TY - JOUR A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Weber, Mike A1 - Qiao, Linan A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Mechanical assessment within type B packages approval: application of static and dynamic calculation approaches JF - Packaging, transport, storage & security of radioactive materials (RAMTRANS) N2 - This paper demonstrates exemplarily how numerical and experimental approaches can be combined reasonably in mechanical assessment of package integrity according to the IAEA regulations. The paper also concentrates on the question about how static mechanical approaches can be applied, and what their problems are in relation to dynamic calculation approaches. Under defined impact tests, which represent accident transport conditions, the package has to withstand impact loading, e.g. resulting from a 9 m free drop onto an unyielding target in sequence with a 1 m puncture drop test. Owing to the local character of the interaction between the puncture bar and the cask body, it is possible to develop a dynamic numerical model for the 1 m puncture drop which allows an appropriate simulation of the interaction area. Results from existing experimental drop tests with prototype or small scale cask models can be used for verification and validation of applied analysis codes and models. The link between analysis and experimental drop testing is described exemplarily by considering a regulatory 1 m puncture bar drop test onto the cask body of a recently approved German high level waste transport package. For the 9 m drop test of the package, it is difficult to develop a dynamic numerical model of the package due to the complexity of the interaction between cask body, impact limiters and unyielding target. Dynamic calculations require an extensive verification with experimental results. The simulation of a 9 m drop of a package with impact limiters is thereby often more complex than the simulation of a 1 m puncture drop onto the cask body. A different approximation method can be applied for the consideration of dynamic effects on the impact loading of the package. In a first step, maximum impact force and rigid body deceleration of the cask body during the impact process can be calculated with simplified numerical tools. This rigid body deceleration can subsequently be applied on a verified static numerical model. Dynamic effects, which cannot be covered by the static numerical analysis, have therefore to be considered by using an additional dynamic factor. The paper describes this approach exemplarily for a 9 m horizontal drop of a typical spent fuel cask design. KW - Package assessment KW - Package KW - Packaging KW - Structural analysis PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1179/1746510911Y.0000000012 SN - 1746-5095 SN - 1746-5109 SN - 0957-476X VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 179 EP - 183 PB - Ramtrans Publ. CY - Ashford AN - OPUS4-26448 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Herter, Jürgen A1 - Droste, Bernhard A1 - Hartwig, S. T1 - Compressive behaviour of axially loaded spruce wood under large deformations at different strain rates JF - European journal of wood and wood products N2 - Impact limiting components of packages for the transport of radioactivematerials are often designed as wood filled steel constructions. Wood absorbs major part of the impact energy in order to minimise the impact load acting upon the containment. Dynamic impact experiments with wood filled impact limiters showed different crushing mechanisms for axially loaded wood depending on their lateral constraint. Tests on spruce wood samples (Picea abies) were performed in order to clarify the influence of strain rate from static to 30 s-1 on a) compression strength, b) stress at a global strain level of 50%, and c) energy absorption capacity at 50% deformation, including statistical evaluation of the results. Results were as follows: strain rate increase led to significantly higher compression strength, stress and strain energy at a strain level of 50%. Lateral strain restriction had no effect on compression strength; it had a significant effect on stress and strain energy at strain level of 50%. Therefore, the definition of a general yield curve for wood under large deformations is not possible, the yield curve has to be chosen taking into account lateral constraints. KW - Compression KW - Wood KW - Spruce KW - Picea abies KW - Impact PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0442-x SN - 0018-3768 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - 345 EP - 357 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-22980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Weber, Mike A1 - Qiao, Linan A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Static and dynamic calculation approaches for mechanical design assessment of type B packages for radioactive material transport - 10193 T2 - WM2010 Conference (Proceedings) T2 - WM2010 Conference CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA DA - 2010-03-07 KW - Mechanische Bewertung KW - Radioaktives Material KW - Numerische Analyse KW - Typ B(U)-Verpackung PY - 2010 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-21240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Weber, Mike A1 - Qiao, Linan A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Mechanical assessment within type B packages approval - the application of static and dynamic calculation approaches T2 - PATRAM 2010 - 16th International symposium on the packaging and transport of radioactive materials (Proceedings) T2 - PATRAM 2010 - 16th International symposium on the packaging and transport of radioactive materials CY - London, UK DA - 2010-10-03 KW - Mechanische Bewertung KW - Radioaktives Material KW - Numerische Analyse PY - 2010 SP - 1 EP - 8(?) AN - OPUS4-23384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Modelling of compression of wood filled impact limiter of casks for transportation of radioactive material T2 - RAMTRANSPORT 09 - 8th International Conference on radioactive materials transport 2009 (Proceedings) N2 - Impact limiters of packages for transport of radioactive materials are in Germany typically steel-wood-sandwich-constructions, combining a relatively stiff steel structure bolted to the cask body, outer steel plates and different types of wood. By crushing the wood-steel-sandwich-structure between unyielding target and cask, kinetic energy of 9-m-free-fall is absorbed. Main energy absorber is wood under a high level of deformation. Wood under large deformations exhibits destruction of the fibre matrix. By analysing compression of impact limiter wood after drop tests with prototype casks for radioactive material, underlying mechanisms of wood crushing and corresponding energy absorption under large deformations are identified. Softening occurring at compression of wood is a function of lateral strain restriction of wood. Against the background of continuum mechanics an analogous model for compression of fibre bundle is presented. The model takes lateral strain restriction as triaxiality of stress state into account. Further modelling possibilities for wood with a continuum approach are described. Different material laws in the explicit Finite Element code LS-DYNA are analysed for possible application on the analogous model for the fibre bundle. Small scale compression tests with wooden specimens were modelled in order to evaluate the ability of different modelling techniques to simulate softening. Although modelling of compression of wood under large deformations is possible, softening could not be simulated purposefully. A drop test of a cask with impact limiting devices similar to existing impact limiters is simulated with different material laws for wood. Behaviour of impact limiting devices could not be simulated universally including influence of lateral strain restriction; nevertheless loading of the cask by crushing of impact limiter could be simulated purposefully. Verification with experimental results is compulsory. T2 - Ramtransport 09 - 8th International Conference on radioactive materials transport 2009 CY - Manchester, Great Britain DA - 2009-05-12 KW - Radioactive material KW - Transport KW - Impact limiter KW - Simulation KW - FEM PY - 2009 IS - PAP31 SP - 1 EP - 20 AN - OPUS4-19751 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Dreßler, Martin A1 - Hünert, Daniela A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo T1 - Sol-gel alumina coatings for high-temperature corrosion protection of Ni-base alloy SC16 in water vapour containing atmosphere JF - Interceram N2 - Alumosols in combination with well dispersed corundum were successfully used to form up to 2.5 ìm thick coatings on the Ni-base alloy SC16. These coatings withstood heat treatments at 700 °C in a water vapour containing atmosphere. The heat treatment caused formation of delta-alumina in the coating and diffusion of chromium and titanium into the coating. KW - Alumina KW - Coating KW - Sol-gel KW - Corrosion KW - Protection PY - 2009 SN - 0020-5214 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 192 EP - 195 PB - DVS-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-19726 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qiao, Linan A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor T1 - Dynamic and quasi-static FE calculation of impact from 9 metre drop of spent fuel transport cask JF - Packaging, transport, storage & security of radioactive materials (RAMTRANS) N2 - The drop from 9 m height onto a rigid target is one of the required proofs of safety for packages of radioactive materials. Direct dynamic finite element method (FEM) calculations and combined two step analytical quasi-static finite element (FE) calculations are both applied for the simulation of a 9 m drop test. This paper gives a comparative example of both approaches for the 9 m side drop simulation of the spent fuel transport cask with wood filled impact limiter. The model for dynamic FEM consists of cask body and impact limiter. Detailed material properties and geometry descriptions from each component of the impact limiter are required. The results (stress fields in the cask body) are obtained directly from the calculation. The combined method provides as intermediate results the force-deformation characteristic of impact limiter. The maximum impact limiter force determined by the law of energy conservation during the drop is then - in a second step - applied on the cask body in a quasi-static FE model in order to calculate the stresses. In this paper, the rigid body deceleration and the maximum stress in the middle of the cask body are used for the comparison between the dynamic FEM and the combined method. Similar maximum rigid body deceleration-time curves were obtained by both methods for the horizontal 9 m free fall. Concerning the stress in the cask body the dynamic FEM results oscillate about values calculated by the combined quasi-static approach. If the combined quasi-static approach is used in the safety assessment of a cask, a suitable factor has to be applied on its results to take into account the additional dynamic effects. KW - Drop test KW - Spent fuel transport cask KW - Finite element calculation KW - Dynamic simulation KW - Impact limiter KW - Wood PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1179/174650909X12553336148026 SN - 1746-5095 SN - 1746-5109 SN - 0957-476X VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 174 EP - 178 PB - Ramtrans Publ. CY - Ashford AN - OPUS4-20819 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Scale model impact limiter in type assessment of radioactive material transport packages JF - Packaging, transport, storage & security of radioactive materials (RAMTRANS) KW - Impact limiter KW - Shock absorber KW - Scaling KW - Radioactive KW - Material KW - Transport KW - Cask PY - 2008 SN - 1746-5095 SN - 1746-5109 SN - 0957-476X VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 57 PB - Ramtrans Publ. CY - Ashford AN - OPUS4-17498 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor T1 - Approximation of package deceleration and shock absorber deformation under 9 m drop test conditions using simplified numerical tool ImpactCalc JF - Packaging, transport, storage & security of radioactive materials (RAMTRANS) KW - Impact limiter KW - Calculation KW - Maximum deceleration KW - Maximum deformation PY - 2008 SN - 1746-5095 SN - 1746-5109 SN - 0957-476X VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 35 EP - 40 PB - Ramtrans Publ. CY - Ashford AN - OPUS4-17499 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dreßler, Martin A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Griepentrog, Michael T1 - Sol-gel derived alumina layers on nickel-base superalloy Inconel-718 (IN-718) JF - Thin solid films N2 - Modified Yoldas sols can be used to prepare crack-free well adherent layers on different substrate materials such as soda–lime glass, corundum and metal (IN-718). These layers having thicknesses of 0.6 µm are strain tolerant and withstand thermal cycling between 810 °C and room temperature. Introducing alpha-Al2O3 filler particles into modified Yoldas sols allows the preparation of thicker layers of 1.6 µm, which as well can be thermally cycled without noticeable delaminations. Chemical bonding seems to be the predominant layer bonding mechanism. KW - Sol-gel KW - Alumosol KW - Filler particles KW - Inconel-718 KW - Scanning electron microscopy PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2008.08.124 SN - 0040-6090 VL - 517 IS - 2 SP - 786 EP - 792 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-18263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dreßler, Martin A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo T1 - Influence of sol-gel derived alumina coatings on oxide scale growth of nickel-base superalloy Inconel-718 JF - Surface and coatings technology N2 - Alumina coatings with differing phase compositions were deposited on Inconel-718 (IN-718) Ni-base superalloy substrates using sol–gel processing. Mass gain measurements served for studying the oxidation behavior of coated metal surfaces if exposed to 800°C and 900°C for up to 4000 h in static air. Itwas found, that alumina coatings significantly reduce the oxidation related mass gain of IN-718 even after heating to 900°C for 4000 h. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed diffusion of elements from the metal substrate (IN-718) into the alumina coatings and — to a much lower degree — from the coating into the substrate. These diffusion processes are greatly influenced by the phase composition of the coatings, especially by the presence of alpha-alumina. KW - Oxide scale growth KW - Inconel-718 KW - Alumina coating KW - TEM PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/surfcoat.2008.07.018 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 202 SP - 6095 EP - 6102 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-17857 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Wille, Frank ED - Topping, B. H. V. ED - M. Papadrakakis, T1 - Simulation of the Crushing of Wood Filled Impact Limiters for Packages of Radioactive Material T2 - 9th International Conference on Computational Structures Technology, September 2-5, 2008, Athens, Greece (Proceedings) N2 - Mechanical and thermal safety assessment of packages for transport of radioactive material in Germany is carried out by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). Both experimental and computational (analytical, numerical) methods combined with material and/or component tests are the basis for the state of the art safety assessment concept at BAM. The required mechanical tests according to IAEA regulations include, among others, a 9-m-drop-test on an unyielding target. Impact limiting components, which are attached to the cask at both ends, limit forces applied on the cask body and lid system by absorbing a major part of the impact energy. In Germany, impact limiters of packages for transport of radioactive materials are typically of steel-wood-sandwich construction, combining a relatively stiff steel structure bolted to the cask body, outer steel plates and different types of wood. By crushing the wood-steel-sandwich-structure between an unyielding target and the cask, the kinetic energy of a 9-m-free-fall is absorbed. The main energy absorber is wood under a high level of deformation. Wood under large deformations exhibits destruction of the fibre matrix. By analysing compression of the impact limiter wood after the drop tests with prototype casks for radioactive material, underlying mechanisms of wood crushing and corresponding energy absorption under large deformations are identified. Softening occuring at compression of the wood is a function of the lateral strain restriction of wood. Against the background of continuum mechanics an analogous model for compression of the fibre bundle is presented. The model takes the lateral strain restriction as triaxiality of the stress state into account. Further modelling possibilities for wood with a continuum approach are described. Different material laws in the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA are analysed for possible application using the analogous model for the fibre bundle. Small scale compression tests with wooden specimens are modelled in order to evaluate the ability of different modelling techniques to simulate softening. Although modelling of the compression of wood under large deformations is possible, softening could not be simulated purposefully. A drop test of a cask with impact limiting devices similar to existing impact limiters is simulated with different material laws for wood. The behaviour of impact limiting devices could not be simulated universally including the influence of the lateral strain restriction; nevertheless loading of the cask by crushing of the impact limiter could be simulated purposefully. Verification with experimental results is essential. T2 - 9th International Conference on Computational Structures Technology CY - Athens, Greece DA - 2008-09-02 KW - Radioactive material KW - Transport KW - Impact limiter KW - Simulation KW - FEM PY - 2008 SN - 978-1-905088-22-5 IS - Paper 22 SP - 1 EP - 21 PB - Civil Comp Press CY - Stirlingshire, Scotland, UK AN - OPUS4-17891 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Kadji, Arsène Brice A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Results of full scale CONSTOR® V/TC prototype 9 m horizontal drop test JF - Packaging, transport, storage & security of radioactive materials (RAMTRANS) KW - Drop testing KW - Impact limiter KW - Finite element method KW - Full scale cast PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1179/174651008X382951 SN - 1746-5095 SN - 1746-5109 SN - 0957-476X VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 228 EP - 232 PB - Ramtrans Publ. CY - Ashford AN - OPUS4-18625 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Droste, Bernhard A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Using Scale Model Impact Limiter in the Type Assessment of Transport Casks for Radioactive Material T2 - PATRAM 2007 - 15th International symposium on the packaging and transportation of radioactive materials (Proceedings) T2 - PATRAM 2007, 15th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - Miami, Florida, USA DA - 2007-10-21 KW - Impact limiter KW - Similarity KW - Scaling PY - 2007 IS - (Abstract # 86) SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management AN - OPUS4-17495 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Estimation of cask deceleration and impact limiter deformation under 9m drop test conditions using the calculation tool “ImpactCalc” T2 - PATRAM 2007 - 15th International symposium on the packaging and transportation of radioactive materials (Proceedings) T2 - PATRAM 2007, 15th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - Miami, Florida, USA DA - 2007-10-21 KW - Impact limiter KW - Calculation KW - Maximum deceleration KW - Maximum deformation PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management AN - OPUS4-17496 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Kadji, Arsène Brice A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Drop Test Results of the Full-scale CONSTOR V/TC Prototype T2 - PATRAM 2007 - 15th International symposium on the packaging and transportation of radioactive materials (Proceedings) T2 - PATRAM 2007, 15th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - Miami, Florida, USA DA - 2007-10-21 PY - 2007 IS - Abstract #65 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management AN - OPUS4-17838 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - König, S. A1 - Diersch, R. A1 - Lührmann, A. A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Full-Scale Drop Testing of the CONSTOR®, V/TC Package Program, and Preliminary Results JF - Journal of nuclear materials management KW - Drop test KW - Package KW - Spent fuel cask KW - Transport PY - 2005 SN - 0893-6188 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 4 EP - 10 PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management CY - Northbrook, Ill. AN - OPUS4-12269 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - König, S. A1 - Diersch, R. A1 - Lührmann, A. A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Full-scale Drop Testing of the CONSTOR V/TC Package - Program and Preliminary Results JF - Journal of nuclear materials management KW - Fallversuche KW - Transportbehälter für radioaktive Stoffe PY - 2005 SN - 0893-6188 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 4 EP - 10 PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management CY - Northbrook, Ill. AN - OPUS4-6875 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -