TY - JOUR A1 - Wachsen, O. A1 - Reichert, K.H. A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Schulz, Günter T1 - Thermal decomposition of biodegradable polyesters - III. Studies on the mechanisms of thermal degradation of oligo-L-lactide using SEC, LACCC and MALDI-TOF-MS PY - 1997 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 55 SP - 225 EP - 231 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-2154 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Schulz, Günter A1 - Wachsen, O. T1 - New aspects of determination of polymer heterogeneity by 2-dimensional orthogonal liquid chromatography and MALDI-TOF-MS PY - 1996 SN - 1022-1360 SN - 0258-0322 SN - 1521-3900 VL - 110 SP - 155 EP - 176 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-2150 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitt, R. A1 - Koerfer, F. A1 - Sadowny, O. A1 - Zimmermann, J. A1 - Krüger-Sehm, R. A1 - Xu, M. A1 - Dziomba, T. A1 - Koenders, L. A1 - Goch, G. A1 - Tausendfreund, A. A1 - Patzelt, S. A1 - Simon, S. A1 - Rockstroh, L. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Woias, P. A1 - Goldschmidtböing, F. A1 - Rabold, M. T1 - Virtuelle Messgeräte - Definition und Stand der Entwicklung N2 - Die Mikro- und Nanotechnologie gehört zu den Schlüsseltechnologien des 21. Jahrhunderts mit hohen Wachstumsprognosen, wie auch die im Auftrag des BMBF durchgeführte Studie “Nanotechnologie als wirtschaftlicher Wachstumsmarkt” von 2004 ausführlich darstellt. Aus diesem Trend resultiert ein steigender Bedarf an Messsystemen, die Nanostrukturen prozessnah bzw. im Fertigungsprozess charakterisieren können. Virtuelle Messgeräte liefern Erkenntnisse zur Entwicklung neuartiger Messsysteme, Analyse und Optimierung bestehender Verfahren sowie die Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit und modellbasierten Korrektur systematischer Fehler. Der virtuelle Messprozess umfasst neben dem Messmittel auch die Probe und die Wechselwirkungen zwischen beiden. In diesem Beitrag werden virtuelle Messgeräte vorgestellt sowie deren Anwendung diskutiert. N2 - Micro- and nanotechnology experienced a high economic growth in recent years. This yields in a growing demand for measuring instruments which are closely linked to the production process. Virtual measuring instruments provide knowledge for the development of new systems, the analysis and optimization of established devices as well as the determination of the uncertainty in measurement. The virtual measuring process consists of the measuring instrument, the sample, and the interaction between both. In this article examples of current developments of virtual instruments are presented and their way of utilization is discussed. KW - Virtuelle Messtechnik KW - Simulation KW - Messunsicherheit KW - Virtual metrology KW - Measurement uncertainty PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/teme.2008.0872 SN - 0340-837X SN - 0178-2312 SN - 0171-8096 VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - 298 EP - 310 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-17569 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Pickard, M. A1 - Schulz, Günter A1 - Wachsen, O. T1 - Characterization of thermal and hydrolytic degradation of polylactides by Liquid Chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry T2 - International Symposium on "Biodegradable Materials" and Hamburger Makromolekulares Symposium CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 1996-10-07 PY - 1996 CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-2225 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachsen, O. A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Schulz, Günter A1 - Reichert, K.H. T1 - Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung des Abbaus von Polylactiden mittels 2D-HPLC und MALDI-TOF-MS T2 - Sitznung des Berliner Verband für Polymerforschung e.V. CY - Berlin DA - 1995-05-18 PY - 1995 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-2202 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter A1 - Much, Helmut A1 - Reichert, K.H. A1 - Schulz, Günter A1 - Wachsen, O. T1 - Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung des Polylactidabbaus mittels HPLC und MALDI-TOF-MS T2 - Präsentationsveranstaltung des Instituts für Angewandte Chemie Berlin-Adlershof e.V. CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1995-09-26 PY - 1995 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-2206 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Birgit Angelika A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Roth, C. A1 - Beier, O. A1 - Hartmann, A. A1 - Grünler, B. T1 - Decontamination of biocidal loaded wooden artworks by means of laser and plasma processing N2 - Many wooden artworks are contaminated by DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) as a result of a surface treatment by means of the liquid preservative Hylotox-59©. It was used until the end of the 1980s. DDT crystal structures are formed on the wood surfaces by the "blooming" of chlorine compounds. In addition to an aesthetic disturbance, it is assumed that DDT represents a health risk. Even decades after applying, the toxins in the wood preservatives are still detectable because they are of low volatility in many wood samples. Contaminated waste wood with natural biocide ageing, gilded and wood carved elements of an old picture frame and wooden samples with paint layers were provided by the Schlossmuseum Sondershausen. Non-contact procedures using laser and plasma appear reasonable to remove the DDT crystals. During the experiments, health and safety issues for the operator have to be taken into account. The removal of DDT was evaluated employing femtosecond and nanosecond laser radiation and cold atmospheric plasma techniques with different working gases (air, nitrogen, and argon). Before laser application, a chlorine measurement representing the DDT density on the wooden surface is done by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis as reference. After laser processing, the XRF analysis is used again at the same surface position to determine the depletion rate. Additionally, a documentation and characterization of the sample surface is performed before and after laser and plasma treatment using optical microscopy (OM). For plasma processing with various systems a chlorine measurement is done by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. T2 - 11th Conference on Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks CY - Kraków, Poland DA - 20.09.2016 KW - Decontamination KW - DDT KW - Wooden artworks KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Cold atmospheric pressure plasma PY - 2017 SN - 978-83-231-3875-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.12775/3875-4.17 SP - 241 EP - 251 PB - NCU Press CY - Toruń AN - OPUS4-43526 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Bandow, Nicole ED - Brown, R. ED - Gedde, U.W. ED - Hedenqvist, M.S. T1 - Influence of weathering on the leaching behaviour of zinc and PAH from synthetic sports surfaces N2 - Synthetic materials used for outdoor sports grounds consist of a mix of inorganic, organic and polymeric compounds that show ageing due to weathering and a complex leaching behaviour by percolation of rainwater, which can limit its lifetime. Additionally, weathering exposure induces degradation processes in the polymers, which leads to the formation of new surfaces allowing water to access additional reservoirs of leachable compounds. A laboratory test comprising artificial weathering, ozonisation and subsequent leaching was developed to investigate this behaviour in a reproducible and controllable way. The experiments showed a general decline of Zn, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations after an initial increase. Within this general trend, the course of concentration over exposure duration is very specific for individual sample materials and the analyte under investigation. The results indicate that weathering and degradation behaviour cannot be predicted from initial material conditions. Thus, weathering experiments are recommended to fill this gap of knowledge. KW - Athletic tracks KW - Artificial turf KW - Ageing KW - Artificial weathering KW - Polymer degradation KW - Rubber granules KW - Leaching KW - Contamination PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.09.021 SN - 0142-9418 SN - 1873-2348 VL - 63 IS - October SP - 621 EP - 631 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands AN - OPUS4-42205 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Formanek, P. A1 - Meyer, Christian A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Scharf, Holger A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered beta-cristobalite AlPO4 chemically stabilized at room temperature: synthesis, physical characterization, and X-ray powder diffraction data N2 - This paper reports the first successful synthesis and the structural characterization of nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered β-cristobalite AlPO4 that is chemically stabilized down to room temperature and free of crystalline impurity phases. Several batches of the title compound were synthesized and thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping in SEM, solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy including the TRAPDOR method, differential thermal analysis (DTA), gas-sorption methods, optical Emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and ion chromatography. Parameters that are critical for the synthesis were identified and optimized. The synthesis procedure yields reproducible results and is well documented. A high-quality XRD pattern of the title compound is presented, which was collected with monochromatic copper radiation at room temperature in a wide 2θ range of 5°–100°. KW - Stabilization of high-temperature phase at RT KW - Nanochrystalline AlPO4 KW - Beta-christobalite structure type KW - High-cristobalite form KW - Aluminium phosphate PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715617000537 SN - 1945-7413 SN - 0885-7156 VL - 32 IS - S1 SP - S193 EP - S200 PB - JCPDS-ICDD CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-42235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heitz, J. A1 - Plamadeala, C. A1 - Muck, M. A1 - Armbruster, O. A1 - Baumgartner, W. A1 - Weth, A. A1 - Steinwender, C. A1 - Plessberger, H. A1 - Kellermair, J. A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Guntner, A. S. A1 - Hassel, A. W. T1 - Femtosecond laser-induced microstructures on Ti substrates for reduced cell adhesion N2 - Miniaturized pacemakers with a surface consisting of a Ti alloy may have to be removed after several years from their implantation site in the heart and shall, therefore, not be completely overgrown by cells or tissue. A method to avoid this may be to create at the surface by laser-ablation self-organized sharp conical spikes, which provide too little surface for cells (i.e., fibroblasts) to grow on. For this purpose, Ti-alloy substrates were irradiated in the air by 790 nm Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser pulses at fluences above the ablation threshold. The laser irradiation resulted in pronounced microstructure formation with hierarchical surface morphologies. Murine fibroblasts were seeded onto the laser-patterned surface and the coverage by cells was evaluated after 3–21 days of cultivation by means of scanning electron microscopy. Compared to flat surfaces, the cell density on the microstructures was significantly lower, the coverage was incomplete, and the cells had a clearly different morphology. The best results regarding suppression of cell growth were obtained on spike structures which were additionally electrochemically oxidized under acidic conditions. Cell cultivation with additional shear stress could reduce further the number of adherent cells. KW - Laser Processing KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Titanium alloy KW - Cell adhesion KW - Anodic oxidation KW - Pacemaker PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-427681 UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00339-017-1352-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-017-1352-0 SN - 0947-8396 SN - 1432-0630 VL - 123 IS - 12 SP - 734, 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer-Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-42768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmid, M. A1 - Heidmann, B. A1 - Ringleb, F. A1 - Eylers, K. A1 - Ernst, O. A1 - Andree, Stefan A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Boeck, T. A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Locally grown Cu(In,Ga)Se2 micro islands for concentrator solar cells N2 - Light concentration opens up the path to enhanced material efficiency of solar cells via increased conversion efficiency and decreased material requirement. For true material saving, a fabrication method allowing local growth of high quality absorber material is essential. We present two scalable fs-laser based approaches for bottom-up growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 micro islands utilizing either site-controlled assembly of In(,Ga) droplets on laser-patterned substrates during physical vapor deposition, or laser-induced forward transfer of (Cu,In,Ga) layers for local precursor arrangement. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorbers formed after selenization can deliver working solar devices showing efficiency enhancement under light concentration. T2 - SPIE OPTO, 2018 CY - San Francisco, USA DA - 29.01.2018 KW - Chalcopyrite KW - Cu(In,Ga)Se2 KW - Fs-laser patterning KW - Laser-induced forward transfer KW - Micro solar cell PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-5106-1540-3 SN - 0277-786X SN - 1996-756X VL - 10527 SP - 1052707-1 EP - 1052707-9 PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham, WA, USA AN - OPUS4-44450 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maresca, A. A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Astrup, T. F. T1 - Influence of wood ash pre-treatment on leaching behaviour, liming and fertilising potential N2 - In Denmark, increasing amounts of woody biomass are being used for the production of renewable energy, resulting in more wood ashes being generated. While these materials have been mainly landfilled, wood ashes may also be utilised for fertilizing and liming purposes on top of soils. Pre-treatments involving hardening or granulation may be carried out prior to soil application. In this study, two Danish wood ash samples were hardened and/or granulated. Lab-hardening induced rapid changes in the shape of the acid neutralisation capacity curve of the ashes. Up-flow column tests, assuming local equilibrium conditions, were employed to investigate the leaching from pre-treated ashes. Granules and loose ashes demonstrated similar leaching behaviours, indicating that similar geochemical processes were governing their leaching. In comparison with untreated fresh ashes, the hardened ashes demonstrated reduced leaching of Ca, Ba, Pb and Zn with concentration levels generally below or close to the analytical limits of quantification; to the contrary, the leaching of As, P, Sb, Si, V and Mg was enhanced in the hardened ashes. The release of alkalinity was reduced by hardening. In general, all granules were barely breakable by finger-pinching and they could withstand one month of continuous leaching, preserving their overall shape. The solubility of phosphorous in neutral ammonium citrate indicated that about 30–51% of the total P content in the ash samples was released, suggesting that the ashes could be potentially valuable as P-fertiliser if applied onto soil. KW - Wood ash KW - Phoshpor availability KW - Leaching KW - Forest soils PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.003 SN - 0956-053X VL - 83 SP - 113 EP - 122 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-46583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ringleb, F. A1 - Andree, Stefan A1 - Heidmann, B. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Eylers, K. A1 - Ernst, O. A1 - Boeck, T. A1 - Schmid, M. A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics N2 - Micro-concentrator solar cells offer an attractive way to further enhance the efficiency of planar-cell technologies while saving absorber material. Here, two laser-based bottom-up processes for the fabrication of regular arrays of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 microabsorber islands are presented, namely one approach based on nucleation and one based on laser-induced forward transfer. Additionally, a procedure for processing these microabsorbers to functioning micro solar cells connected in parallel is demonstrated. The resulting cells show up to 2.9% efficiency and a significant efficiency enhancement under concentrated Illumination. KW - Chalcopyrite KW - Femtosecond laser patterning KW - Laser-induced forward transfer KW - Micro-concentrator solar cell KW - Photovoltaics PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-470026 DO - https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.281 SN - 2190-4286 VL - 9 SP - 3025 EP - 3038 PB - Beilstein-Institut zur Förderung der Chemischen Wissenschaften CY - Frankfurt, M. AN - OPUS4-47002 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hjelmar, O. A1 - Hyks, J. A1 - Wahlström, M. A1 - Laine-Ylijoki, M. A1 - van Zomeren, A. A1 - Comans, R. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Grathwohl, P. A1 - Wendel, T. A1 - Abdelghafour, M. A1 - Méhu, J. A1 - Schiopu, N. A1 - Lupsea, M. T1 - Robustness validation of TS-2 and TS-3 developed by CEN/TC351/WG1 to assess release from products to soil, surface water and groundwater KW - Bauprodukte KW - Umweltverträglichkeit KW - Leachingtest KW - Europäische Harmonisierung PY - 2013 IS - Final Report (NEN - Secretariat of CEN/TC 351) SP - 1 EP - 278 ET - Project-No. 11810594 AN - OPUS4-28291 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hjelmar, O. A1 - Wahlström, M. A1 - Comans, R. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Grathwohl, P. A1 - Mehu, J. A1 - Schiopu, N. A1 - Hyks, J. A1 - Laine-Ylijoki, J. A1 - Van Zomeren, A. A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Wendel, T. A1 - Abdelghafour, M. A1 - Borho, N. ED - Arm, M. ED - Vandecasteele, C. ED - Heynen, J. ED - Suer, P. ED - Lind, B. T1 - Robustness validation of two harmonized European leaching tests for assessment ot the leaching of construction products, including waste-based construction materials T2 - WASCON 2012 CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 0201-05-30 KW - Tank leaching test KW - Percolation test KW - Robustness validation KW - Construction products PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 5(?) PB - ISCOWA and SGI AN - OPUS4-26966 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Taube, Mareike A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Baran, R. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Uranium and thorium species in phosphate rock and sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life and is thus often applied as phosphate rock-based P-fertilizers in agriculture to enable continuous farming. However, these P-fertilizers contain also hazardous uranium (U) and thorium (Th), up to 660 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, novel P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge (ash) contain only low mass fractions of U and Th. In addition to the total amount of U and Th in P-fertilizers, their mobility and bioavailability is important, which depends to a large extent on their chemical state, especially oxidation state and chemical bonding. Thus, we analyzed their chemical state in various P-fertilizers by U and Th L3-edge HERFD-XANES spectroscopy. Phosphate rocks and sewage sludge-based P-fertilizers contain mainly U(IV) compounds which have only a low bioavailability. In contrast, acidic treatment of phosphate rock to produce super phosphates lead to an oxidation to U(VI) compounds (including formation of uranium phosphates) with a strongly increased bioavailability. On the contrary, all analyzed P-fertilizers contain Th in form of strongly insoluble phosphates and oxides with a low bioavailability. Additionally performed water extractions and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) experiments support these findings. KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) KW - Extraction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121100 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 382 SP - 121100, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-48872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Murzin, V. A1 - Caliebe, W. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Chromium (VI) in phosphorus fertilizers determined with the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique N2 - Phosphorus (P) fertilizers from secondary resources became increasingly important in the last years. However, these novel P-fertilizers can also contain toxic pollutants such as chromium in its hexavalent state (Cr(VI)). This hazardous form of chromium is therefore regulated with low limit values for agricultural products even though the correct determination of Cr(VI) in these fertilizers may be hampered by redox processes, leading to false results. Thus, we applied the novel diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique for Cr(VI) in fertilizers and compared the results with the standard wet chemical extraction method (German norm DIN EN 15192) and Cr K-edge X-ray Absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. We determined an overall good correlation between the wet chemical extraction and the DGT method. DGT was very sensitive and for most tested materials selective for the analysis of Cr(VI) in P-fertilizers. However, hardly soluble Cr(VI) compounds cannot be detected with the DGT method since only mobile Cr(VI) is analyzed. Furthermore, Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy showed that the DGT binding layer also adsorbs small amounts of mobile Cr(III) so that Cr(VI) values are overestimated. Since certain types of the P fertilizers contain mobile Cr(III) or partly immobile Cr(VI), it is necessary to optimize the DGT binding layers to avoid aforementioned over- or underestimation. Furthermore, our investigations showed that the Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy technique is unsuitable to determine small amounts of Cr(VI) in fertilizers (below approx. 1% of Cr(VI) in relation to total Cr). KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) KW - Chemical extraction KW - XANES spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509578 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08761-w SN - 0944-1344 VL - 27 SP - 24320 EP - 24328 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50957 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, O. T1 - Use of nutrients from wastewater for the fertilizer industry - approaches towards the implementation of the circular economy (CE) N2 - More sustainable waste management practices are an important element in the Transformation towards a circular economy (CE). Activities in this area should be dedicated to all groups of waste, including those generated in the water and sewage sector. This paper presents the characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) coming from Polish municipal waste incineration plants. Due to the high content of nutrients such as phosphorus (8.01% P2O5), calcium (5.11% CaO) and magnesium (2.75% MgO), the analyzed SSA may constitute a valuable source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry. Despite the good fertilizing properties of the SSA, in some cases the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.74–1.4 mg/kg dry matter), lead (49.8–99 mg/kg dry matter), mercury (3.93 mg/kg dry matter) and arsenic (4.23–4.43 mg/kg dry matter) and poor bioavailability of P from SSA disqualifies this waste from direct use as a fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to look for methods that will allow the municipal SSA to be processed, for example, technologies for the extraction of phosphorus and the production of phosphate fertilizer. This way of SSA management is in the line with the CE assumptions, in which waste becomes a valuable source of secondary raw materials. Fertilizer produced from waste meeting quality, safety and labelling requirements and limits of organic, microbiological and physical contaminants will be able to be traded freely within the European Union (EU) and receive the CE marking. The idea of use of SSA for fertilizer purposes is consistent not only with the objectives of the CE but also with the Polish National Waste Management Plan 2022 and the Municipal Sewage Sludge Strategy 2019–2022, which emphasizes the necessity to maximize the use of biogenic substances contained in wastewater. Therefore, sustainable management of SSA, in particular its storage in a way enabling the recovery of phosphorus, should be promoted. KW - Wastewater KW - Circular economy KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25113 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Desalination Publications CY - Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA AN - OPUS4-50646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jeschke, H.O. A1 - Garcia, M.E. A1 - Lenzner, Matthias A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang T1 - Laser ablation thresholds of silicon for different pulse durations: theory and experiment N2 - The ultrafast laser ablation of silicon has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The theoretical description is based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with a microscopic electronic model. We determine the thresholds of melting and ablation for two different pulse durations =20 and 500 fs. Experiments have been performed using 100 Ti:Sap-phire laser pulses per spot in air environment. The ablation thresholds were determined for pulses with a duration of 25 and 400 fs, respectively. Good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment. KW - Laser ablation KW - Pulse duration KW - Threshold of silicon PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00458-0 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 197-198 SP - 839 EP - 844 PB - North-Holland CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-6314 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -