TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Benke, Alexander A1 - Cloney, C. A1 - D’Hyon, S. A1 - Dufaud, O. A1 - Dyduch, Z. A1 - Gabel, D. A1 - Geoerg, P. A1 - Heilmann, V. A1 - Jankuj, V. A1 - Jian, W. A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Mynarz, M. A1 - Norman, F. A1 - Skrinsky, J. A1 - Taveau, J. A1 - Vignes, A. A1 - Zakel, S. A1 - Zhong, S. T1 - 1st international round robin test on safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures JF - Journal of loss prevention in the process industries N2 - There is no applicable existing standard for the determination of safety characteristics for hybrid mixtures. While developing a new standard in a joint research project in Germany first results from parameter studies led to a standard procedure that can be adopted by laboratories that are already testing dusts in the so called 20L-sphere with as little additional effort as necessary. In fact, one of the main objectives of this research project was to keep modifications and adjustments from the generally accepted dust testing procedures as easy and minimal as possible so as to limit potential deviations from one laboratory to another. In this first round robin test on hybrid mixtures ever, with methane as gas component and a specific corn starch as dust sample, the practicality of the whole procedure, the scattering of the results and the deviation between the testing apparatuses is investigated. This paper summarizes the experimental procedure adopted and objectives of the first round-robin phase involving three of the four original German companies, plus volunteering laboratories from Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Poland and P.R. China. The results will have an impact on the new standard and may lead to robust data for later simulation purposes. KW - Hybrid mixtures KW - 20L-sphere KW - Round robin test KW - Turbulent combustion PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104947 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 81 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-56516 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jankuj, V. A1 - Mynarz, M. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Leipik, P. T1 - Experimental investigation of the consequences of acetylene pressure cylinder failure under fire conditions JF - Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries N2 - Acetylene pressure cylinders are widely used in the industrial sector for welding, flame cutting, or heating. Sometimes during work, not only with acetylene cylinders, fires occur and in this case the risk of destruction increases and the behavior of such an exposed cylinder is unpredictable. The purpose of this study is to identify those critical conditions when acetylene cylinders burst and explode in fires. In the present study, acetylene cylinders were exposed to fire conditions. For this purpose, a woodpile as a source of fire was chosen, tested, and evaluated. In addition to the fire condition, this option guaranteed reproducibility and similar conditions for all tests. The individual cylinders were equipped with thermocouples measuring the shell temperature, and half of them were prepared in order to measure the temperatures inside the cylinder. An important factor was the measurement of the amount of pressure that was achieved during the destruction of the cylinder. For this purpose, a pressure transducer was attached to the outlet of the cylinder valve. Exposed to direct fire, they can explode in 10 min, which was confirmed. The critical pressure of 40 bar has been reached in 6 min, followed by destruction after 7 min in fire. Cylinders with internal thermocouples were destroyed when lower pressure was achieved. This confirms the fact that any change of the pressure cylinder affects the original properties. After the tests, the fragments of the selected cylinders were subjected to material tests. The results obtained in these tests are the main source of information for understanding the behavior of acetylene cylinders in fire and the possibility of increasing the safety of intervening rescue services in an emergency. KW - Acetylene KW - Pressure Cylinders KW - Fire KW - Explosion KW - Fireball PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104874 VL - 80 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-55755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -