyse the fullscale situation of both situations, that is, the higher position of the centre of gravity and the shifting of the liquid cargo, a simplified model is developed. The outputs from such a model when subjected to realistic operating conditions (speed and turning radius), suggest that the higher position of the centre of gravity due to using a non-rectangular cargo container generates an average force increase of 4.9% on the side receiving the load transfer. The incorporation of the effect of the liquid cargo, through the simple pendulum analogy, suggests that such an average increases to 6.76%, with a maximum of 8.35% in the case of the elliptical tank at 75% fill level. It is found that the average liquid cargo effect is 5.44%, which should be compared with the 4.3% of the experiments. Road tankers components would thus have a relatively shorter load cycle life than those of the solid cargo trucks. KW - Liquid cargo KW - Load transfer KW - Roll reactions KW - Experimental modelling KW - Pendulum-analogy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407020960543 VL - 235 IS - 2-3 SP - 446 EP - 454 PB - Sage Journals AN - OPUS4-51386 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Martínez Madrid, M. T1 - Quasistatic rollover threshold of atmospheric road tankers N2 - Several geometrical analytical tools can be used for assessing the potential benefits of any alternative tank shape. The quasistatic evaluation of the cargo-vehicle behavior represents a fast way to objectively determine the roll stability benefits of any potentially new tank shape. In this paper, the geometrical, quasistatic rollover performance of a convex bottom tank shape is compared with that of standard tank shapes, finding that in spite of the lower position of the cargo´s center of gravity in such a tank shape for the un-perturbed condition, it has the same performance as the elliptical tank shape when subjected to Steady lateral acceleration. That as a result of the large cargo´s lateral displacement. Consequently, the combination of a lower center of gravity for the cargo when it is not perturbed, and a Minimum lateral shift due to lateral accelerations inputs, define the conditions for an ideal tank shape. T2 - CONIIN 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Tank shape KW - Road tankers KW - Center of gravity shifting KW - Quasistatic KW - Convex bottom KW - Geometrical analysis PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-51388 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Jáuregui Correa, J.C.A. T1 - Forces on rails in turns: A review N2 - Regardless of the mode of transportation, directional changes generate greater forces on the infrastructure as a result of the lateral load transfer and of the respective steering forces in the vehicles. In the case of Railway transportation, a concentrated damage occurs in the rail at the initiation of the turning maneuver, whose magnitude depends on the bogie´s yaw stiffness and on the level of friction at its centre plate. To mitigate such rail-damaging effects, some new designs have been proposed and used for the bogies´ wheelset. However, no new designs for the centre plate have been used. In this paper, a review of the causality for the forces arising during Railway Vehicle's turn negotiations, is presented, including the description of a modeling framework to analyze the influential Parameters for determining the magnitude of such forces. T2 - CONIIN 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Turning maneuvers KW - Rail damage KW - Yaw stiffness KW - Yaw resistance KW - Self-aligning bogies KW - Lateral load transfer KW - Steering forces PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-51390 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Experimental methods for road tankers. A critical review N2 - The transportation of liquids involves several situations derived from the curved shape of the cargo containers, including a comparatively high center of gravity, which negatively shifts when the container is partially loaded, and the vehicle is subjected to steering or braking accelerations. Aiming at reducing these effects several experimental approaches have been applied, involving different tank shapes and the use of baffles, tested under laboratory or field conditions, at full scale or at a down-scale. However, the scope of such approaches has been limited, mainly because the potential effect of other components of the vehicle on the road tanker behavior, has been neglected. In this paper, a critical review is presented of the experimental approaches considered so far, identifying specific experimental needs to improve the performance of the vehicles, from both the road safety and the environmental perspective. T2 - IMECE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Tank KW - Road KW - Methods PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-51641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - An energy frame of reference to assess vehicle´s physical externalities N2 - Externalities of the road transportation are multidimensional in nature and involve the road-vehicle interaction under different environmental conditions. Estimating the pavement and vehicle damage potentials as a function of the condition sunder which such interaction takes place, is important to avoid accelerated or catastrophic damages in these systems. Such an assessing is crucial from the perspective of pricing the effects of the vehicle on the infrastructure and vice versa. The existing models for pricing such interaction, critically depends on gross average statistical models. In this paper, it is proposed a deterministic approach to realize such an assessment, based upon validated approaches for the pavement damage. The simulation scheme considers different degrees-of-freedom vehicle models, and a discrete asphalt pavement, that make possible the simulation of massive traffic situations on realistic road lengths. T2 - IMECE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Energy KW - Frame KW - Assess KW - Vehicles PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-51645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Lateral load transfer due to sloshing cargo in partially filled containers N2 - A testing methodology has been proposed in this paper, to compare the load transfer derived from solid and liquid cargoes when the carrying vehicle is subjected to a lateral acceleration in a tilt table. Besides the type of cargo, the other factors (a) One-quarter fill level (b) One-half fill level (c) Three-quarter fill level (d) Fast input considered are the fill level and the rate at which the considered are the fill level and the rate at which the acceleration input is acceleration input is exerted on the vehicleexerted on the vehicle. The acceleration The acceleration input can represent the entering of the carrying vehicle into a input can represent the entering of the carrying vehicle into a curved portion curved portion of of aa road. The testing device integrates the needed components to measure the fourmeasure the four--wheel loads of the wheel loads of the carrying vehicle, while carrying vehicle, while providing different times to attain providing different times to attain aa 10°10° angle angle for the tilt table. for the tilt table. The performance measure selected is significant to assess the rollover trend of a vehicle, on the basis of the wheel loads at both sides of the vehicle. both sides of the vehicle. The outputs from the experiments suggest that the sloshing suggest that the sloshing cargo transfercargo transferss the greater loads, the greater loads, regardless of the fill level and regardless of the fill level and acceleration rate inputacceleration rate input, as a result , as a result of the shifting of the center of of the shifting of the center of gravitygravity of the liquidof the liquid, and of of the the dynamic vibration at the end of dynamic vibration at the end of the perturbation input. In this respect, while the solid cargo the perturbation input. In this respect, while the solid cargo exhibits an initial peak and decay, the exhibits an initial peak and decay, the sloshing cargo exhibits sloshing cargo exhibits several oscillations of the saseveral oscillations of the same magnitude, which is attributed me magnitude, which is attributed to the to the liquid inertia and liquid inertia and to the to the reflection of the surface waves. reflection of the surface waves. A further analysis could supplement this research, to assess supplement this research, to assess the effect of some other factors on the dynamic the effect of some other factors on the dynamic behavior of the behavior of the liquid cargoliquid cargo-vehicle system. Fvehicle system. For example, to analyze the effect or example, to analyze the effect of longitudinal baffles, and to validate theoretical models.of longitudinal baffles, and to validate theoretical models. T2 - IMECE – International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition CY - Salt Lake City, UT, USA DA - 11.11.2019 KW - Transfer KW - Sloshing KW - Cargo KW - Container PY - 2019 SP - 2019-10030 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-49980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A real-time GPS scheme to assess safe driving skills N2 - Avoiding road crashes has been the purpose behind many specialized software and hardware systems, involving both active and passive safety principles. Global Positioning technologies were incorporated into the transportation systems with the main purpose of acquiring the position of the vehicle under a continuous basis, for security and economy purposes. However, the GPS data can also be used for assessing the level of safety at which the vehicle is driven. On the basis of the essential data available from commercial GPS devices, in this paper we propose a combined performance measurement to assess the road safety level at which the vehicle is being driven. Such performance measure uses GPS data of the vehicle displacement, including the speed and the acceleration, as well as the course (latitude and longitude coordinates), in an integral driving assessment formulation that can run in real time. Results from the experimental use of this formulation suggest that the level of safety in the driving is time dependent, and that there are risky situations when different factors converge. T2 - ICASAT – 2019 – IEEE international Conference on Applied Science and Advanced Technology CY - Queretaro, México DA - 27.11.2019 KW - GPS Scheme KW - Safe KW - Driving PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - A real-time GPS scheme to assess safe driving skills N2 - GPS-data based calculation scheme for assessing, in real-time, the level of safety exerted during driving, has been described and used. The several variables involved considered the main factors that lead to road mishaps, including the speed, the acceleration and the effects that these variables have on the vehicle when it is negotiating a turn. The performance measure combines three individual performance outputs: speed, acceleration and a hybrid performance measure considering the speed, the acceleration and the change in latitude/longitude. The measures are designed in such a way that weighting factors can be calibrated in order to establish certain critical parameters. On the other hand, the terms in the equations preclude any division by zero of the involved ratios. On the other hand, the simplicity of the equations makes it possible to carry out the assessment in real time. The use of the resultant performance measure to a relatively long path, together with its current average value, indicates that the safe performance of the driving changes with time, and that, for the selected values of the calibration constants, the traveling speed dominates the overall safety performance of the driving. Furthermore, the different calibration constants provide the possibility of considering different types of hazmat carrying vehicles. While many other formulation components could be integrated into the performance measure, this three-component performance measure could be used to assess the driving of a hazmat-carrying vehicle, in order to detect and to prevent dangerous conditions, such as driver fatigue. Finally, the implementation of the different performance measure formulations in a system such as the one described in the introduction of this paper, could be straightforward. T2 - ICASAT – 2019 – IEEE international Conference on Applied Science and Advanced Technology CY - Queretaro, México DA - 27.11.2019 KW - GPS KW - Scheme KW - Safe KW - Driving PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-49984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hildebrand, R. A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. A1 - Sklorz, Christian ED - Otremba, Frank T1 - A simplified analytical approach on the dynamic pressures in cylindrical vertical tanks N2 - A simplified methodology is proposed to estimate the dynamic pressures developed within partially filled cylindrical vertical tanks when subjected to earthquake-related horizontal accelerations. The total pressure at the bottom of the tank is calculated as the superposition of vertical and horizontal pressures. While the magnitude of the vertical pressure depends on the free surface height of the liquid, the horizontal pressure depends on the magnitude of the horizontal acceleration and on the diameter of the tank. The liquid free surface oscillation angle is simulated based upon the principles of the simple pendulum analogy for sloshing. The length of the pendulum, however, is set on the basis of a methodology to calculate the free sloshing frequency of partially filled containers. Such a methodology is experimentally verified in this work. The outputs of the model for full scale situations, suggest that the lateral perturbation - sloshing phenomenon (earthquake effect) can generate an increase in the total pressure of 56% above the no lateral perturbation situation, further suggesting that such an overpressure should be taken into account when designing tanks that could be potentially subjected to earthquake-related perturbations. KW - Vertical cylindrical tanks KW - Pendulum analogy KW - Experimental approach KW - Sloshing, transition matrix approach KW - Hazmat PY - 2021 SN - 978-981-15-8273-8 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian T1 - Testing of pressurized vessels N2 - The results are based on data1. Figure 3 displays temperatures of the tank wall and of the gas phase over testing time. It can be seen that a complete coating strongly delayed the heating of tank wall and gas phase, whereas the partly coated tanks only had a minor influence on temperature development. There was no significant difference between a half coated and a thirdly coated tank measurable. Figure 4 shows the internal pressure of tanks over testing time. Only the fully coated tank enabled a low pressure over 90 min testing time. Hence, a complete coating is necessary to guarantee the fire safety of hazmat tanks and a partly coating is not sufficient. T2 - Annual Conference on Engineering and Information Technology CY - Nagoya - Japan DA - 29.03.2017 KW - Fire KW - Testing KW - Vessels KW - Dangerous goods PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Modelling a partly filled road tanker during an emergency braking N2 - A simplified model, based upon physical principles, is proposed the simulate the effect of sloshing on the pressure developed in the tanker chambers. The model has been validated in good extent, with experimental data from full scale testing. The characteristic that mostly affects the pressure developed with the chambers of the tanker is the length of the chamber. While a reduction in this property could decrease the pressure developed within a given chamber, the analysis should take into account an overall approach, as a shortening of the individual chambers would influence the number of chambers necessary to carry a certain amount of product. Consequently, the resulting model could be used to study different effects of the sloshing cargo on the carrying vehicles, including the length and position of the chambers along the tanker body. T2 - WCECS 2017 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 25.10.2017 KW - Braking KW - Emergency KW - Tanker PY - 2017 UR - http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2017/ SN - 978-988-14048-4-8 SN - 2078-0958 VL - II SP - 610 EP - 614 AN - OPUS4-42957 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Analysis of the capsizing of a tanker in the Rhine river N2 - A dynamic simulation model for a tanker ship along the Rhine River has been proposed, based on a simplified computational scheme, involving a two-degree-of-freedom roll plane multibody system, subjected to lateral accelerations estimated on the basis of measured data. The resulting equations of motion are solved through the transition matrix approach. The results suggest that many contributing factors were involved in the capsizing of the ship, including the relatively high speed of the river water and the meandering path of the infrastructure, further affected by dynamic effects derived from the behavior of the payload and from the steering maneuvers performed. T2 - ASME 2017 IMECE CY - Tampa, FL, USA DA - 03.11.2017 KW - Capsizing KW - Tanker KW - Rhine river PY - 2017 SN - 978-0-7918-5837-0 VL - 4A SP - Article UNSP V04AT05A063, 70488 EP - 70495 PB - ASME Press AN - OPUS4-42928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - An active acceleration system to mitigate/avoid underride rear-end crashes N2 - Rear-end crashes involving heavy trucks as the leading vehicle, and cars as the impact vehicle, cause many deaths and permanent injuries to car´s occupants. Measures have been thus taken in the trucks to prevent underride crashes, including the mounting of stiffer underride guards, set at car´s bumper height. In this respect, an active acceleration system(AAS), installed in the truck, could also contribute to mitigate the effects of These crashes, through the decrease of the relative Speed of the vehicles at the instant of the crash. In this paper, an AAS system is proposed, under the principles of ultrasonic sensors and an actuator for the truck´s accelerator mechanism. Simulation results of the operation of this AAS system, suggest that such a system could decrease the relative impact speed around 8% for an initial relative speed of 10 m/s. T2 - 2017 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems CY - Xiamen, China DA - 06.12.2017 KW - Mitigate KW - Avoid KW - Rear-end crashes PY - 2017 SN - 978-1-5386-2601-6 SP - 329 EP - 334 AN - OPUS4-43400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pötzsch, Sina A1 - Timme, Sebastian A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Skoczowsky, Danilo A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Fire protection systems for tanks made of GFRP N2 - The application of lightweight materials for tanks for transportation appears promising. Besides saving weight and therefore transportation costs, new complex geometries that depart from common cylindrical shapes of steel tanks can be manufactured. For transportation of dangerous goods, fire and explosion safety must be maintained to prevent accidents with serious consequences. In this work the fire behavior of lightweight tanks made from glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) with complex geometries is investigated. Pretests on intermediate scale GFRP plates are conducted to identify suitable fire protection systems and surface treatments for composite tanks. The fire resistance is shown to be improved by addition of fire protective coatings and integrated layers. Finally, a complex rectangular GFRP tank with a holding capacity of 1100 liters is fire protected with an intumescent fire coating. The tank is filled up to 80 % with water and burned under an engulfing fully developed fire. It was shown that the intumescent layer could expand before the decomposition of the resin occurred. Furthermore, the adhesion between tank surface and coating was maintained. The structure could withstand a fire for more than 20 min. T2 - ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE) 2017 CY - Tampa, Florida, USA DA - 03.11.2017 KW - Lightweight tank KW - Composites in fire KW - GFRP KW - Fire retardants KW - Intumescent layer PY - 2017 SN - 978-0-7918-5849-3 VL - 14 SP - Article UNSP V014T14A017, 1 EP - 6 PB - ASME Press AN - OPUS4-42991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Bradley, Ian T1 - Pressure vessel subjected by fire N2 - Test facilities at BAM, Types of fire test, Vessel testing, Modelling of vessel response to fire, Current research, Future research T2 - COTEQ 2017 CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil DA - 15.05.2017 KW - Vessels KW - Fire KW - Modelling PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40307 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Simulation of liquid cargo – vehicle interaction under lateral and longitudinal accelerations N2 - Amongst the vehicle parameters influencing road safety, the carried cargo plays a critical role in the case of a liquid cargo, posing rollover risk and affecting the available friction forces for braking. While the lateral sloshing of the cargo within the vehicle´s compartments, can be excited when the vehicle negotiates a turn, the longitudinal motion of the cargo derives from changes of speed. The combination of both types of perturbations occurs when the vehicle brakes while negotiating a turn. In this paper, a two-pendulum formulation is used to simulate the lateral and longitudinal behavior of a vehicle when negotiating a braking in a turn maneuver. The suspension forces are thus calculated as the linear superposition of both models. Results suggest that the vehicle roll stability is affected by the cargo sloshing, with increments on the order of 100% in the lateral load transfer, for a 50% filled tank. On the other hand, the dispersion of the travelling speed also affects the lateral stability of such type of vehicles, as a function of the dispersion of the vehicle´s travelling speed. T2 - The 9th International Conference on Computational Methods (ICCM2018) CY - Rome, Italy DA - 06.08.2018 KW - Sloshing cargo KW - Road tankers KW - Pendulum analogy KW - Braking in a turn KW - Lateral load transfer ratio PY - 2018 SP - 88 EP - 102 PB - Scientech Publisher LLC AN - OPUS4-45821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Betanzo Quezada, E. A1 - Obregón Biosca, S. A. T1 - The railway transport sustainability in Mexico. Europe and Mexico perspective N2 - The use of railway transportation for satisfying the transport needs of goods in Mexico is less intense than in developed countries, such as Germany. Mexican performance measures based upon the railway length per capita (intensity), or the railway length per square km of the country surface (density), are well behind from corresponding indicators for Germany, in such a way that the length of the railway infrastructure of Mexico should be, at least, doubled in order to reach a comparable intensity rate as that of Germany. In this paper, the benefits from transferring the whole transportation of goods from road to railway, is discussed. The benefits include a remarkable reduction in energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The feasibility for the electrical infrastructure to provide the necessary energy is further shown, while the economic feasibility of such situation is analyzed on the basis of the federal budget of Mexico. According to these estimations, the investment in railway infrastructure is feasible, while the electrical installed capacity is enough to satisfy an all-electric system. T2 - XIV Congreso Internacional de Ingenieria (XIV International Engineering Congress) CY - Querétaro, Mexico DA - 14.05.2018 KW - Railways KW - Trucking KW - Transport externalities KW - Comparative assessment KW - Energy saving potentials PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-5386-7018-7 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-45823 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Modelling of a Partially Loaded Road Tanker during a Braking-in-a-Turn Maneuver N2 - This paper describes a theoretical model to simulate the effects of a sloshing cargo on the safety performance of a vehicle that performs a braking-in-a-turn maneuver when travels at a partial fill level. The fundamental assumption of the model consists of the superposition of the effects of two simplified mechanical-analogy models that represent a liquid cargo on a vehicle, including one for the roll motion and another one for the pitch motion. The distinctive characteristics of the mechanical models, however, is that they are based upon a validated formulation to establish the properties of the pendulum (length). The results suggest a small effect of the sloshing cargo on the braking efficiency of the cargo, while the load transfer is moderately affected. However, such results should be put into a perspective, according to which such small variations can represent the avoidance of a rear-end crash or a rollover. In this respect, a specialized ABS system could be considered to improve the performance of such kind of vehicles when performing such maneuvers. Validation of the proposed methodology should be performed as a continuation of this research effort. KW - ABS KW - Braking-in-a-turn maneuver KW - Cargo sloshing KW - Road tankers KW - Load transfer KW - Simulation KW - Turning maneuvers PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-456908 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/act7030045 VL - 7 IS - 45 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-45690 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pötzsch, Sina A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Borch, Jörg A1 - Hilse, Thilo A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - The fire resistance of lightweight composite tanks depending on fire protection systems N2 - To save weight and resources lightweight tanks with complex geometries made of glass-fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) are a promising innovation for the transportation of dangerous goods. To realise the use of polymer tanks for such applications, their fire safety must be guaranteed. This paper presents solutions to protect fibre-reinforced plastic tanks from fire. The fire resistance of six GFRP tanks with different fire protection systems was tested in an outdoor full-scale fire test facility according to the regulation stipulated in the ADR (European agreement concerning the national carriage of dangerous goods by road). All tanks feature a complex geometry and a holding capacity of 1100 litres. The fire protection systems are composed of specialised resins as well as two intumescent coatings. All systems had a protective impact. The best results were achieved by the epoxy based intumescent coating, which was able to prolong the time needed to reach 150 °C inside the tank by 20 min. The emergence of a temperature holding point inside the tank due to condensation effects was observed at temperatures around 100 °C. KW - Fire safety composite tanks PY - 2018 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379711218301644 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.08.007 SN - 0379-7112 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 100 SP - 118 EP - 127 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-45697 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borch, Jörg-Peter A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Jetfire-Prüfstand ergänzt die bereits vorhandenen Brandprüfstände N2 - Seit zehn Jahren führt die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (kurz: BAM) auf zwei Prüfständen Brandprüfungen z. B. an Transport-und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe oder zur Prüfung von Brandschutzbeschichtungen durch. Als Brandmedium wird Flüssiggas (Propan-Butan-Gemisch C) eingesetzt, mit dem die Prüfobjekte simulierten Unfallfeuern ausgesetzt werden. Seit Anfang 2018 verfügt die BAM darüber hinaus auch über einen Jetfire-Prüfstand, der die Anforderungen der ISO 22899-1:2007 1) erfüllt. KW - JetFire KW - Prüfstand PY - 2018 SN - 2191-0073 SP - 28 EP - 30 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-46566 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano-Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Commodities and rail damage N2 - The normalized contact-mechanics fourth-power law approach for the dynamic loads, suggest: worst railway use situation (double deck at 65 km/h) is 350 times that of the less rail damage situation (flat car at 45 km/h). The normalized dispersion approach for the dynamic loads (Dynamic Load Coefficient), suggest that the worst railway use situation (double deck at 65 km/h) is about 4 times that of the less rail damage Situation (flat car at 45 km/h). The potential effect of the different types of cars on the railway fatigue life could be significant, as a function of the vehicle speed. The experimental validation of these outputs will be carried out as a continuation of this research effort. In addition to that, it should be mentioned that the associated simplified model could be used to analyze some other situations, related with the transport safety of different products. T2 - IMECE 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition CY - Pittsburgh, PA, USA DA - 09.11.18 KW - Commodities KW - Rail KW - Damage PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46649 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano -Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Commidities and rail damage N2 - A roll-plane simplified model, representing the suspended body-cargo of a railway car, was developed to simulate thedynamic response of a railway car while subjectedto lateral acceleration derived from its traveling along curved tracks. The model provides the means to calculate the suspension forces, which are supposed to be transmitted to the bogie´s wheelset. For the analysis of the potential effect of such forces on the railway fatigue life, different performance measures were considered, under different concepts. A family of curves were produced to analyze the effect of the height of the center of gravity of the body-cargo system, on the different performance measures. The resultingdiagramswereused to assess the rail damage potentials offour different railway cars. Results suggest that the height of the center of gravity, associated to the different types of railway cars, nonlinearly and strongly affects the fatigue lifeof the rail, with the double stack car being the moreinfrastructure-aggressive. In this respect, experimental evidence should be provided about such remarkable effects, so as to supportsome operational recommendationsthat shouldbe taken to mitigate these effects, including, for example, the regulation of the traveling speed of some vehicles. T2 - IMECE 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition CY - Pittsburgh, PA, USA DA - 09.11.2018 KW - Commidities KW - Rail KW - Damage PY - 2018 SP - 86008-1 EP - 86008-6 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-46650 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kutz, Philipp A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Sklorz, Christian T1 - Development of a Single Walled Tank under Cryogenic Conditions made of Composite N2 - The use of glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GRP) can reduce the weight of tanks significantly. By replacing steel with GRP in tanks for gases (propane, etc.) a weight reduction of up to 50 % was reached. In this project not only the material should be optimized, but also the design. Previous tanks consist of a double-walled structure with an insulation layer between the two shells (e.g. vacuum). Goal of this project is to realize a single-walled construction of GRP with an insulation layer on the outside. To determine the temperature dependent material values, two different experiments are performed: In the first experiment, temperature dependent material properties of liquid nitrogen found in literature research are validated in a simple setup. The level of liquid nitrogen in a small jar is measured over the experiment time. Numerical simulation shows the change of nitrogen level with sufficient precision. In the second experiment, a liquid nitrogen is applied on one side of a GRP plate. Temperature is measured with thermocouples on top and bottom of the GRP plate, as well as in the middle of the plate. By use of numerical simulation, temperature dependent thermal conductivity is determined. In the third experiment, a test stand is designed to examine different insulation materials. In this test stand, the insulation material can easily be changed. A numerical simulation, in which the determined material data is used, is performed as well for this test stand. The experiments show, that GRP can be used in cryogenic environments. Multiphase simulations are a suitable tool to describe the energy absorption of thermal energy due to thermal phase change. Results on different insulation materials will follow. T2 - IMECE 2018 CY - Pittsburgh, PA, USA DA - 09.11.2018 KW - Lightweight design KW - Thermal properties of GRP KW - Liquid nitrogen KW - LNG PY - 2018 UR - http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=2722335 SN - 978-0-7918-5214-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2018-86365 VL - 9 SP - V009T12A019 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-47321 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Hazmat tanks subjected to fire N2 - Transport safety depends in great extent of what happens to the cargo once the carrying vehicle derails or rollovers. The exposure of tanks to direct fire is a condition that potentially involves catastrophic consequences. Studying the behavior of the contained fluid under these drastic circumstances, is critical to develop methods and techniques to mitigate the serious consequences of many mishaps. In this paper, the experimental potentials of a Particle Image Velocimetry data acquisition system are described, for providing experimental data that could be used to calibrate mathematical models. As an example of the situations that need to be modelled, an experiment is described concerning the effect of the boundary conditions and protecting devices, on the rate of variation of pressure and temperature of the fluid in a tank exposed to a direct fire. In this regard, the results emphasize the importance of equipping the vessels with both thermal insulation and safety valves. T2 - ICMEA CY - Da Nang, Vietnam DA - 16.01.2019 KW - Pool fire KW - Pressure vessel PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47231 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Frana, K. A1 - Simon, S. A1 - Attia, S. T1 - Numerical simulation of the gas filling N2 - It was possible to achieve an error as 9% or even 0% at certain time steps, as shown in the graph above, the usage of UDF code has major importance in achieving the pressure Profile required, and it heat transfer between the bottle itself and the surroundings was taken into consideration which of course had a high influence on how the temperature of the air flask changes. T2 - ASME 2017 CY - Tampa, FL, USA DA - 03.11.2017 KW - Numerical Simulation KW - Gas Filling KW - Compoite Receptacle PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42847 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - Analysis of the capsizing of a tanker in the Rhine river N2 - Simplified model made possible to get a physical perspective about this accident T2 - IMECE 2017 CY - Tampa, FL, USA DA - 03.11.2017 KW - Tanker KW - Rhine river KW - Capsizing PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42850 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -