TY - JOUR A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Buzi, P. A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - An Attempt at a Systematic study of inks from Coptic manuscripts JF - manuscript cultures N2 - It is well documented that throughout Antiquity, ancient Egyptians used mostly carbon inks as a writing material. In Late Antiquity, some metals started to be added to carbon based inks. We have records of five manuscripts from the Dead Sea Scrolls collection whose carbon inks were found to contain copper Also, lead was recently found as an additive in carbon inks on a charred fragment from Herculaneum. Furthermore, the earliest evidence of iron-gall ink was found in the Book of Proverbs (Codex Ms. Berol. orient. oct. 987) dating to the third fourth centuries ce. It has been suggested that along with carbon and iron-gall inks, there is no reason to think that purely tannin inks were not also in use in Egypt. However, so far, we just have evidence of a copper-tannin ink identified in a number of documents from Egypt in the first third centuries bce. In an attempt to fill this gap in this extremely fragmented scenario during our studies of the socio-geographic history of inks, we arrived at the conclusion that the continuous production of Coptic manuscripts from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages offers a unique opportunity for the historical study of inks across a large geographic area. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 157 EP - 163 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45817 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Bosch, S. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Scientific service project z02 at the csmc: material-science methods of reconstructing the history of manuscripts N2 - Z02 is one of the three technically supporting projects at the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC). In collaboration with the other two service projects, Z01 and Z03, it aims at bridging the gap between humanities and natural sciences and technology. To that purpose, we set up a laboratory with a range of high-end instruments, most of them mobile, allowing thorough non-destructive analysis of manuscripts. In addition to working on constantly improving the laboratory and the methods of analysis, a substantial part of our activities is dedicated to service, by supporting different research projects conducted at the centre. In this talk, we will present our equipment and the possibilities offered by the different techniques available regarding the different kinds of missions: typology and classification of inks, provenance studies, recovery of faded inscriptions and palimpsests, reconstruction of the history of manuscripts, authentication and dating. We will give a brief overview of our past and ongoing activities in the frame of the second phase of the CSMC. Finally, a selection of projects will be presented in greater detail to highlight the possibilities of our laboratory and the diversity of missions which can be carried out. T2 - Konferenz: Art & Archaeology 2018 CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 09.12.2018 KW - Manuscripts KW - Inks KW - CSMC KW - Pigments PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47039 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Colini, C. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Christiansen, T. A1 - Bicchieri, M. A1 - Biocca, P. A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. ED - Wandrey, I. T1 - The quest for the mixed inks JF - manuscript cultures N2 - In this article, we would like to share our observations concerning the inks produced by intentionally mixing soot or charcoal with tannin extracts or iron-gall ink. Aside from Zerdoun’s mention in her outstanding review of written sources, “Les encres noires au Moyen-Âge”, this ink category has received little if any attention from scholars and scientists. And yet, if analytically attested, the use of such inks could serve as an additional category to classify and distinguish the writing inks on the historical socio-geographic map of the writing inks we are trying to build. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks PY - 2018 SN - 1867-9617 VL - 2018 IS - 11 SP - 41 EP - 48 PB - Universität Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-45784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Colini, C. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - What information can Raman spectroscopy provide about pure and mixed carbon inks? N2 - Two main types of inks coexisted in Early Medieval times: carbon inks and iron-gall inks. Many variations within these types existed, depending on the source of raw materials and their proportion. In addition to these, an intermediate mixed type of ink, with both iron and carbon as colouring agents, was sometimes used, especially in early Arab manuscripts. Two projects are being conducted currently at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) concerning the analysis of inks with Raman spectroscopy. The first one aims at comparing the spectra of different carbon inks from Antiquity to the Middle Ages with Raman spectroscopy, while the second one focuses on the identification and comparison of mixed inks. For the first project, several carbon inks were made using different sources of carbon (pine soot, olive oil soot, date seeds charcoal etc.) and various binders (fish glue, gum Arabic, proteinic binder etc.), following antique recipes. These inks were then analysed with Raman spectroscopy and fitted with the “two-peaks” and the “three-peaks” models following the procedure described by Goler et al., to help spotting differences between the spectra, depending on the recipe. Some samples were then disposed in an ageing chamber at 80°C and 60% RH and analysed again in order to determine whether changed in the spectra are observable. The procedure proposed by Goler et al. to date inks with Raman spectroscopy was also evaluated during this process. Although several carbon inks could be distinguished from their spectra, no differences were seen between aged and fresh samples. Furthermore, experimental conditions were found to have such a significant influence that reliable dating of inks through Raman spectroscopy seems dubious. T2 - 9th International Congress on the Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology CY - Évora, Portugal DA - 24.10.2017 KW - Carbon ink KW - Mixed ink KW - Dating KW - Raman PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Shevchuk, I. A1 - Helou, K. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - A non-invasive study of the illuminated manuscript MS. Fr. 9084: one or two palettes? N2 - The manuscript of the History of Outremer by William of Tyre stored at the BNF (ms. fr. 9084) is believed to have been illustrated by two different hands. Indeed, the first five miniatures of this manuscript appear to be very different from the last seventeen, which were supposedly painted by an artist known as the "Hospitaller Master". This painter worked on at least two manuscripts in Paris between 1276 and 1280, and eight more in Saint Jean d'Acre before 1291. During his stay in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, his palette changed and reached its most important development in the Manuscript of the History of Outremer, maybe influenced by the colourful crusader style of the first five miniatures. The present work aims at identifying the pigments used on both parts of the manuscripts and see whether they are the same for both artists or not. For that, portable XRF analysis was used directly at the Bibliothèque National de France in Paris, where the manuscript is stored. This allowed a quick, non destructive and non invasive study of the manuscript. Significant differences were observed in the compositions of some pigments indeed, in particular for the red and green, showing the use of different palettes. This could indicate that the Hospitaller Master not only brought his knowledge and style, but also probably part of his palette of pigments with him when moving to Saint Jean d'Acre. T2 - MANUSCRIPTS in the MAKING: Art and Science CY - Cambridge, UK DA - 08.12.2016 KW - Miniature KW - Pigment KW - XRF PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-41529 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -