TY - CONF A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Orientation analysis of non-centrosymmetric crystal structures using electron backscatter diffraction N2 - Crystal structures that show a broken symmetry in their cubic and hexagonal modifications are of great relevance for optoelectronic and photonic applications. This is why methods which are sensitive to non-centrosymmetric structures are important for analysis of these materials in technological applications. T2 - 24th Annual Conference of the german Crystallographic Society CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 14.03.2016 KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Non-centrosymmetry KW - Friedel's rule KW - Pattern matching KW - GaN KW - GaP PY - 2016 VL - 36 Supplement SP - 22 PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG AN - OPUS4-37743 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Introduction to PowderCell N2 - The presentation give a short introduction into the free-available software PowderCell (BAM)for the simulation of X-ray diffraction patterns of polycrystalline materials. T2 - PowderCell Users meeting CY - Joinville, Brazil DA - 19.10.2015 KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Simulation KW - Structure viewer KW - Subgroup relationships PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-37791 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - EBSD: more reliable and accurate N2 - The presentation discusses numerous new approaches in order to increase precision and accuracy of electrom backscatter diffraction measurements. T2 - 1st EBSD Workshop CY - Belo Horizonte, Brazil DA - 17.09.2015 KW - Orientation mapping KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Lattice parameter determination KW - Orientation precision KW - Orientation noise PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-37797 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epishin, A. I. A1 - Petrushin, N. V. A1 - Link, T. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Loshchinin, Yu. V. A1 - Gerstein, G. T1 - Thermal stability of the structure of a heat-resistant cobalt alloy hardened with intermetallic γ'-phase precipitates N2 - The thermal stability of the microstructure of a heat-resistant cobalt alloy, which consists of a γ solid solution strengthened with γ'-phase precipitates, has been studied. The temperature behavior of the dissolution of the hardening γ' phase and the kinetics of its coarsening at 700 and 800°C have been determined. It is found that, during prolonged annealing at 800°C, the γ' → β phase transformation occurs. KW - Superalloy KW - Microstructure KW - Hardening KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - TEM PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029516040078 SN - 0036-0295 VL - 2016 IS - 4 SP - 286 EP - 291 PB - Pleiades Publishing AN - OPUS4-37768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Microstructure characterization of the Treysa meteorite N2 - Microstructure descripton of heat-affected zone, fusion crust and main metal of the Treysa iron using scanning electron microscopy, EBSD and EDS. T2 - 8. Deutsches Meteoriten Kolloquium, CY - Zella Willingshausen, Germany DA - 02.04.2016 KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - EDX KW - Light microscopy KW - Microstructure KW - Oxidation PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3387.8161 AN - OPUS4-37769 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - The challenge of band detection N2 - The presentation demonstrates different traps which are related to the detection of Kikuchi bands in EBSD patterns. T2 - EBSD 2015 CY - Glasgow, UK DA - 30.03.2015 KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Image processing KW - Pseudo symmerty KW - Crystal lattice KW - Pyrite KW - Pattern matching KW - Misindexing PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-37805 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vos, M. A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Element-specific Kikuchi patterns of Rutile N2 - The kinetic energy of keV electrons backscattered from a rutile (TiO2) surface depends measurably on the mass of the scattering atom. This makes it possible to determine separately the angular distribution of electrons backscattered elastically from either Ti or O. Diffraction effects of these backscattered electrons inside the rutile crystal lead to the formation of Kikuchi patterns. The element-resolved Kikuchi patterns of Ti and O differ characteristically, but each can be described fairly well in terms of the dynamical theory of diffraction. Qualitatively, much of the differences can be understood by considering the relative arrangement of the Ti and O atoms with respect to planes defined by the crystal lattice. KW - Electron Rutherford backscattering KW - TiO2 KW - Kikuchi pattern KW - EBSD pattern KW - Simulation PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.04.018 SN - 0304-3991 VL - 156 SP - 50 EP - 58 AN - OPUS4-37787 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - SEM-TKD: Signal formation, practical challenges and related applications N2 - TKD and EBSD will be compared and benefits as well as limitations of TKD will be discussed. T2 - XIV Brazilian MRS Meeting CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil DA - 27.09.2015 KW - TKD KW - EBSD KW - Kikuchi diffraction KW - Nanoanalytic KW - Orientation mapping PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-37788 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Simulation of powder diffraction patterns N2 - The theory of powder diffraction simulation is explained at the example of PowderCell, a free-available software of BAM. T2 - PowderCell Users meeting CY - Joinville, Brazil DA - 21.09.2015 KW - Powder diffraction KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Phase analysis KW - Simulation PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-37789 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Payton, E. T1 - Messengers from Space: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Investigation N2 - The macro- and microstructure of iron meteorites provide valuable insights into both the inner structure of our planet and the history of our solar system. High speed collision events in the asteroid belt send the meteorites careening toward Earth. The collisions produce unique deformation microstructures. With cooling rates on the scale of a few degrees per million years, iron meteorites can consist of crystal sizes on the order of meters prior to the collision events. These extremely slow cooling rates result in phase transformations occurring at conditions near thermodynamic equilibrium. Preserving meteorite fragments is important for future studies of phase transformations, material behavior at high strain rates, and the origin of the universe. KW - Meteorite KW - Phase identification KW - Hibbingite KW - Orientation relationship KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy KW - EDX PY - 2013 IS - 3 SP - 2 EP - 4 PB - GIT Verlag AN - OPUS4-37981 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Irrational orientation relationship derived from rational orientation relationships using EBSD data N2 - The determination of the orientation relationship (OR) between α-Fe matrix (bcc) and γ-Fe precipitates (fcc) is discussed using orientation data collected by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The comparatively low accuracy of EBSD is compensated by the high number of measurements what allows a general statement regarding to the mean OR existing in a sample. The representation and discussion is realized on a part of the Bain zone in a {001} pole figure. A discussion of some selected rational OR which are commonly used for the phase boundary characterization between α and γ shows that the pole figures describing a transformation from γ → α are different to those for α → γ. A technique is proposed based on at least three misorientation angles between the experimental OR to the rational OR's as reference. For the misorientation angle distribution a refinement is applied to extract the mean values. They are used to detect the mean OR, what is also possible for only a few or even a single precipitate if the number of measurements describing the phase boundary is sufficiently high. KW - Orientation mapping KW - Orientation relationship KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kurdjumov-Sachs KW - Nishiyama-Wassermann KW - Misorientation PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.200711058 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 61 EP - 73 PB - WILEY-VCH AN - OPUS4-38009 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epishin, A. A1 - Link, T. A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - SEM investigation of interfacial dislocations in nickel-base superalloys N2 - A new technique for investigation of interfacial dislocations in nickel-base superalloys by scanning electron microscopy is presented. At high temperatures the pressure of interfacial dislocations against the gamma/gamma'-interface causes grooves. This 'fingerprint of the dislocation network' is visualized by deep selective etching, which removes the gamma'-phase down to the gamma/gamma'-interface. Compared with transmission electron microscopy, the proposed method has important advantages: observation of large sample areas, no superposition of dislocations lying in different specimen depths, possibility of three-dimensional view of dislocation configurations, information about the dislocation mobility, reduced time for preparation and visualization. The method can be applied for multiphase materials where the interface is grooved by interfacial dislocations. KW - Dislocation structure KW - Interface KW - Nickel alloys KW - SEM PY - 2007 VL - 228 IS - 2 SP - 110 EP - 117 PB - The Royal Microscopical Society AN - OPUS4-38016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sitzman, S. D. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Nowell, M. M. T1 - EBSD Pattern Quality and its Use in Evaluating Sample Surface Condition N2 - Modern EBSD systems perform diffraction pattern “quality” (PQ) calculations, essentially measurements of the contrast of the brighter bands in the pattern above background, for every pattern analyzed. Since the calculations are independent of EBSD indexing, data are generated from all points on the analyzed sample surface, regardless of indexability or the state of the material beneath. EBSD maps generated from PQ data are like microstructurally sensitive SEM images, collected at EBSD speeds and grid resolutions, with contrast arising from phase density, crystal structure, crystallographic orientation, grain boundary location, near-surface plastic strain, coating density/thickness, and to some extent topography. Grain boundaries and other aspects of sample microstructure are readily revealed, so the PQ map is a very useful characterization tool in its own right, and serves as a reference for EBSD maps generated from indexing-derived data, such as orientation, grain boundary character, phase distribution and strain maps. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Sample preparation KW - Pattern quality PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761005467X VL - 16 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 698 EP - 699 PB - Microscopy Society of America AN - OPUS4-37997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - Progress in dynamic EBSD pattern simulation N2 - EBSD is nowadays a common technique for the characterization of crystalline microstructures in scanning electron microscopy. The diffraction patterns are often interpreted by superimposing individual Kikuchi bands which are geometrically described by band edges derived from Braggs law. For the typically very simple crystal structures of technically applied materials, such a simplification of the Kikuchi pattern interpretation works sufficiently well, especially for orientation determinations as a main application of EBSD. The more complex crystal structures, however, are a challenge for EBSD indexing routines which in such cases often fail unpredictably. The use of only the intensities of single reflectors for a description of the Kikuchi band intensity and as a cut-off criterion for a pre-selection of the strongest bands are not satisfactory. Often the result will match too many phases, or there are certain deviations in the intensity prediction which must be adapted manually. This is already problematic if one is absolutely sure that the patterns are originating from the expected phase and it becomes a very questionable procedure for an unknown phase. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Dynamical simulation KW - Geometrical model KW - Kinematic approach KW - Intensity PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927610063324 VL - 16 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 62 EP - 63 PB - Microscopy Society of America AN - OPUS4-38000 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Salge, T. A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Innovations in EDS and EBSD Microanalysis: Hyperspectral Imaging for Planetological Applications Using Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) and EBSD N2 - Within the last decade, silicon drift detectors (SDD) systems have become more and more popular in the field of energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The main characteristic of the SDDs is their extremely high pulse load capacity of up to 750,000 counts per second at good or reasonable energy resolution (<123eV Mn-Kα, <46eV C-Kα at 100.000 cps). These properties in conjunction with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques and modern data processing make a range of innovative analysis options possible, not only high speed mapping but also hyperspectral imaging techniques. T2 - 72nd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society CY - Nancy, France DA - 13.07.2009 KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy KW - Method combination PY - 2009 VL - Suppl. SP - 5270 AN - OPUS4-38002 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abou-Ras, D. A1 - Gibmeier, J. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Gholinia, A. A1 - Konijnenberg, P. T1 - On the capability of revealing the pseudosymmetry of the chalcopyrite-type crystal structure N2 - The tetragonal crystal- structure type of chalcopyrites (chemical formula AIBIIICVI2) is a superstructure of sphalerite type. The c/a ratio differs generally from the ideal value 2, i.e., the crystal structure is pseudocubically distorted. For CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 thin films, simulations demonstrate that it is theoretically possible to reveal the tetragonality in electron backscatter-diffraction (EBSD) patterns for CuGaSe2, whereas it may not be possible for CuInSe2. EBSD experiments on CuGaSe2 thin films using the ”Advanced Fit” band-detection method show that it is possible to extract accurate misorientation-angle distributions from the CuGaSe2 thin film. Pole figures revealing the texture of the CuGaSe2 thin film are shown, which agree well with X-ray texture measurements from the same layer. KW - Pseudosymmetry KW - Chalcopyrite KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Pattern simulation KW - Pattern matching KW - Sphalerite PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.200711082 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 234 EP - 239 PB - WILEY-VCH AN - OPUS4-38003 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wendt, U. A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Correlation between Crystal Orientation, Channeling Contrast and Topography during FIB Milling of Cu Studied by FIB, EBSD, SEM, and AFM N2 - We have studied the anisotropic milling of Cu with respect to the milling rate and the milling topography, as well. The background is twofold: i) anisotropic milling has to be taken into account during the preparation of TEM specimens and in the manufacturing of micro parts from crystalline materials, and ii) the orientation depending milling behaviour can be used to generate topographies with specific properties with respect to, for example, adsorption, wear, and corrosion. KW - FIB KW - AFM KW - Crystal orientation KW - SEM PY - 2007 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 236 EP - 238 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag AN - OPUS4-38026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wendt, U. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Heyse, H. T1 - Effect of crystal orientation on imaging contrast and sputter results during focused ion beam milling of Cu studied by FIB, EBSD, SEM, and AFM N2 - During focused ion beam microscopy (FIB) of crystalline materials imaging contrast and milling result are effected by orientation of the crystals with respect to the incident ion beam. This is due to the possibility of ion channeling along preferred crystal directions which effects the depth at which interaction between ions and specimen atoms takes place. As a result of channeling emission of ion induced secondary electrons (iiSE) and secondary ions (SI) as well as the sputter rate decreases. Theoretical channeling orientations and critical angles can be calculated. These effects have been studied quantitatively for polycrystalline recrystallized Cu as a typical model case. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - FIB KW - AFM KW - Crystal orientation PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927606061812 SN - 1431-9276 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 12 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 1302 EP - 1303 AN - OPUS4-38027 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epishin, A. I. A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Investigation of the competitive grain growth during solidification of single crystals of nickel-based superalloys N2 - The competitive growth of columnar grains in a single-grain selector, which is used for directional solidification of single-crystal blades from nickel-based superalloys, has been investigated by electron backscattered diffraction and local X-ray diffraction analysis. It has been found that the competitive grain growth in a starter block is determined by the crystallographic factor: rapidly growing grains with the axial orientation close to the [001] direction dominate in this part of the casting. For the competitive grain growth in a helicoidal separator, the geometric factor (the position of a grain at the input of the separator) is also important. The results obtained suggest that an appropriate geometry of the single-grain selector was chosen. In addition, the distribution of the orientations of columnar grains obtained by electron backscattered diffraction, can be used for approximate estimation of the yield of suitable (i.e., with the deviation of the axial orientation from the [001] direction within a specified tolerance) single-crystal blades. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Single crystal KW - Growth competition KW - Nickel alloy PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063774506040298 SN - 1063-7745 SN - 1562-689X VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 710 EP - 714 AN - OPUS4-38028 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Glowacka, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Swiatnicki, W. A. T1 - EBSD study of corrosion fatigue of austenitic-ferritic steel N2 - Fatigue crack propagation investigations have been performed in austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel H22N5M3 in air and during hydrogen charging, using various frequencies of loading. Strong differences of crack propagation velocity depending on the test conditions were noticed. Lower frequency with applied hydrogen charging led to the huge increase of crack propagation velocity compared to the tests performed in air. To understand such a behaviour in each case and characterize crack mode, the samples were observed using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). It was shown that in air, the fatigue crack propagation involved plastic deformation and the resulting cracks had ductile character. The presence of hydrogen led to more brittle mode of cracking. This effect was also connected with frequency of loading: lower frequency, which assured longer time for hydrogen-crack tip interaction, resulted in the highest crack propagation velocity and the brittle cracking mode with lower amount of plastic deformation. The performed observations indicated that the path of the crack went mostly transgranularly through both austenite and ferrite phases. Phase and grain boundaries were not the preferred paths for crack propagation. KW - Hydrogen KW - Embrittlement KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Steel PY - 2006 SN - 1733-3490 SN - 0004-0770 SN - 0860-7052 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-38029 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kraus, Werner A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - PowderCell as teaching tool N2 - PowderCell represents a user friendly program which supports the solution of scientific problems as well as teaching and education. Especially for the last one the program offers a lot of information regarding the space-group type as well as crystal structure used. Therefore, on some universities the program is used successfully to make students familiar with x-ray crystallography. The quasi-simultaneous diffraction pattern simulation visualized the changes caused by the respective crystal structure. However, it is also possible to vary different diffraction parameters and investigate the resulting changes in the interference intensity or the reflection position. In principle, the aim of the program is the intuitive generation of structure models. Therefore, special tools have been implemented to move (rotate or shift) or transform the crystal structure. KW - Simulation KW - PowderCell KW - Crystal structure KW - XRD KW - Neutron KW - Programming PY - 1998 VL - 20 SP - 27 EP - 29 AN - OPUS4-38055 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Midtlyng, Jan A1 - Epishin, A. I. A1 - Petrushin, N. V. A1 - Link, T. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Svetlov, I. L. A1 - Reimers, W. T1 - Creep behavior of a γ΄-strengthened Co-base alloy with zero γ/γ΄-lattice misfit at 800 °C, 196 MPa N2 - Deformation and structural behavior of an experimental γ΄-strengthened Co-base alloy during creep at 800 °C and 196 MPa have been investigated. The characteristic features of this alloy are zero γ/γ΄-lattice misfit and a fine γ/γ΄-microstructure. In the initial condition, the γ΄-precipitates in this alloy are small (size of about 100 nm), have polyhedral morphology, and are separated by the very narrow c-channels (width of about 10 nm). The tests performed up to about 1% creep strain (about 500 h creep time) gave creep curves with a slow constant strain rate and without an apparent transient creep, typical for superalloys with nonzero misfit. In this initial stage of creep, entering of the narrow γ-channels by dislocations is blocked by a strong Orowan force. The micromechanism of creep was identified as an octahedral glide of h011i superdislocations simultaneously in two phases, γ and γ΄. The γ/γ΄-microstructure with zero misfit shows no rafting but rapidly coarsens isotropically. It is concluded that zero misfit is beneficial at the initial stages of the creep but is unfavourable for longterm creep because of the continuous microstructural coarsening. KW - Co-Basis-Legierung KW - Gitterfehlpassung KW - Kriechen KW - Ausscheidung PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.424 SN - 0884-2914 SN - 2044-5326 VL - 32 IS - 24 SP - 4466 EP - 4474 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-44027 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epishin, A. A1 - Chyrkin, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Midtlyng, Jan A1 - Mayer, H. M. A1 - Petrushin, N. A1 - Reimers, W. T1 - Interdiffusion in the Face-Centered Cubic Phase of the Co-Al-W-Ta System Between 1090 and 1240 °C N2 - Interdiffusion of Al, W, Ta and Co in a Co-base alloy at temperatures between 1090 and 1240 °C has been investigated. The interdiffusion coefficients were found to be close to those reported for these elements in Ni-base alloys. Combining the diffusion simulation software DICTRA with the Ni-base diffusion databases TCNi5 and MobNi3, the interdiffusion profiles of Co, Al W, and Ta were modeled for Co9Al8W2Ta/Co diffusion couples annealed at different temperatures and for different times. The results show that interdiffusion in the Co-Al-W-Ta alloys can be modeled reasonably well using the available commercial databases for thermodynamics and kinetics of Ni-base systems. KW - Alloys KW - Interdiffusion KW - Modeling PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-018-0620-9 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 176 EP - 185 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-44463 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wäsche, Rolf A1 - Brandt, Guido A1 - Ehrke, Roman A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Sasaki, S. A1 - Woydt, Mathias T1 - Wear behaviour of alpha-alumina in hot steam at high contact pressure N2 - The work examines the wear behaviour of α-aluminium oxide by combining thermodynamic modelling with advanced wear testing as well as analytical methods to get a better understanding of this structural ceramic material wear behavior and its possible use in high temperature steam environment. KW - Aluminium oxide KW - Temperature KW - Hot steam KW - Diaspore KW - Ceramic KW - Wear PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.02.012 SN - 0043-1648 SN - 1873-2577 VL - 404-405 SP - 22 EP - 30 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-44449 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Vespucci, S. A1 - Gunsekar, N.-K. A1 - Trager-Cowan, C. A1 - Vilalta-Clemente, A. A1 - Wilkinson, A. J. A1 - Voss, M. T1 - Diffraction effects and inelastic electron transport in angle-resolved microscopic imaging applications N2 - We analyse the signal formation process for scanning electron microscopic imaging applications on crystalline specimens. In accordance with previous investigations, we find nontrivial effects of incident beam diffraction on the backscattered electron distribution in energy and momentum. Specifically, incident beam diffraction causes angular changes of the backscattered electron distribution which we identify as the dominant mechanism underlying pseudocolour orientation imaging using multiple, angle-resolving detectors. Consequently, diffraction effects of the incident beam and their impact on the subsequent coherent and incoherent electron transport need to be taken into account for an in-depth theoretical modelling of the energy- and momentum distribution of electrons backscattered from crystalline sample regions. Our findings have implications for the level of theoretical detail that can be necessary for the interpretation of complex imaging modalities such as electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) of defects in crystals. If the solid angle of detection is limited to specific regions of the backscattered electron momentum distribution, the image contrast that is observed in ECCI and similar applications can be strongly affected by incident beam diffraction and topographic effects from the sample surface. As an application, we demonstrate characteristic changes in the resulting images if different properties of the backscattered electron distribution are used for the analysis of a GaN thin film sample containing dislocations. KW - EBSD KW - Channeling-in KW - Background processing KW - Center of mass KW - Backscattered electrons PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-422063 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12571 SN - 0022-2720 VL - 267 IS - 3 SP - 330 EP - 346 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. AN - OPUS4-42206 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelmann, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Cios, G. A1 - Tokarski, T. T1 - Mapping of local lattice parameter ratios by projective Kikuchi pattern matching N2 - We describe a lattice-based crystallographic approximation for the analysis of distorted crystal structures via Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope. EBSD patterns are closely linked to local lattice parameter ratios via Kikuchi bands that indicate geometrical lattice plane projections. Based on the transformation properties of points and lines in the real projective plane, we can obtain continuous estimations of the local lattice distortion based on projectively transformed Kikuchi diffraction simulations for a reference structure. By quantitative image matching to a projective transformation model of the lattice distortion in the full solid angle of possible scattering directions, we enforce a crystallographically consistent approximation in the fitting procedure of distorted simulations to the experimentally observed diffraction patterns. As an application example, we map the locally varying tetragonality in martensite grains of steel. KW - EBSD KW - Scanning electron microscopy KW - Orientation refinement PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.123803 SN - 2475-9953 VL - 2 IS - 12 SP - 123803, 1 EP - 15 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park, MD AN - OPUS4-47296 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Han, M. A1 - Chen, C. A1 - Zhao, G. A1 - Li, L. A1 - Yo, B. A1 - Huang, X. A1 - Zhu, Y. T1 - Blind lattice-parameter determination of cubic and tetragonal phases with high accuracy using a single EBSD pattern N2 - The Bravais lattices and their lattice parameters are blindly determined using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns of materials with cubic or tetragonal crystal structures. Since the geometric relationships in a single EBSD pattern are overdetermined, the relative errors of determining the lattice parameters as well as the axial ratios are confined to about 0.7 ± 0.4% and 0.07 ± 0.03%, respectively, for ideal simulated EBSD patterns. The accuracy of the crystal orientation determination reaches about 0.06 ± 0.03°. With careful manual band detection, the accuracy of determining lattice parameters from experimental patterns can be as good as from simulated patterns, although the results from simulated patterns are often better than expermental patterns, which are lower quality and contain uncertain systematic errors. The reasonably high accuracy is obtained primarily because the detection of the diffracting-plane traces and zone axes is relatively accurate. The results here demonstrate that the developed procedure based on the EBSD technique presents a reliable tool for crystallographic characterization of the Bravais lattices of unknown phases. KW - EBSD KW - Bravais lattice KW - Lattice parameters KW - Kikuchi pattern PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053273318010963 SN - 2053-2733 VL - 74 IS - 6 SP - 630 EP - 639 PB - International Union of Crystallography AN - OPUS4-46455 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epishin, A. A1 - Petrushin, N. A1 - Gerstein, G. A1 - Maier, J. A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Investigation of the gamma'-strengthened quaternary co-based alloys Co-Al-W-Ta N2 - The alloying system Co-Al-W-Ta is comprehensively investigated in the vicinity of the compositional point Co-9Al-10W-2Ta, at. pct. These investigations provided a large amount of quantitative information, which can be used for alloy development, namely, the compositional dependences of the The alloying system Co-Al-W-Ta is comprehensively investigated in the vicinity of the compositional point Co-9Al-10W-2Ta, at. pct. These investigations provided a large amount of quantitative information, which can be used for alloy development, namely, the compositional dependences of the γ‘-solvus, solidus, and liquidus temperatures; fraction of the extrinsic phases after casting; the compositional dependence of the γ/γ‘-lattice misfit; the element partitioning between γ- and γ‘-phases; and the two Phase compositional area γ/γ‘ in the Co-rich part of the Co-Al-W-Ta phase diagram at 900°C. It is shown that additions of Ta elevate the γ‘-solvus temperature and increase the γ/γ‘-lattice misfit, but adding more than about 3 at. pct Ta results in a large amount of undissolvable extrinsic phases. Additionally, two Co-Al-W-Ta alloys with lower content of W were developed and solidified as [001] single crystals for mechanical testing in a temperature range between 20 and 1200°C. These tests included measurement of the Young modulus, tensile tests with constant strain rate, and stress rupture tests. It was found that at temperatures up to about 750°C the ultimate tensile strength of Co-Al-Ta-W alloys can be at the same level or even higher than of Ni-based superalloys. KW - Cobald based alloy KW - Microstructur KW - Segregation PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4756-3 SN - 1543-1940 SN - 1073-5623 VL - 49A IS - 9 SP - 4042 EP - 4057 PB - Springer Sciences & Business Media CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-45395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Dietrich, D. A1 - Lampke, T. A1 - Del-Solar-Velarde, N. A1 - Nickel, D. A1 - Chapoulie, R. A1 - Castillo Butters, L.J. T1 - The potential of EBSD and EDS for ceramics investigations - Case studies on sherds of pre-Columbian pottery N2 - The work focuses on the potential of structural and chemical examinations by scanning electron microscopy based methods for archaeometric studies on ceramics. Achieved by a single preparation technique (polished block sections), the feasibility and benefits of electron backscatter diffraction are demonstrated as case studies using polychrome examples of pre-Columbian pottery (Wari, Moche and Cajamarca). Elemental and phase maps allow for separate consideration of clay and temper. Identification of mineral phases and intergrowths of temper particles provide information for clarifying clay procurement and firing techniques with respect to local versus non-local pottery to enlighten trade relations, technological transfer and shared heritage of pre-Columbian cultures. KW - SEM–EDS/EBSD KW - Pre-Columbian ceramics KW - Temper KW - Pseudobrookite KW - Titanite PY - 2017 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 489 EP - 501 AN - OPUS4-45096 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reith, F. A1 - Rea, M.A.D. A1 - Sawley, P. A1 - Zammit, C.M. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Reith, T. A1 - Rantanen, K. A1 - Bissett, A. T1 - Biogeochemical cycling of gold: Transforming gold particles from arctic Finland N2 - (Bio)geochemical cycling of gold (Au) has been demonstrated in present-day (semi)-arid, (sub)-tropical and temperate environment. Hereby biofilms on Au-bearing mineral- and Au-particle surfaces drive Au dispersion and reconcentration, thereby (trans)forming the particles. However, it is unknown if biogeochemical cycling of Au occurs in polar environments, where air temperatures can reach −40 °C and soils remain frozen for much of the year. Therefore, placer Au-particles, soils and waters were collected at two placer mining districts in arctic Finland, i.e., the Ivalojoki and Lemmenjoki goldfields. Sites were chosen based on contrasting settings ((glacio)-fluvial vs. glacial-till deposits) and depths (surface to 5m below current surface). Gold particles were studied using a combination of tagged 16S rRNA gene next generation sequencing and electron microscopic/microanalytical techniques. Across all sites a range of Au-particle morphologies were observed, including morphotypes indicative of Au dissolution and aggregation. Elevated Au concentrations indicative of Au mobility were detected in placer particle bearing soils at both districts. Typically Au-particles were coated by polymorphic biofilm layers composed of living and dead cells embedded in extracellular polymeric substances. Intermixed were biominerals, clays and iron-sulfides/oxides and abundant secondary Au morphotypes, i.e., nano-particles, microcrystals, sheet-like Au, branched Au networks and overgrowths and secondary rims. Biofilms communities were composed of Acidobacteria (18.3%), Bacteroidetes (15.1%) and Proteobacteria (47.1%), with β-Proteobacteria (19.5%) being the most abundant proteobacterial group. Functionally, biofilms were composed of taxa contributing to biofilm establishment, exopolymer production and nutrient cycling, abundant taxa capable of Au mobilization, detoxification and biomineralization, among them Cupriavidus metallidurans, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp., were detected. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that placer Au-particle transformation and Au dispersion occur in cold, arctic environments. This corroborates the existence of biogeochemical Au cycling in present-day cold environments. KW - Gold KW - Bacteria KW - Biogeochemistry KW - Mobility KW - Finland KW - Cupriavidus metallidurans KW - NGS PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.03.021 SN - 0009-2541 VL - 483 SP - 511 EP - 529 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-44805 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Euler angles and crystal symmetry N2 - For the description of (single) crystal orientations, e.g. as measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) & X-ray diffraction (XRD), Euler angles are still generally used to import and export data. However, because of the lack of standard definitions for the unit cell reference settings and specimen axes, several transformation descriptions exist which produce different sets of Euler angles for the same orientation. There is also no recommended region within the minimal Euler orientation space into which orientations should be placed. This is the reason why different sets of Euler angles for the same orientation are generated by the available software packages for indexing EBSD patterns. These issues are reviewed and addressed. The influence of crystal symmetry in form of chiral (enantiomorphic) groups is discussed, as well as how multiple, but symmetry-equivalent sets of Euler angles can be reduced in order to deliver a unique orientation description. The Euler coloring algorithms applied to EBSD map data is critically discussed. The specific case of cubic symmetry, especially the effect of the three-fold rotation on the Euler space is investigated in more detail for the highest-symmetric chiral group 432. Recommendations for standard settings of the unit cell to orthogonal coordinate system transformation are given which exploit inherent symmetry. KW - EBSD KW - Crystal orientation KW - Pattern indexing KW - Subgroup relationship PY - 2015 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/crat.201400427/full DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.201400427 SN - 0023-4753 SN - 1521-4079 SN - 0232-1300 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 188 EP - 201 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-32545 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - The challenge of band detection T2 - RMS Electron backscatter diffraction meeting CY - Glasgow, UK DA - 2015-03-30 KW - EBSD KW - Electron diffraction KW - Band detection KW - Simulation PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 2(?) AN - OPUS4-33029 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Orientation mapping of non-centrosymmetric crystals T2 - RMS Electron backscatter diffraction meeting CY - Glasgow, UK DA - 30.03.2015 KW - EBSD KW - Cross-correlation KW - Non-centrosymmetry KW - Simulation PY - 2015 SP - 1 AN - OPUS4-33030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Inverse pole-figure colouring: traps and possible solutions N2 - The visualization of spatially resolved single Orientation data, e.g. collected by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM), is still a challenge since some Orientation coloring schemes have low color sensitivity, and/or specific color discontinuities. The latter appear even for crystal Orientations which are practically identical and characterized only by a tiny misorientation. Euler angle coloring schemes suffer from their lack of intuitiveness. The inverse pole figure (IPF) coloring that has been widely accepted does not display the real Orientation Information for each measurement point, but only the crystallographic description of a single reference direction. For the representation of the complete Orientation information at least a second IPF Orientation map must be shown which displays the crystallographic description for another reference direction. In this context it must be pointed out that the IPF coloring is also not immune to color discontinuities, which are visible as speckled grains (and usually misinterpreted as erroneous Orientation determinations by EBSD). However, a general analysis of the commonly used color keys shows that color discontinuities are a consequence of the crystal symmetry for 6 of the 11 centrosymmetric Laue groups. This means that the Orientation description is correct, but the representation tool is inappropriate for properly displaying the orientation information. T2 - EMAS 2013 - 13th European workshop on modern developments and applications in microbeam analysis CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 12.05.2013 KW - BSE contrast KW - Intensity extraction KW - Background PY - 2013 SP - 386 AN - OPUS4-32669 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Point-group sensitive orientation mapping of non-centrosymmetric crystals N2 - We demonstrate polarity-sensitive orientation mapping of non-centrosymmetric phases by Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). The method overcomes the restrictions of kinematic orientation determination by EBSD, which is limited to the centro-symmetric Laue-groups according to Friedel's rule. Using polycrystalline GaP as an example, we apply a quantitative pattern matching approach based on simulations using the dynamical theory of electron diffraction. This procedure results in a distinct assignment of the local orientation according to the non-centrosymmetric point group of the crystal structure under investigation. KW - Scanning electron microscopy KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Orientation mapping KW - Non-centrosymmetric crystals PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907938 SN - 0003-6951 SN - 1077-3118 VL - 106 SP - 072101-1 EP - 072101-4 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-32670 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Chirality determination of quartz crystals using electron backscatter diffraction N2 - We demonstrate the determination of crystal chirality using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope. The chirality of a-quartz as a space-group-dependent property is verified via direct comparison of experimental diffraction features to simulations using the dynamical theory of electron diffraction. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kikuchi patterns KW - Chirality KW - Quartz PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.11.013 SN - 0304-3991 VL - 149 SP - 58 EP - 63 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-31384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - Exploring structural similarities between crystal phases using EBSD pattern comparison N2 - We discuss the application of EBSD for the analysis of structural features of magnetite and hematite relevant in the topotactic growth of both phases. The orientation relationships of both phases are investigated using characteristically related sets of Kikuchi patterns, which were collected from topotactically intergrown hematite variants and their parent magnetite crystal grain. We address the hexagonal description of trigonal and cubic phases with respect to crystallographic relationships. The combination of locally resolved EBSD measurements and microstructural investigations thus offers a promising opportunity to evaluate orientation relationships and intergrowth between magnetite and hematite. KW - Magnetite KW - Hematite KW - Orientation relationship KW - Transformation KW - Dynamical simulation KW - Intergrowth PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.201400091 SN - 0023-4753 SN - 1521-4079 SN - 0232-1300 VL - 49 IS - 7 SP - 490 EP - 501 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-31199 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - Crystallometric and projective properties of Kikuchi diffraction patterns N2 - Kikuchi diffraction patterns can provide fundamental information about the lattice metric of a crystalline phase. In order to improve the possible precision and accuracy of lattice parameter determination from the features observed in Kikuchi patterns, some useful fundamental relationships of geometric crystal-lography are reviewed, which hold true independently of the actual crystal symmetry. The Kikuchi band positions and intersections and the Kikuchi band widths are highly interrelated, which is illustrated by the fact that all lattice plane trace positions of the crystal are predetermined by the definition of only four traces. If, additionally, the projection centre of the gnomonic projection is known, the lattice parameter ratios and the angles between the basis vectors are fixed. A further definition of one specific Kikuchi band width is sufficient to set the absolute sizes of all lattice parameters and to predict the widths of all Kikuchi bands. The mathematical properties of the gnomonic projection turn out to be central to an improved interpretation of Kikuchi pattern data, emphasizing the importance of the exact knowledge of the projection centre. KW - EBSD KW - Crystallography KW - Kikuchi patterns KW - Projective geometry PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716017477 SN - 1600-5767 VL - 50 IS - Part 1 SP - 102 EP - 119 PB - International Union of Crystallography AN - OPUS4-39061 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yukhvid, V. A1 - Gorshkov, V. A1 - Miloserdov, P. A1 - Skachkova, N. A1 - Alymov, M. I. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Epishin, A. T1 - Synthesis of Molybdenum and Niobium Mono- and Binary Silicides by the Method of SHS-Metallurgy N2 - The process of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of the Mo–Nb–Si silicides from the powder mixtures has been investigated. Based on performed experiments, the composition of powder mixtures as well as technological parameters are proposed which provide the synthesis of monosilicides MoSi₂, NbSi₂, and binary silicides Mo₁-хNbxSi₂ with different ratios of Nb/Mo by adding different contents of MoO₃ and Nb₂O₅. Microstructure and phase compositions of the obtained silicide ingots are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, and backscatter electron diffraction. KW - Synthesis KW - EBSD KW - XRD PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201600334 SN - 1438-1656 SN - 1527-2648 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-37209 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Symmetry and Euler angles N2 - The relationship between Euler angles and symmetry-equivalent descriptions of crystal orientations are explained. T2 - EBSD Meeting CY - London, UK DA - 31.03.2014 KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Crystal orientation KW - Euler angles KW - Crystal symmetry PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-37894 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Payton, E. A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - The Backscatter Electron Signal as an Additional Tool for Phase Segmentation in Electron Backscatter Diffraction N2 - The advent of simultaneous energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data collection has vastly improved the phase separation capabilities for electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping. A major problem remains, however, in distinguishing between multiple cubic phases in a specimen, especially when the compositions of the phases are similar or their particle sizes are small because the EDS interaction volume is much larger than that of EBSD, and the EDS spectra collected during spatial mapping are generally noisy due to time limitations and the need to minimize sample drift. The backscatter electron (BSE) signal is very sensitive to the local composition due to its atomic number (Z) dependence. BSE imaging is investigated as a complimentary tool to EDS to assist phase segmentation and identification in EBSD through examination of specimens of meteorite, Cu dross, and steel oxidation layers. The results demonstrate that the simultaneous acquisition of EBSD patterns, EDS spectra, and the BSE signal can provide new potential for advancing multiphase material characterization in the scanning electron microscope. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy KW - Scanning electron microscopy KW - Multiphase microstructure KW - Phase identification KW - Backscattered electron imaging KW - Meteorite KW - Monte Carlo simulation PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927613000305 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 929 EP - 941 AN - OPUS4-37895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Hielscher, R. A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - Electron backscatter diffraction beyond the mainstream N2 - We present special applications of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) which aim to overcome some of the limitations of this technique as it is currently applied in the scanning electron microscope. We stress that the raw EBSD signal carries additional information which is useful beyond the conventional orientation determination. The background signal underlying the backscattered Kikuchi diffraction (BKD) patterns reflects the chemical composition and surface topography but also contains channeling-in information which is used for qualitative real-time orientation imaging using various backscattered electron signals. A significantly improved orientation precision can be achieved when dynamically simulated pattern are matched to the experimental BKD patterns. The breaking of Friedel’s rule makes it possible to obtain orientation mappings with respect to the point-group symmetries. Finally, we discuss the determination of lattice parameters from individual BKD patterns. Subgrain structure in a single quartz grain. The increased noise level in the left map reflects the lower precision of a standard orientation determination using band detection by the Hough transform. The right map results from the same experimental raw data after orientation refinement using a pattern matching approach. The colors correspond an adapted inverse pole figure color key with a maximum angular deviation of about 2° from the mean orientation. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.201600252 SN - Online 1521-4079 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - Special Issue - Article Number: UNSP 1600252, 1 EP - 24 PB - WILEY-VCH AN - OPUS4-37935 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Martin, S. A1 - Walnsch, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Leineweber, A. A1 - Léaux, F. A1 - Scheuerlein, C. T1 - The crystal structure of (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn-2 in the Cu-Nb-Sn system N2 - During the processing of superconducting Nb3Sn wire, several intermediate intermetallic phases including a previously encountered Cu-Nb-Sn phase show up. The yet unknown crystal structure of this phase is now identified by a combination of different experimental techniques and database search to be of the hexagonal NiMg2 type with a proposed composition of about (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2. The structure determination started from an evaluation of the lattice parameters from EBSD Kikuchi patterns from quenched material suggesting hexagonal or orthorhombic symmetry. A database search then led to the hexagonal NiMg2 type structure, the presence of which was confirmed by a Rietveld analysis on the basis of high energy synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. Assuming a partial substitution of Nb in orthorhombic NbSn2 by Cu, the change of the valence electron concentration provokes a structural transformation from the CuMg2 type for NbSn2 to the NiMg2 type for (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2. In the previous literature the (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2 phase described here has occasionally been referred to as Nausite. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Intermetallic compound KW - Structure solution KW - Superconductor PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2016.09.008 SN - 0966-9795 SN - 1879-0216 VL - 80 SP - 16 EP - 21 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-37874 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Computational Advances N2 - The EBSD signal provides more information than the used Kikuchi pattern. The presentation discusses several parts of the detected signal and how they can be interpreted. T2 - EBSD 2014 CY - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA DA - 17.06.2014 KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Simulation KW - Kikuchi pattern KW - Magnetite KW - Maghemite KW - Hematite PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-37899 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Fast Orientation Projection using OpenGL N2 - Electron backscatter diffraction produces an enormous number of single orientation data which need to be processed but also visualized. The presentation shows that standard hardware can be used to increase the presentation speed considerably. T2 - EBSD 2012 CY - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA DA - 19.06.2012 KW - electron backscatter diffraction KW - OpenGL KW - crystal orientation KW - pole figure PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-37900 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Boyle, A.P. T1 - Pattern matching approach to pseudosymmetry problems in electron backscatter diffraction N2 - We demonstrate an approach to overcome Kikuchi pattern misindexing problems caused by crystallographic pseudosymmetry in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements. Based on the quantitative comparison of experimentally measured Kikuchi patterns with dynamical electron diffraction simulations, the algorithm identifies the best-fit orientation from a set of pseudosymmetric candidates. Using measurements on framboidal pyrite (FeS2) as an example, we also show the improvement of the orientation precision using this approach. KW - Pyrite KW - EBSD KW - Pseudosymmetry KW - Cross-correlation KW - Pattern simulation KW - Hough transformation KW - Orientation precision PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.10.010 SN - 0304-3991 VL - 160 SP - 146 EP - 154 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-34925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Petrushin, N. A1 - Hvatzkiy, K. A1 - Gerasimov, V. A1 - Link, T. A1 - Epishin, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Gerstein, G. T1 - A single-crystal co-base superalloy strengthened by gamma' precipitates: structure and mechanical properties N2 - An experimental Co-base superalloy was designed from the Ni-base system by exchange of Ni and Co concentrations. The alloy consist of a Co-matrix (γ phase) strengthened by cuboidal precipitates Co3(Al,X) (γ' phase). The γ'-solvus temperature is 1?005?°C. [001] single crystals of this alloy were solidified and tested for tension at different temperatures up to 1?000?°C. It was found that the Co-base alloy has a much lower yield stress than a corresponding Ni-base alloy, but a much higher ductility. The partitioning behaviour of the alloying elements in the Co-base alloy and the deformation mechanisms were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. KW - Microstructure KW - Precipitation KW - Stress PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201500088 SN - 1438-1656 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 755 EP - 760 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-34474 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Glenn, A.M. A1 - Hughes, A.E. A1 - Torpy, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Birbilis, N. T1 - Defect density associated with constituent particles in AA2024-T3 and its role in corrosion N2 - Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and scanning electron microscopy were combined to study the effect of residual defect density on corrosion initiation in aluminium alloy AA2024-T3. EBSD was used to determine the level of misorientation (MO), from pixel to pixel, within individual grains. The MO can be determined with respect to either the average orientation angle of the grain or with respect to the average orientation angle of the surrounding pixels (in this instance, a matrix of 7×7 surrounding pixels has been applied). Herein, the MO, determined using the surrounding pixels, was used as the means for the assessing the level of defect density within a grain. It was found that there was a noteworthy, but not definitive, correlation of MO with corrosion initiation after 1 min exposure to 0.1 M NaCl solution. Additionally, the S and θ-phase particles were also identified using EBSD, displaying a range of MO and therefore defect density. KW - Al-alloy KW - S-phase KW - EBSD KW - Corrosion KW - AA2024-T3 KW - Defect density PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.5813 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 48 IS - 8 (SI) SP - 780 EP - 788 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-34476 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Grosse, C. A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - Kikuchi pattern analysis of noncentrosymmetric crystals N2 - Different models of Kikuchi pattern formation are compared with respect to their applicability to noncentrosymmetric crystals, and the breakdown of Friedel's rule in experimental electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns is discussed. Different AIIIBV semiconductor materials are used to evaluate the resulting asymmetry of Kikuchi band profiles for polar lattice planes. By comparison with the characteristic etch pit morphology on a single-crystal surface, the polar character of the measured lattice planes can be assigned absolutely. The presented approach enables point-group-resolved orientation mapping, which goes beyond the commonly applied Laue group analysis in EBSD. KW - EBSD KW - Pattern simulation KW - Point groups KW - Laue groups KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kikuchi patterns KW - Enantiomorphy; polarity KW - Friedel's rule PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576715014016 SN - 0021-8898 SN - 1600-5767 VL - 48 SP - 1405 EP - 1419 PB - Blackwell CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-34477 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Advanced qualitative and quantitative EBSD pattern processing T2 - Seminar (PUC) CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brasil DA - 2015-10-01 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34412 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - SEM-TKD: Signal formation, practical challenges and related applications T2 - Brazil MRS Meeting 2015 CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brasil DA - 2015-09-27 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34414 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -