TY - JOUR A1 - Vollpracht, A. A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Rogiers, B. A1 - Uwanuakwa, I. D. A1 - Phung, Q. T. A1 - Villagran Zaccardi, Y. A1 - Thiel, C. A1 - Vanoutrive, H. A1 - Etcheverry, J. M. A1 - Gruyaert, E. A1 - Kamali-Bernard, S. A1 - Kanellopoulos, A. A1 - Zhao, Z. A1 - Martins, I. M. A1 - Rathnarajan, S. A1 - De Belie, N. T1 - Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: insights into factors affecting the carbonation rate of concrete with SCMs revealed from data mining and machine learning approaches N2 - The RILEM TC 281–CCC ‘‘Carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials’’ conducted a study on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the carbonation rate of blended cement concretes and mortars. In this context, a comprehensive database has been established, consisting of 1044 concrete and mortar mixes with their associated carbonation depth data over time. The dataset comprises mix designs with a large variety of binders with up to 94% SCMs, collected from the literature as well as unpublished testing reports. The data includes chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials, mix-designs, compressive strengths, curing and carbonation testing conditions. Natural carbonation was recorded for several years in many cases with both indoor and outdoor results. The database has been analysed to investigate the effects of binder composition and mix design, curing and preconditioning, and relative humidity on the carbonation rate. Furthermore, the accuracy of accelerated carbonation testing as well as possible correlations between compressive strength and carbonation resistance were evaluated. One approach to summerise the physical and chemical resistance in one parameter is the ratio of water content to content of carbonatable CaO (w/CaOreactive ratio). The analysis revealed that the w/CaOreactive ratio is a decisive factor for carbonation resistance, while curing and exposure conditions also influence carbonation. Under natural exposure conditions, the carbonation data exhibit significant variations. Nevertheless, probabilistic inference suggests that both accelerated and natural carbonation processes follow a square-root-of-time behavior, though accelerated and natural carbonation cannot be converted into each other without corrections. Additionally, a machine learning technique was employed to assess the influence of parameters governing the carbonation progress in concretes. KW - Carbonation KW - Supplementary cementitious materials KW - Concrete PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614388 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02465-0 SN - 1871-6873 SN - 1359-5997 VL - 57 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 33 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-61438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernal, S. A. A1 - Angst, U. M. A1 - Provis, J. L. A1 - Thiel, C. A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Villagran-Zaccardi, Y. A1 - De Belie, N. T1 - Recommendation of RILEM TC 281-CCC: RILEM CPC-18R1—guideline for measuring the carbonation depth of hardened concrete using a pH indicator solution N2 - This recommendation provides a procedure for determining the carbonation depth on the surface of concrete by applying a pH indicator. This includes definitions of carbonation, carbonation depth and carbonation front, as well as descriptions of the different pH indicator solutions that can be used. Recommendations for testing laboratory-prepared specimens and those obtained from concrete structures are also given. This involves guidelines for sample preparation and/or extraction, CO2 exposure duration, carbonation depth determination and reporting of results. A section on data interpretation is also provided, as carbonation results are used for determining durability of concrete, as well as a criterion for materials selection or for carbon uptake calculations. The new Recommendation CPC-18R1 is intended to supersede the former RILEM recommendation CPC-18, particularly when prescribed as the preferred method for evaluating and reporting carbonation depths. KW - Carbonation KW - Concrete KW - pH indicator KW - Phenolphthalein KW - Testing PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656191 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-026-02966-0 SN - 1359-5997 SN - 1871-6873 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-65619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -