TY - RPRT A1 - Kemmlein, Sabine A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Emissionen von Flammschutzmitteln aus Bauprodukten und Konsumgütern (Forschungsbericht 299 65 321 / UBA-FB 00,475) N2 - An verschiedenen Dämmstoffen, Montageschäumen, Computersystemen und Polstermöbeln sowie einer Matratze wurden mittels unterschiedlicher Emissionsprüfkammern und -zellen in Kombination mit geeigneten Probenahme- und Analyseverfahren Untersuchungen zur Emission polybromierter und phosphororganischer Flammschutzmittel (FSM) durchgeführt. Hierbei kamen Emissionsprüfkammern mit Volumina von 0,02 m3 und 1 m3 sowie 0.001 m3 - Emissionsprüfzellen zum Einsatz. Die hier untersuchten Substanzen zählen zu den SVOC und erfordern eine Luftprobenahme durch Adsorption an Polyurethanschaum. Die Aufarbeitung des Polyurethanschaums erfolgte mit Ultraschallbad- bzw. Soxhletextraktion, die Extrakte wurden aufkonzentriert und mit GC/MS oder HPLC/DAD vermessen. Die ursprünglich angestrebte Versuchsdauer von jeweils 28 Tagen musste auf mindestens 100 Tage verlängert werden, um einen für die Messung erforderlichen Gleichgewichtszustand zu erreichen. Mit den eingesetzten Verfahren läßt sich die Emission der phosphororganischen FSM qualitativ und quantitativ gut nachweisen, hierzu gehören insbesondere TCPP und TPP. Ausnahmen bilden z.B. RDP und BDP, hier wird die Emissionsmessung mittels Luftprobenahme durch den Einfluss von Senkeneffekte dominiert. Für die bromierten FSM ist eine gute Anwendbarkeit für Verbindungen mit bis zu sechs Bromatomen gegeben. Mit zunehmendem Bromierungsgrad und zunehmender Schwerflüchtigkeit verstärkt sich auch hier der Einfluss von Senkeneffekten und erschwert die Bestimmung der Emission. So konnte HBCD zwar auf den Kammerwandflächen jedoch, abgesehen von Spuren, nicht in der Emissionsprüfkammerluft nachgewiesen werden. Die Erkenntnisse reichen für eine umfassende Darstellung des Emissionsverhaltens der FSM und darauf aufbauender Expositionsbewertungen für den Gebrauch flammgeschützter Produkte noch nicht aus. Es bestehen weiterhin Kenntnislücken, um die z.T. hohen Gehalte an FSM z.B. in Hausstäuben erklären zu können. Gleichwohl bildet die Studie eine wesentliche Grundlage für weiterführende Untersuchungen. In Abhängigkeit vom Produkttyp betragen die ermittelten flächenspezifischen (SERa) Emissionsraten z.B. für TCPP zwischen 0,012 und 140 µg m-2 h-1. Nachgewiesene PBDEs zeigten je nach Produkttyp produktspezifische Emissionsraten (SERu) zwischen 0,1 und 14,2 ng Stück-1h-1 und SERa zwischen 0,2 und 6,6 ng m-2 h-1. Eine Ausweitung z.B. auf Langzeitmessungen, die Bestimmung des Einflusses der Materialalterung sowie unterschiedlicher Flammschutzmittelgehalte auf die Emission, die hier mangels hinreichender Information und entsprechenden Produkten nicht durchgeführt werden konnte, wäre wünschenswert. KW - Emission KW - Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOC) KW - Polybromierte Flammschutzmittel KW - Phosphororganische Flammschutzmittel KW - Emissionsprüfkammer KW - Emissionsprüfzelle KW - Particulate Organic Matter (POM) KW - Dämmstoffe KW - Montageschäume KW - Leiterplatte KW - Polstermöbel KW - Matratze KW - Computer KW - Monitor KW - Drucker PY - 2003 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionen-von-flammschutzmitteln-aus-bauprodukten SN - 1862-4804 SN - 0722-186X IS - 55 SP - 1 EP - 188 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-2901 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kemmlein, Sabine A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Stolle, Dirk ED - Levin, H. T1 - Emission of Flame Retardants from Consumer Products and Building Materials N2 - The emission levels of high boiling brominated (BFR) and phosphoric (POC) flame retardants (FR) in different materials were examined. For the determination of the emission rate the tests were done in different emission test chambers and cells under standard conditions (23 C, 50% RH and fixed area specific air flow rates). Selected products, e.g. printed circuit boards, were investigated at elevated temperature (e.g. 60 C) to simulate working conditions. Applied analytical techniques for the air samples adsorbed on polyurethane foam (PUF) are soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction. Different conditions were used to analyse the FR via GC-MS. Based on the first results it could be demonstrated that the emission depends on material density and surface condition. The concentrations over time obtained for tris(3-chloropropyl)-phosphate, e.g., from emission test chamber and cell show a good correlation, partly the measured concentration are different. Sampling at elevated temperature gives higher concentrations. T2 - 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Monterey, CA, USA DA - 2002-06-30 KW - Flame retardants KW - SVOC/POM KW - Material emission KW - Measurement methods PY - 2002 SN - 0-9721832-0-5 VL - 2 SP - 920 EP - 925 PB - International Academy of Indoor Air Sciences CY - Santa Cruz, Calif. AN - OPUS4-2001 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Kemmlein, Sabine A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Stolle, Dirk T1 - Emissions of Flame Retardants from Selected Consumer Products and Building Materials T2 - 11th International Conference on Flame Retardants 2004 CY - London, England, UK DA - 2004-01-27 KW - Flame retardants KW - GC/MS KW - SVOC PY - 2004 SN - 0-9541216-2-7 SP - 27 EP - 36 PB - Interscience Communications CY - London AN - OPUS4-3060 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kemmlein, Sabine A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials N2 - The emissions of selected flame retardants were measured in 1- and 0.02-m3 emission test chambers and 0.001-m3 emission test cells. Four product groups were of interest: insulating materials, assembly foam, upholstery/mattresses, and electronics equipment. The experiments were performed under constant environmental conditions (23°C, 50% RH) using a fixed sample surface area and controlled air flow rates. Tris (2-chloro-isopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) was observed to be one of the most commonly emitted organophosphate flame retardants in polyurethane foam applications. Depending on the sample type, area-specific emission rates (SERa) of TCPP varied between 20 ng m-2 h-1 and 140 ?g m-2 h-1. The emissions from electronic devices were measured at 60°C to simulate operating conditions. Under these conditions, unit specific emission rates (SERu) of organophosphates were determined to be 10–85 ng unit-1 h-1. Increasing the temperature increased the emission of several flame retardants by up to a factor of 500. The results presented in this paper indicate that emissions of several brominated and organophosphate flame retardants are measurable. Polybrominated diphenylethers exhibited an SERa of between 0.2 and 6.6 ng m-2 h-1 and an SERu of between 0.6 and 14.2 ng unit-1 h-1. Because of sink effects, i.e., sorption to chamber components, the emission test chambers and cells used in this study have limited utility for substances low vapour pressures, especially the highly brominated compounds; hexabromocyclododecane had an SERa of between 0.1 and 29 ng m-2 h-1 and decabromodiphenylether was not detectable at all. T2 - 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Monterey, CA, USA DA - 2002-06-30 KW - SVOC KW - Organophosphates KW - Chamber study KW - Brominated flame retardants KW - Emission rates PY - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.025 SN - 0004-6981 SN - 1352-2310 VL - 37 IS - 39-40 SP - 5485 EP - 5493 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-3308 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kemmlein, Sabine A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Suitability of emission test chambers and cells for measuring organophosphates and brominated flame retardants from insulation material T2 - Indoor Air 2005 CY - Beijing, PR China DA - 2005-09-04 KW - Emission measurements KW - Brominated flame retardants KW - Organophosphates PY - 2005 SN - 7-89494-830-6 VL - II IS - 2 SP - 2325 EP - 2328 PB - Tsinghua University Press CY - Beijing AN - OPUS4-10849 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kemmlein, Sabine A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver ED - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Investigations on emissions of selected flame retardants. A possible route of exposure? T2 - 10th European meeting on fire retardancy and protection of materials/European conference on fire retardant polymers CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2005-09-07 KW - Emission test chamber KW - Polybrominated flame retardants KW - Organophosphates PY - 2005 SN - 978-3-8334-8873-3 SP - 11_0_1 PB - Books on Demand GmbH CY - Norderstedt AN - OPUS4-10852 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kemmlein, Sabine A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Emission of Flame Retardants from Consumer Products and Building Materials (Research Report 299 65 321 / UBA-FB 00,475) N2 - Various insulating boards, assembly foams, PC-systems, upholstery and a mattress were examined for possible emissions of polybrominated and organophosphorus flame retardants. 0.02 m3- and 1m3- emission test chambers and 1Llitre cells were used to perform the investigations. The substances of interest are mainly classified as SVOC. A sampling technique using polyurethane foam plugs and special analytical methods was developed. The PUF-plugs were extracted by ultrasonic and soxhlet extraction and the extracts were concentrated. The analyses were performed by GC/MS and HPLC/DAD. Chamber measurements were generally taken over 28 days, but in the case of SVOC, a test period of a minimum of 100 days was necessary to achieve equilibrium. The determination of most of OPCs was successful using emission test chambers. Due to sink effects the determination of low volatile OPC such as RDP and BDP needs to be improved. Brominated flame retardants are quantifiable up to hexabrominated compounds using emission test chambers as a reference method. The emission of lower volatile compounds, e.g. HBCD, was strongly affected by sink effects. Emission of decaBDE was not quantifiable at all. Based on the results presented further investigations are required for an adequate risk assessment of flame retarded products and their contribution to the contamination of the indoor air environment. TCPP was found to be one of the most commonly used organophosphorus flame retardants in polyurethane foam applications. Depending on the sample type 0.012 to 140 µg m-2 h-1 was obtained for area-specific emission rates (SERa) for TCPP. PBDEs, for example, exhibited product-specific emission rates (SERu) between 0.1 and 14.2 ng unit-1 h-1 and SERa between 0.2 and 6.6 ng m-2 h-1. More data about the emission behaviour of FR are required with special regard to substance migration, aging and long-term emission in particular. KW - Emission KW - Semi volatile organic compounds (SVOC) KW - Polybrominated flame retardants KW - Organophosphorus flame retardants PY - 2003 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emission-of-flame-retardants-from-consumer-products SP - 1 EP - 188 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-11186 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kemmlein, Sabine A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Stolle, Dirk ED - Wai, T. K. ED - Sekhar, C. ED - Cheong, D. T1 - Emission of phosphorus organic and polybrominated flame retardants from consumer products and building materials T2 - 7th Healthy Buildings Conference ; HB 2003 ; ISIAQ international conference CY - Singapore, Republic of Singapore DA - 2003-12-07 KW - Flame retardants KW - SVOC/POM KW - Material emission PY - 2003 SN - 981-049974-4 VL - 1 SP - 142 EP - 147 CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-7066 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barthel, Mathias A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Rothhardt, Monika A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Erfassung der Zahl feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel aus Bürogeräten während der Druckphase zur Entwicklung eines Prüfverfahrens für das Umweltzeichen Blauer Engel für Bürogeräte mit Druckfunktion (UFOPLAN 370895301) KW - Bürogeräte mit Laserdruckfunktion KW - Feine und ultrafeine Partikel KW - Chemische Emissionen KW - Blauer Engel PY - 2013 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/erfassung-zahl-feiner-ultrafeiner-partikel-aus SN - 1862-4804 SN - 0722-186X IS - 74 SP - 1 EP - 189 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-27523 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wiegner, Katharina A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Farke, M. A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Assessment of emissions from materials for museum equipment T2 - Healthy Buildings 2012 - 10th International conference CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 2012-07-08 KW - Assessment of emissions from materials for museum equipment KW - BEMMA display case KW - Protection of cultural object KW - Emissions PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-921897-40-5 SP - 1 EP - 2 (7G.3) AN - OPUS4-27525 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -