TY - JOUR A1 - Gaul, Holger A1 - Brauser, Stephan A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Methods to obtain weld discontinuities in spot-welded joints made of advanced high-strength steels N2 - Resistance spot welding is the major joining technique in mass car production. This applies in particular to high-strength steel and advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) joining of thin sheet steel components for lightweight body shell structures. Joining of AHSS in mass production might lead to weld discontinuities under certain circumstances. Those discontinuities in form of cracks might be an initial start of cracking in the spot-welded joints regarding fatigue loads. It is of great interest to figure out, if, in comparison to specimens without weld discontinuities, the crack initiating point changes and if the fatigue resistance might be reduced by the discontinuities. In this contribution, an overview of potential discontinuities is given. Their possible causes are discussed and means for their detection are highlighted. Among the possible causes of weld discontinuities, two major groups are distinguished: the welding parameters as primary influences in the welding process, and the production-specific influences as secondary ones. With emphasis on major cracks penetrating the weld nugget, these influences are analysed. Finally, a combination of extreme welding parameters with production-specific influences is chosen in order to establish a method which enables the preparation of fatigue test specimens with reproducible major cracks in different locations of the spot-welded joints. This method is than applied in order to prepare spot weld specimens for fatigue tests. KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Fatigue loading KW - High strength steels KW - Resistance spot welding PY - 2011 SN - 0043-2288 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 55 IS - 11/12 SP - 99 EP - 106 PB - Springer CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-25026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Brauser, Stephan A1 - Gaul, Holger A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Study of fatigue behavior for spot welded tensile shear specimens of advanced high strength steels N2 - For automotive body-in-white applications the influence of manufacture-related gaps between the steel sheets and also of manufacture-related surface cracks on the fatigue behavior of tensile shear specimens for spot welded TRIP steel was analyzed. It was shown that gaps between the steel sheets reduce the fatigue strength, whereas the fatigue behavior is neither influenced by cracks in the electrode indentation area nor in the heat effected zone. PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100286 SN - 1611-3683 SN - 0177-4832 VL - 83 IS - 10 SP - 988 EP - 994 PB - Verl. Stahleisen CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-27632 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brauser, Stephan A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Pepke, Lutz-Alexander A1 - Weber, Gert T1 - Influence of production-related gaps on strength properties and deformation behaviour of spot welded trip steel HCT690T N2 - In this study, the influence of production-related gaps on the shear tension strength and fatigue performance was investigated for resistance spot welded TRIP steel HCT690. Furthermore, the local strain distribution in shear tension test was calculated by the digital image correlation technique (DIC). The static shear tension strength was found to be almost independent of gaps up to 3 mm. The maximum local strain in the spot weld region however decreases depending on which sample side (deformed or undeformed) is considered. In addition, it has been ascertained that gaps of 3 mm lead to a significant drop in fatigue life compared to gap-free shear tension samples. This fact could be attributed to decreased stiffness, higher transverse vibration and higher rotation (θ) between the sheets as well as increased local stress calculated by 2 dimensional FE simulation. KW - Deformation KW - Fatigue life KW - Finite element analysis KW - Gap KW - Resistance spot welding KW - Shear strength PY - 2012 SN - 0043-2288 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 56 IS - 03-04 SP - 115 EP - 125 PB - Springer CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-27590 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Gaul, H. A1 - Brauser, Stephan T1 - Untersuchungen zur Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Widerstandspunktschweißverbindungen aus hochfesten Mehrphasenstählen unter Berücksichtigung fertigungsspezifischer Einflüsse N2 - Unter den rauen Bedingungen in der Automobilrohkarosseriefertigung lassen sich schweißbedingte Imperfektionen wie Risse beim Widerstandspunktschweißen von hochfesten Stählen nicht immer vermeiden. Für die sichere Auslegung ist die Kenntnis über den Einfluss solcher Risse von erheblicher Bedeutung. PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-942541-04-6 VL - P 802 SP - 1 EP - 86 PB - Verlag und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-25450 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Brauser, Stephan A1 - Weber, Gert T1 - Potential of optical strain field measurement for the characterisation of the properties of resistance-spot-welded joints N2 - For the designing of safety-relevant components particularly by means of finite element calculations, great significance is attached to the determination of local material parameters in the welding region. Conventional test methods can merely provide global parameters which, however, are frequently not sufficient precisely for the calculation of resistance-spot-welded components since these are characterised by the existence of joining zones with tight local limitations. In contrast, modern test methods such as optical strain field measurement permit the determination of the characteristic material data for concrete locations and times. In order to establish the potential of optical strain field measurements for the characterisation of the local material behaviour of spotwelded joints, tensile shear tests as well as tensile tests were carried out on resistance-spot-welded high-strength steels. The results show the high potential of this procedure not only for the quantification of the local strain behaviour in the joining region but also for the determination of local characteristic material data. PY - 2011 SN - 1612-3433 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 48 EP - 52 PB - DVS - German Welding Society CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-23220 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Bschorr, T. A1 - Cramer, H. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Thommes, H. ED - da Silva, L.F.M. ED - Altenbach, H. T1 - Hybrid bonding of advanced high strength steels in the lightweight body shell design for the automobile manufacturing N2 - In the lightweight body shell mass production of automobiles, the application of hybrid bonding techniques becomes more and more important. Especially the combination of adhesive bonding and resistance spot welding called weldbonding is of great importance. The target of this contribution is to show the influence of medium-viscosity and low-viscosity structural adhesives on the process reliability of the weldbonding process and the mechanical properties of the hybrid bonded joints. The given results are based on the application of an epoxy PUR-based, an epoxy resin-based and a rubber-based adhesive system for joining a mild and some different advanced high strength steels (AHSS). It will be shown that both the process reliability of the weldbonding process and the mechanical behaviour of the weldbonded joints are influenced by the combinations of the base metals, the applied adhesive systems and the choice of the joining parameters. The behaviour of the weldbonded joints will be studied under quasi-static and impact loads. The discussion of the metallurgical structure of the weldbonded joints depending on the joining parameters will be given, too. Furthermore, the fatigue behaviour of the weldbonded joints will be studied. KW - Advanced high strength steels KW - Hybrid bonding KW - Lightweight body shell design KW - Weldbonding process reliability KW - Weldbonded joint behaviour PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-642-12666-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12667-3_22 N1 - Serientitel: Advanced Structured Materials – Series title: Advanced Structured Materials VL - 3 SP - 343 EP - 372 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-23150 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Buchhardt, Frank A1 - Magiera, Götz A1 - Matthees, Wolfgang A1 - Weber, Michael T1 - Sensitivity of nuclear power plant structural response to aircraft impact T2 - Conference on structural analysis and design of nuclear power plants CY - Porto Alegre, Brazil DA - 03.10.1984 PY - 1984 SP - 111 EP - 114 CY - Porto Alegre AN - OPUS4-36780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buchhardt, Frank A1 - Magiera, Götz A1 - Matthees, Wolfgang A1 - Weber, Michael T1 - Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten eines Kernkraftwerkes für den Lastfall Flugzeugabsturz PY - 1984 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 212 EP - 215 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36781 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Buchhardt, Frank A1 - Weber, Michael A1 - Yazdi, F. T1 - On decisive factors of liner anchorage behaviour T2 - Conference on structural analysis and design of nuclear power plants CY - Porto Alegre, Brazil DA - 03.10.1984 PY - 1984 SP - 87 EP - 100 CY - Porto Alegre AN - OPUS4-36783 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brauser, Stephan A1 - Pepke, Lutz-Alexander A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Göklü, S. T1 - Einfluss der Schweißstromform auf die Schweißbereiche und die Festigkeit beim Widerstandpunktschweißen moderner Automobilwerkstoffe T2 - 21. DVS-Sondertagung "Widerstandsschweissen 2010" CY - Duisburg, Deutschland DA - 2010-05-05 KW - Widerstandschweißen KW - Schweißbereiche KW - Anlagenkonfiguration KW - Schwingfestigkeit PY - 2010 SP - 1 EP - 7(?) CY - Duisburg AN - OPUS4-21561 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Thommes, H. A1 - Gaul, Holger A1 - Hahn, O. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Resistance spot welding and weldbonding of advanced high strength steels KW - Resistance spot welding KW - High strength steel KW - Weldbonding KW - Widerstandspunktschweißen KW - Hochfester Stahl KW - Punktschweißkleben PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201000687 SN - 0933-5137 SN - 1521-4052 VL - 41 IS - 11 SP - 931 EP - 939 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-22948 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Göklü, S. ED - P. Mayr, ED - G. Posch, ED - H. Cerjak, T1 - Influence of the type of electrode caps on the welding current ranges and the process reliability in resistance spot welding T2 - 61st Annual Assembly and International Conference of the International Institute of Welding (IIW) "Safety and Reliability of Welded Components in Energy and Processing Industry" CY - Graz, Austria DA - 2008-07-06 PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-85125-019-0 IS - IIW Doc. No. III-1484-08 SP - 1 EP - 16(?) PB - Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz CY - Graz, Austria AN - OPUS4-19386 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brauser, Stephan A1 - Pepke, Lutz-Alexander A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Deformation behaviour of spot-welded high strength steels for automotive applications N2 - Numerical simulation of component and assembly behaviour under different loading conditions is a main tool for safety design in automobile body shell mass production. Knowledge of local material behaviour is fundamental to such simulation tests. As a contribution to the verification of simulation results, the local deformation properties of spot-welded similar and dissimilar material joints in shear tension tests were investigated in this study for a TRIP steel (HCT690T) and a micro-alloyed steel (HX340LAD). For this reason, the local strain distribution was calculated by the digital image correlation technique (DIC). On the basis of the hardness values and microstructure of the spot welds, the differences in local strain between the selected material combinations are discussed. Additionally, the retained austenite content in the TRIP steel was analysed to explain the local strain values. Results obtained in this study regarding similar material welds suggest significant lower local strain values of the TRIP steel HCT690T compared to HX340LAD. One reason could be the decrease of retained austenite in the welded area. Furthermore, it has been ascertained that the local strain in dissimilar material welds decreases for each component compared with the corresponding similar material weld. KW - Resistance spot welding KW - Deformation behaviour KW - Advanced high strength steel KW - TRIP steel KW - Similar and dissimilar material spot weld KW - EBSD KW - SEM KW - Strain field PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.07.091 SN - 0921-5093 SN - 1873-4936 VL - 527 IS - 26 SP - 7099 EP - 7108 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-21921 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Gaul, Holger A1 - Rethmeier, Michael ED - Kolleck, R. T1 - Joining of ultra high strength steels for lightweight body shell design in automobile manufacturing T2 - 50th IDDRG anniversary conference - Tools and technologies for the processing of ultra high strength steels CY - Graz, Austria DA - 2010-05-31 KW - Advanced high strength steels KW - Resistance spot welding KW - Weldbonding KW - Lightweight body shell design KW - Process reliability PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-85125-108-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.3217/978-3-85125-108-1-094 SP - 885 EP - 898 PB - Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz CY - Graz, Austria AN - OPUS4-22472 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gaul, Holger A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Influence of HAZ cracks on fatigue resistance of resistance spot welded joints made of advanced high strength steels N2 - A method is reported with which heat affected zone (HAZ) cracks in a specific region of spot welded joints, made of advanced high strength steels, could be realised. The influence of HAZ cracks on the fatigue behaviour, which is the focus of the contribution, was studied by evaluating the stiffness characteristics as a function of the number of cycles N in comparison with crack-free specimens, i.e. by analysing HAZ and fatigue cracks on the specimen surface and the surface of fatigue fractures containing beach marks. It was found that the fatigue cracks are not initiated at the HAZ cracks. The number of cycles to failure Nf is not significantly reduced for specimens with HAZ cracks. Overall, the examinations did not reveal any influence of HAZ cracks on the fatigue strength of resistance spot welded joints. KW - Discontinuities KW - AHSS KW - HAZ crack KW - Spot welding KW - Advanced high strength steels KW - Fatigue PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1179/1362171810Y.0000000031 SN - 1362-1718 SN - 1743-2936 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 440 EP - 445 PB - Maney CY - London AN - OPUS4-24214 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Brauser, Stephan T1 - Extended weldability lobes in resistance spot welding of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) T2 - EUROJOIN 7 - 7th European congress on joining technology CY - Venice, Italy DA - 2009-05-21 KW - Resistance welding KW - High strength steels PY - 2009 IS - Technical Session 2 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-20524 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gaul, Holger A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Evaluation of fatigue crack propagation in spot welded joints by stiffness measurements N2 - Resistance spot welded joints made of two advanced high strength steels (AHSS) and one high strength steel (HSS) were examined. In the high cycle fatigue regime tests were realised for one loading condition, and the load and the displacement were measured. From the load and displacement range, the stiffness was calculated and in situ normalised to its value after 1000 cycles. It was thus possible to use the normalised stiffness evaluated during the experiment as failure criterion for the fatigue test of resistance spot welded joints. In order to evaluate this failure criterion, fatigue cracks were produced in the three different steel grades mentioned above according to user-specified levels of the normalised stiffness. It was found that the fatigue crack area increases linearly and the through-sheet-thickness crack length exponentially with decreasing stiffness. The comparison of the fatigue crack propagation during the fatigue test of the three different tested base metals showed very similar values. The comparability of fatigue tests performed on spot welded joints might thus be improved by the in situ evaluated stiffness as a failure criterion. This can be also used in further work to verify results of computer simulations of the stress intensity factor at spot welds with the help of experimental results. KW - Resistance spot welding KW - Fatigue KW - Frequency KW - Stiffness KW - Advanced high strength steels KW - Crack growth PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2010.12.005 SN - 0142-1123 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 740 EP - 745 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-22207 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brauser, Stephan A1 - Weber, Gert A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Potenzial optischer Dehnungsfeldmessung zur Charakterisierung der Eigenschaften von Widerstandspunktschweißverbindungen N2 - Die Ermittlung lokaler Werkstoffkennwerte im Schweißbereich ist für die Auslegung sicherheitsrelevanter Bauteile insbesondere durch Finite-Elemente-Berechnungen von großer Bedeutung. Konventionelle Prüfmethoden können lediglich globale Kennwerte bereitstellen, die jedoch gerade für die Berechnung widerstandspunktgeschweißter Bauteile häufig nicht ausreichen, da diese durch das Vorliegen örtlich eng begrenzter Fügezonen gekennzeichnet sind. Moderne Prüfmethoden wie die optische Dehnungsfeldmessung ermöglichen hingegen eine orts- und zeitkonkrete Bestimmung der Werkstoffkenndaten. Um das Potenzial optischer Dehnungsfeldmessungen für das Charakterisieren des lokalen Werkstoffverhaltens von Punktschweißverbindungen zu ermitteln, wurden Scherzugversuche sowie Zugversuche an widerstandspunktgeschweißten hochfesten Stählen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen das hohe Potenzial dieses Verfahrens sowohl für die Quantifizierung des lokalen Dehnungsverhaltens im Fügebereich als auch für die Ermittlung lokaler Werkstoffkenndaten. PY - 2010 SN - 0036-7184 VL - 62 IS - 9 SP - 496 EP - 500 PB - Verl. für Schweißen u. Verwandte Verfahren, DVS-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-22163 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Momeni, Kaveh A1 - Schippereit, Christian A1 - Weber, Gert T1 - Einfluss von fertigungsbedingten Spalten auf das Tragverhalten der Widerstandspunktschweißverbindungen aus hochfesten Stählen N2 - In einem Forschungsvorhaben wurde der Einfluss von fertigungsbedingten Spalten von bis zu 3 mm auf das Tragverhalten der Widerstandspunktschweißverbindungen aus Stählen am Beispiel von HX340LAD+Z (Werkstoffnummer 1.0933), HCT780X+Z (1.0943), HCT980C (1.0955) und 22MnB5+AS140 untersucht. Neben spaltabhängigen Schweißbereichen wurden auch statische Festigkeit, dynamische Festigkeit sowie Schwingfestigkeit betrachtet. Schließlich wurden ein Prozesssicherheitskoeffizient sowie eine Prozess-Festigkeits-Kenngröße abgeleitet, mit deren Hilfe der Anwender das Verhalten der Punktschweißverbindungen unter Spalteinfluss beurteilen kann. KW - resistance spot welding KW - strength KW - quality assurance KW - Qualitätssicherung KW - Festigkeit KW - Widerstandspunktschweißen PY - 2016 SN - 0036-7184 VL - 68 IS - 1-2 SP - 22 EP - 27 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-35366 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Burchhardt, F. A1 - Magiera, Götz A1 - Matthees, Wolfgang A1 - Weber, Michael T1 - Interaction between material nonlinearity and damping for aircraft impact analysis T2 - International Conference on structural mechanics in reactor technology (SMiRT 8) CY - Brüssel, Belgium DA - 1985-08-19 PY - 1985 VL - Paper J 5/5 SP - 191 EP - 196 AN - OPUS4-33934 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pimienta, Pierre A1 - McNamee, Robert A1 - Robert, Fabienne A1 - Boström, Lars A1 - Huang, Shan-Shan A1 - Mróz, Katarzyna A1 - Davie, Colin A1 - Mohaine, Siyimane A1 - Alonso, Maria Cruz A1 - Bodnarova, Lenka A1 - Bosnjak, Josipa A1 - Dal Pont, Stefano A1 - Dao, Vinh A1 - Dauti, Dorjan A1 - Dehn, Frank A1 - Felicetti, Roberto A1 - Hager, Izabela A1 - Hela, Rudolf A1 - Hozjan, Tomaz A1 - Juknat, Michael A1 - Jumppanen, Ulla-Maija A1 - Kirnbauer, Johannes A1 - Kolsek, Jerneja A1 - Korzen, Manfred A1 - Lakhani, Hitesh A1 - Lion, Maxime A1 - Lo Monte, Francesco A1 - Maluk, Cristian A1 - Meftah, Fekri A1 - Miah, Md Jihad A1 - Millard, Alain A1 - Mindeguia, Jean-Christophe A1 - Moreau, Bérénice A1 - Msaad, Yahia A1 - Ozawa, Mitsuo A1 - Pesavento, Francesco A1 - Pham, Duc Toan A1 - Pistol, Klaus A1 - Rickard, Ieuan A1 - Rodrigues, Joao Paulo Correia A1 - Roosefid, Mohsen A1 - Schneider, Martin A1 - Sharma, Umesh Kumar A1 - Sideris, Kosmas A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig A1 - Weber, Benedikt A1 - Weise, Frank T1 - Recommendation of RILEM TC 256-SPF on fire spalling assessment during standardised fire resistance tests: complementary guidance and requirements N2 - The recommendation is based on the co-authors’ work organized by the RILEM TC 256-SPF “Spalling of concrete due to fire: testing and modelling”. It aims to provide useful information, guidance and best practices in fire spalling assessment to laboratories that perform large-scale tests based on fire resistance test standards. It provides guidance on the spalling observation techniques during testing, as well as post-test spalling quantification/assessment methods. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the fire resistance test standards, e.g. EN 1363-1 and ISO 834-1. KW - Concrete KW - Fire spalling KW - Large scale tests KW - Standardised fire resistance tests PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02248-z SN - 1871-6873 VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-59288 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Gottu Mukkula, A. R. A1 - Holtkamp, M. A1 - Salge, M. A1 - Fleischer, C. A1 - Weber, N. A1 - Engell, S. A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Pereira Remelhe, M. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Flexible automation with compact NMR spectroscopy for continuous production of pharmaceuticals N2 - Modular plants using intensified continuous processes represent an appealing concept for the production of pharmaceuticals. It can improve quality, safety, sustainability, and profitability compared to batch processes; besides, it enables plug-and-produce reconfiguration for fast product changes. To facilitate this flexibility by real-time quality control, we developed a solution that can be adapted quickly to new processes and is based on a compact nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. The NMR sensor is a benchtop device enhanced to the requirements of automated chemical production including robust evaluation of sensor data. Beyond monitoring the product quality, online NMR data was used in a new iterative optimization approach to maximize the plant profit and served as a reliable reference for the calibration of a near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. The overall approach was demonstrated on a commercial-scale pilot plant using a metal-organic reaction with pharmaceutical relevance. KW - NMR Spectroscopy KW - NIR Spectroscopy KW - Real-time process monitoring KW - Real-time quality control KW - Continuous processes KW - CONSENS KW - Data Fusion PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-480623 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-01752-y SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 411 IS - 14 SP - 3037 EP - 3046 PB - Springer Nature CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-48062 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Gottu Mukkula, A. R. A1 - Holtkamp, M. A1 - Salge, M. A1 - Fleischer, C. A1 - Weber, N. A1 - King, R. A1 - Engell, S. A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Pereira Remelhe, M. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Flexible Automation with compact NMR instruments N2 - Modular plants using intensified continuous processes represent an appealing concept to produce pharmaceuticals. It can improve quality, safety, sustainability, and profitability compared to batch processes, and it enables plug-and-produce reconfiguration for fast product changes. To facilitate this flexibility by real-time quality control, we developed a solution that can be adapted quickly to new processes and includes a compact Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometer for online quality monitoring as well as a new model-based control approach. The NMR sensor is a benchtop device enhanced to the requirements of automated chemical production including ro-bust evaluation of sensor data. Here, we present alternatives for the quantitative determination of the analytes using modular, physically motivated models. These models can be adapted to new substances solely by the use of their corresponding pure component spectra, which can either be derived from experimental spectra as well as from quantum mechanical models or NMR predictors. Modular means that spec-tral models can simply be exchanged together with alternate reagents and products. Beyond that, we comprehensively calibrated an NIR spectrometer based on online NMR process data for the first time within an industrial plant. The integrated solution was developed for a metal organic reac-tion running on a commercial-scale modular pilot plant and it was tested under industrial conditions. T2 - 7th Annual PANIC Conference CY - Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, USA DA - 03.03.2019 KW - Online NMR Spectroscopy PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Bassler, M. A1 - Deilmann, M. A1 - Ens, W. A1 - Frenzel, F. A1 - Gerlach, M. A1 - Großmann, J. A1 - Grümbel, F. A1 - Heisterkamp, M. A1 - Kaiser, U. A1 - Lambrecht, A. A1 - Ohlenkamp, R. A1 - Pötter, T. A1 - Pyka, P. A1 - Roos, E. A1 - Schmidt, A. A1 - Schünemann, U. A1 - Theuer, M. A1 - Tukle, A. A1 - Weber, N. T1 - Technologie-Roadmap „Prozess-Sensoren 2027+“ N2 - Die Technologie-Roadmap „Prozess-Sensoren 2027+“ ist eine Weiterentwicklung vorgängiger Technologie-Roadmaps. Im Zentrum dieser Roadmaps stehen Sensoren zur Erfassung von physikalischen und chemischen Messgrößen mittels spezifischer und unspezifischer Messverfahren, die zur Steuerung und dem besseren Verständnis von Prozessen dienen. Die Roadmap fasst die gemeinsame Technologie- und Marktsicht von Anwendern, Herstellern und Forschungseinrichtungen im Bereich Prozess-Sensorik in der verfahrenstechnischen Industrie zusammen. Sie beschreibt die wesentlichen Trends im Bereich Prozess-Sensorik und künftige Handlungsbedarfe für Hersteller, Anwender sowie für Einrichtungen der Forschung und Lehre. Für die aktuellen und zukünftigen Anforderungen an Prozess-Sensoren werden 19 Thesen formuliert. Die Thesen basieren auf den Thesen der vorangegangenen Roadmaps, wobei die aus heutiger Sicht erforderlichen Anpassungen, Ergänzungen und teilweise auch Streichungen vorgenommen wurden. Die Thesen sind in 5 Themencluster eingeordnet. Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit sind übergreifende Kernthemen der künftigen Entwicklung. KW - Technologie-Roadmap Prozess-Sensoren KW - Prozessindustrie KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Sensorik KW - Digitalisierung KW - NAMUR PY - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 63 AN - OPUS4-53741 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Gottu Mukkula, A. R. A1 - Holtkamp, M. A1 - Salge, M. A1 - Fleischer, C. A1 - Weber, N. A1 - Engell, S. A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - King, R. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Raw data of pilot plant runs for CONSENS project (Case study 1) N2 - In case study one of the CONSENS project, two aromatic substances were coupled by a lithiation reaction, which is a prominent example in pharmaceutical industry. The two aromatic reactants (Aniline and o-FNB) were mixed with Lithium-base (LiHMDS) in a continuous modular plant to produce the desired product (Li-NDPA) and a salt (LiF). The salt precipitates which leads to the formation of particles. The feed streams were subject to variation to drive the plant to its optimum. The uploaded data comprises the results from four days during continuous plant operation time. Each day is denoted from day 1-4 and represents the dates 2017-09-26, 2017-09-28, 2017-10-10, 2017-10-17. In the following the contents of the files are explained. KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - Multivariate Data Analysis KW - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance KW - Near Infrared Spectroscopy KW - Continuous Manufacturing KW - CONSENS PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1438233 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-48063 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinmuth-Selzle, K. A1 - Kampf, C. J. A1 - Lucas, K. A1 - Lang-Yona, N. A1 - Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J. A1 - Shiraiwa, M. A1 - Lakey, P. S. J. A1 - Lai, S. A1 - Liu, F. A1 - Kunert, A. T. A1 - Ziegler, K. A1 - Shen, F. A1 - Sgarbanti, R. A1 - Weber, B. A1 - Bellinghausen, I. A1 - Saloga, J. A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Duschl, A. A1 - Schuppan, D. A1 - Pöschl, U. T1 - Air pollution and climate change effects on allergies in the anthropocene: Abundance, interaction, and modification of allergens and adjuvants N2 - Air pollution and climate change are potential drivers for the increasing burden of allergic diseases. The molecular mechanisms by which air pollutants and climate parameters may influence allergic diseases, however, are complex and elusive. This article provides an overview of physical, chemical and biological interactions between air pollution, climate change, allergens, adjuvants and the immune system, addressing how these interactions may promote the development of allergies. We reviewed and synthesized key findings from atmospheric, climate, and biomedical research. The current state of knowledge, open questions, and future research perspectives are outlined and discussed. The Anthropocene, as the present era of globally pervasive anthropogenic influence on planet Earth and, thus, on the human environment, is characterized by a strong increase of carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and combustion- or traffic-related particulate matter in the atmosphere. These environmental factors can enhance the abundance and induce chemical modifications of allergens, increase oxidative stress in the human body, and skew the immune system toward allergic reactions. In particular, air pollutants can act as adjuvants and alter the immunogenicity of allergenic proteins, while climate change affects the atmospheric abundance and human exposure to bioaerosols and aeroallergens. To fully understand and effectively mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution and climate change on allergic diseases, several challenges remain to be resolved. Among these are the identification and quantification of immunochemical reaction pathways involving allergens and adjuvants under relevant environmental and physiological conditions. KW - Allergie KW - Klimaveränderung KW - Luftverschmutzung KW - Partikel KW - Ozon KW - Stickoxide KW - Allergene KW - Adjuvantien KW - PALM KW - DAMP PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-404531 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04908 SN - 1520-5851 SN - 0013-936X VL - 51 IS - 8 SP - 4119 EP - 4141 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) CY - Washington AN - OPUS4-40453 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -