TY - CONF A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Kreißig, Michael A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Spoormaker, T. T1 - Identifizierung von sicherheitstechnisch gefährlichen Bedingungen für schlagartige Kompressionsvorgänge chemisch instabiler Gase im industriellen Maßstab N2 - Tetrafluorethen wird von der Polymerindustrie seit Jahrzenten als monomeres Ausgangsmaterial sowohl für die Herstellung von Polymeren (PTFE) als auch für Kopolymere (PCTFE) eingesetzt. Aufgrund seiner Eigenschaft als chemisch instabiles Gas kann TFE auch ohne Luftsauerstoff oder einen anderen Oxydator explosionsartig zerfallen. Nach der Initiierung des Zerfalls kann dieser unter bestimmten Bedingungen aufgrund des exothermen Reaktionsverhaltens sich selbstständig in Apparaten und Rohrleitungen ausbreiten. Dies geht aufgrund der freigesetzten Reaktionsenthalpie mit einem schlagartigen Anstieg von Druck und Temperatur einher, was zu erheblichen Belastungen der Materialien bis hin zum Versagen und Bruch und möglichen Folgeschäden einschließlich Personenschäden führen kann und in der Vergangenheit bereits mehrfach geführt hat. Besonders nach Wartungsarbeiten besteht die Gefahr, dass Teilabschnitte im Rohrleitungssystem mit TFE, Stickstoff oder Luft gefüllt sind mit Drücken in einem Bereich zwischen technischem Vakuum und atmosphärischem Druck wohingegen angrenzende Rohrabschnitte oder Behälter immer noch TFE bei Betriebsdrücken bis 32 bar enthalten können. Dabei sind die Abschnitte in der Praxis häufig durch Kugelhähne voneinander getrennt, die aufgrund ihrer Öffnungscharakteristik bereits bei geringen Betätigungswinkeln eine große Querschnittsfreigabe für die Strömung im Rohr ermöglichen. Dadurch können schlagartige Kompressionsvorgänge des Gases im Niederdruckbereich ermöglicht werden, die allein aufgrund der thermodynamischen Zustandsänderung zu einer erheblichen Temperaturerhöhung führen und im schlimmsten Fall zur Initiierung der Zerfallsreaktion führen können. Es wird erstmalig ein Versuchsaufbau im Industriemaßstab, der einer explosionsartigen Zerfallsreaktion von TFE standhalten kann. Zahlreiche Sicherheitskonzepte einschließlich diverser Berstscheibenkonfigurationen als auch zeitgesteuerte Schnellschlussventile wurden eingehend untersucht und bewertet, um die optimale Versuchskonfiguration für bestmögliche Reproduzierbarkeit festzulegen. Es fand eine systematische Untersuchung der schlagartigen Kompression der Systeme Luft/Luft, TFE/Luft, TFE/TFE und TFE/N2 statt. In der Hochdrucksektion wurden Drücke bis 30 bar realisiert und im Niederdrucksektor konnten Anfangsdrücke im Bereich weniger Millibar bis hin zu Atmosphärendruck eingestellt werden. Als Hauptergebnis wurde ein „Hazard diagram" erstellt, mit dessen Hilfe die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit in Abhängigkeit vom Hochdruck und Niederdruck abgeschätzt werden kann. Gefährliche Bedingungen in Rohrleitungen können dadurch auf einfachem Weg identifiziert werden. Als Referenzsystem zur Beurteilung der maximal erreichbaren nicht reaktiven Kompressionstemperaturen wurde Luft/Luft verwendet. Die damit ermittelten Daten dienten zur Bewertung von zusätzlichen exothermen Effekten, wie sie etwa bei Vorreaktion des TFE im Falle einer Dimerisierung auftreten können. Entgegen der ursprünglichen Annahme konnten die Systeme TFE/Stickstoff und TFE/TFE im verwendeten Aufbau nicht durch Kompressionsvorgänge gezündet werden. T2 - 12. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 05.11.2015 KW - Tetrafluoroethen KW - Zerfall KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Adiabate Kompression PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-86011-091-1 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-34852 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer-Scherf, Ronald A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Grasse, Dennis ED - Beyer, M. ED - Stolz, T. T1 - Zündung zerfallsfähiger Gase wie Acetylen und Tetrafluorethen durch adiabate Kompression N2 - Die adiabate Kompression stellt insbesondere für zerfallsfähige Gase eine potentielle Zündquelle sowohl bei Herstellungsprozessen als auch beim Umgang in weiter-verarbeitenden Betrieben oder beim Endnutzer dar. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen kann hier eine explosionsartige Zerfallsreaktion auch in Abwesenheit eines Oxidators initiiert werden. Zur systematischen Untersuchung des Zündverhaltens von Zerfallsreaktionen wurde eine Rohrapparatur mit einem schnell öffnenden Kugelhahn aufgebaut, um praxisnahe Vorgänge darstellen zu können. Am Beispiel Tetrafluorethen (TFE) wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen mit unterschiedlichen Rohrdurchmessern und –längen durchgeführt. Neben der Kompression von homogenen Gasphasen wurden außerdem Kompressionsvorgänge von heterogenen Gasen durchgeführt. Dabei war das Gas im Niederdruckteil unterschiedlich zum Gas im Hochdruckteil. Für den Hochdruckteil wurde Stickstoff, Acetylen und TFE verwendet. Im Niederdruckteil kamen TFE, Stickstoff und Luft zum Einsatz. Zudem wurden das Kompressionsverhältnis sowie die Absolutdrücke im Hochdruck- und Kompressionsteil variiert. Für TFE wurde ein Druckbereich bis 30 bar absolut untersucht. Versuche mit Acetylen wurden zur apparativen Validierung durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich, dass in der verwendeten Apparatur reproduzierbare Zündvorgänge nur im Bereich sehr enger Anfangsparameter möglich sind. Die Kompression von Luft durch ein zerfallsfähiges Gas stellt dabei den sicherheitstechnisch kritischsten Fall dar. T2 - 13. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 18.06.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-95606-062-5 SN - 1868-5838 N1 - Geburtsname von Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. - Birth name of Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-29021 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiaroli, Alice A1 - Mata, Christian A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Ustolin, Federico A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Digital image processing for the advanced characterization and simulation of experimental fire tests N2 - The fire engulfment of storage tanks of hazardous materials is among the most critical scenarios in hazard assessment of industrial value chains. Laboratory and full-scale experimental trials are used to test the tank performance and integrity in such scenarios. However, strong uncertainties usually affect the actual fire load experienced by the tank, in particular when large-scale experiments are carried out in open test fields. Such uncertainties arise from several factors difficult to control during experimental tests, such as the atmospheric conditions as there is the influence of wind drifts influencing the actual fire engulfment, the flame temperature and the flame dynamic distribution around the target. Consequently, verifying the concordance of an experimental test with standard test criteria and defining accurate boundary conditions in correlated model simulations is challenging. In this study, the development of a novel method for the analysis of fire conditions based on image processing is presented. The approach allows identifying the flame coverage on the target surface during the test and provides an accurate map of the flame distribution on the equipment over time. The approach is tested using experimental data from a full-scale fire test campaign carried out on liquid hydrogen cryogenic tanks. The results prove to be accurate in replicating the experimental temperatures measured on the outer tank shell during the test. The proposed methodology can be used to better understand the results of experimental fire tests and to characterize realistic fire scenarios, also supporting the definition of fire test requirements. Moreover, the approach produces results that can be implemented as advanced space-time-varying boundary conditions in simulation models, improving their accuracy in reproducing real cases. KW - Fire test KW - Digital image processing KW - Flame coverage KW - Storage tank KW - Boundary conditions KW - Fire engulfment PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-636956 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.107571 SN - 0957-5820 VL - 201 IS - B SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-63695 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - van Wingerden, Kees T1 - Untersuchung der Freisetzung von Flüssigwasserstoff auf und unter Wasser N2 - In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurden die möglichen Folgen der Freisetzung von verflüssigtem Wasserstoff (LH2) auf, bzw. unter Wasser untersucht. Die Experimente zielten darauf ab, eine unbeabsichtigte Freisetzung von LH2 (z.B. durch Schlauchabriss) insbesondere bei der Betankung eines Schiffes zu simulieren. Für verflüssigtes Erdgas (LNG) wurden dabei sog. RPT’s (rapid phase transition) nachgewiesen, bei denen die spontane Verdampfung relevante Druckwellen erzeugt. Es kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass RPTs auch im Falle von LH2 möglich sind. Die Versuche wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) in Horstwalde, im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon im Rahmen des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Die LH2-Freisetzungen erfolgten direkt aus einem LH2-Tanklastwagen über eine lange, flexible, vakuumisolierte Transferleitung. Während die Freisetzung oberhalb und unterhalb der Wasseroberfläche jeweils vertikal orientiert war, wurde bei der Unterwasserfreisetzung zusätzlich eine horizontale Ausströmung, parallel zur Wasseroberfläche realisiert. Zur Bestimmung des Massenstromes, wurde ein Wägesystem unter dem Tankwagen eingesetzt. Spezielle Drucksensoren wurden verwendet, um die durch die Freisetzungsvorgänge erzeugten Stoßwellen sowohl im Wasser als auch in der Luft zu messen. Die Gaskonzentrationen über dem Wasserbecken wurden an verschiedenen Positionen gemessen. Hochgeschwindigkeits-, Infrarot- (IR) und normale Kameras wurden eingesetzt, um die Phänomenologie der Freisetzung aufzuzeichnen und das Verhalten der Gaswolke im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen. Neben den fest installierten Systemen an Land, kamen auch Unterwasserkameras sowie eine Drohne mit Normal- und IR-Kameras zum Einsatz. Zwei Wetterstationen wurden zur Messung von Windgeschwindigkeit, Windrichtung, Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit während aller durchgeführten Tests eingesetzt. Des Weiteren kamen Bolometer zur Wärmestrahlungsmessung zum Einsatz. Zwar führten die Freisetzung zu einer hochturbulenten LH2/Wasser Mischzone, jedoch zu keinen nennenswerten Überdrücken durch RPT. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde unerwartet, aber reproduzierbar, eine Zündung der Gaswolke in freier Luft in einiger Entfernung von den Instrumenten und dem Ort der Freisetzung beobachtet. Die daraus resultierenden Gaswolkenexplosionen führten zu relevanten Überdrücken und zur Wärmeabstrahlung in die Umgebung. T2 - Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024 CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 14.03.2024 KW - Flüssigwasserstoff KW - LH2 KW - Freisetzung KW - RPT KW - Gaswolkenexplosion PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-948749-42-2 SP - 127 EP - 136 CY - Magedburg AN - OPUS4-59709 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernardy, Christopher A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Kant, Hanjo A1 - Schulze, Marcel A1 - Orchini, Alessandro T1 - Large-scale investigations of the thermal radiation of hydrogen jet flames N2 - For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen. To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests with a horizontal outlet at large-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar), mass flow (up to max. 0.175 kg/s) at an outlet diameter of 30 mm (with an upstream nozzle of 7.7 mm). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration (currently 120 s) to obtain a stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data. The comparison of the flame geometry shows that hydrogen jet flames with the same outlet mass flow have a greater flame length (average deviation of 15 %) but a smaller flame diameter than methane jet flames (average deviation of 17 %). Conclusions regarding thermal radiation show that the proportion of total combustion energy emitted as thermal radiation is lower for hydrogen (x_rad= 0.04–0.09) than for methane (x_rad = 0.06–0.1). A comparison of the surface emissive power (SEP) of the jet flame shows a SEP range of 7 kW/m2-15 kW/m2 for hydrogen and 3 kW/m2 - 9,5 kW/m2 for methane. KW - Hydrogen KW - Release KW - Thermal radiation KW - Jet flame KW - Radiant heat fraction PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622891 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105491 SN - 1873-3352 VL - 94 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-62289 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bernardy, Christopher A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Schulze, Marcel A1 - Kant, Hanjo A1 - Orchini, Alessandro ED - Di Benedetto, Almerinda ED - Portarapillo, Maria T1 - Investigation of the thermal radiation from hydrogen jet flames N2 - For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen. To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests at real-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration to obtain a (quasi) stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data. T2 - 15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE) CY - Neaples, Italy DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Hydrogen KW - Release KW - Jet flame KW - Thermal radiation PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605107 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12515710 VL - 2024 SP - 1322 EP - 1333 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-60510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bernardy, Christopher A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Kant, Hanjo A1 - Schulze, Marcel A1 - Orchini, Alessandro ED - Nabizada, A. ED - Dechany, A. ED - B. Carré, B. ED - Stendardo, E. ED - Lappa, F. ED - Vanlaere, J. ED - Mendoza, M.J. ED - Dejonghe, M. ED - Daese, M. ED - Namazifard, N. ED - Jacops, R. ED - Jottrand, S. ED - Pahlavan, S. T1 - Real scale safety investigations of hydrogen jet flames at high pressure N2 - In order to reduce the human footprint of CO2 emissions and limit global warming effects hydrogen combustion is becoming increasingly important. To enable fuel cells and gas turbines to operates this carbon free fuel, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be produced and safely transported and stored. The investigation of the effects of accidents involving hydrogen is therefore becoming of outmost importance. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety regulations. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames.[1-4] To verify these models, a H2 Jet Flame project conducted at BAM, is investigating the safety of momentum driven hydrogen jet flames. For this purpose, large-scale tests are carried out at the Test Site Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). The object of the investigations is to assess the effects of real scale release scenarios regarding flame geometry and the thermal radiation emitted. Parameters such as release angle, leakage diameter (currently 1 mm to 10 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In addition, influences such as the type of ignition, ignition location as well as delayed ignition can also be investigated. The gained knowledge will be compared with existing jet flame models, to validate these and identify a possible need for further development. In particular, the focus will be laid on the thermal radiation of hydrogen flames. The challenge here is the visualization and characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment. Visualization is performed using infrared (IR) camera systems from at least two viewing angles. Measurements of the heat radiation of jet flames, which can be found in the literature, are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, the tests can be carried out for comparative measurements with hydrocarbons (methane, etc.) as well as mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons. T2 - European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024) CY - Gent, Belgium DA - 20.03.2024 KW - Thermal radiation KW - Release KW - Hydrogen KW - Jet flame PY - 2024 SP - 551 EP - 556 AN - OPUS4-59910 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van Wingerden, K. A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Skarsvag, H. L. A1 - Ustolin, F. A1 - Paltrinieri, N. A1 - Odsaeter, L. H. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J. J. T1 - Experimental Investigation into the Consequences of Release of Liquified Hydrogen onto and under Water N2 - Large-scale experiments have been performed to investigate the possible consequences of realistic amounts of liquified hydrogen (LH2) encountering water. The experiments aimed at simulating an accidental release of LH2 onto water, for instance during the fuelling of a ship. For liquified natural gas (LNG), it has been demonstrated that physical explosions may occur when it is spilled onto water. These phenomena are referred as rapid phase transitions (RPTs). It cannot be excluded that RPTs are also possible in the case of LH2. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany. The tests were performed in a 10 m x 10 x 1.5 m basin filled with water. LH2 releases of up to about 1 kg/s were established releasing directly from a trailer carrying LH2. The releases occurred from a height of 50 cm above the water surface pointing downwards, 30 cm under the water surface pointing downwards and 30 cm under the water surface pointed along the water surface. All release configurations resulted in a very chaotic LH2-water mixing zone, causing considerable evaporation and resulting in minor over pressures. No RPTs were observed. The main phenomenon to be observed is, however, an ignition of the released gas cloud resulting in significant blast wave overpressures and heat radiation to the surroundings. The ignition occurred in all under-water releases and in about 90 % of the releases above the water surface. T2 - 17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries CY - Prague, Czech Rebpublic DA - 05.06.2022 KW - Liquid Hydrogen KW - LH2 KW - Release KW - RPT KW - Rapid Phase Transition PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2290091 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 90 SP - 541 EP - 546 PB - AIDIC CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-55324 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kluge, Martin T1 - Simulation and experimental determination of the self ignition of tetrafluoroethylene in a 100-dm³-autoclave N2 - The gaseous TFE is a monomer which is used to form PTFE, also known as Teflon®, by a polymerisation process at elevated conditions of temperature and pressure. TFE belongs to the group of chemically instable gases which are able to decompose under specific conditions releasing a huge amount of heat comparable to a gas explosion of flammable gases. Due to several incidents in PTFE – production plants the investigation of the safety related properties of TFE at elevated condition was necessary and resulted in a research project at BAM which is subsidized by the PlasticsEurope association. In a first stage the pressure dependence of the Minimum Ignition Temperature for Decomposition (MITD) was determined in the range of 0.5 MPa - 3 MPa in small autoclaves with volumes of 0.2 dm³ and 3 dm³. These results were used to validate the numerical model and were found to correlate quite well with the simulated values. Nevertheless the applicability had to be confirmed for larger volumes as well. Therefore a heat able 100-dm³-autoclave was constructed and build to determine the MITD in the range of 0.5 MPa to 1.1 MPa. T2 - 8th European Congress of Chemical Engineering CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.09.2011 KW - Ignition temperature KW - Self decomposition KW - MITD KW - TFE KW - Tetrafluoroehtylene PY - 2011 N1 - Das Poster hat den Adolf-Martens-Preis im Bereich "Safety Engineering" erhalten. - The poster was awarded the Adolf Martens Prize in the section "Safety Engineering". N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. AN - OPUS4-55754 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van Wingerden, K. A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Ustolin, F. A1 - Paltrinieri, N. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J. J. T1 - Medium-scale tests to investigate the possibility and effects of BLEVEs of storage vessels containing liquified hydrogen N2 - Experiments have been performed to determine the consequences of a storage vessel containing liquified hydrogen (LH2) is engulfed by a fire. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Germany within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program. Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume varying the orientation of the vessel and the effect of the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessel was approximately 35 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load. In one of the tests a rupture of the storage vessel occurred causing a blast, a fireball and fragments. Apart from measuring these consequences, the conditions in the vessel (e.g. temperatures and pressure) during the heating process were monitored in all three tests. The work described was undertaken as part of the project Safe Hydrogen fuel handling and Use for Efficient Implementation (SH2IFT). T2 - 17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 05.06.2022 KW - Liquid hydrogen KW - LH2 KW - BLEVE KW - Cryogenic tank PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2290092 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 90 SP - 547 EP - 552 PB - AIDIC CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-55323 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Lilienthal, A. J. T1 - Gas Tomography Up In The Air! N2 - In this paper, we present an autonomous aerial robot to reconstruct tomographic 2D slices of gas plumes in outdoor environments. Our platform, the so-called Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Remote Gas Sensing (UAV-REGAS) combines a lightweight Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensor with a 3-axis aerial stabilization gimbal for aiming on a versatile octocopter. The TDLAS sensor provides integral gas concentration measurements but no information regarding the distance traveled by the laser diode's beam or the distribution of the gas along the optical path. We complemented the set-up with a laser rangefinder and apply principles of Computed Tomography (CT) to create a model of the spatial gas distribution from these integral concentration measurements. To allow for a rudimentary ground truth evaluation of the applied gas tomography algorithm, we set up a unique outdoor test environment based on two 3D ultrasonic anemometers and a distributed array of 10 infrared gas transmitters. We present first results showing the 2D plume reconstruction capabilities of the system under realistic conditions. T2 - IEEE Sensors 2018 CY - New Delhi, India DA - 28.10.2018 KW - Aerial robot KW - TDLAS KW - Gas tomography KW - Plume PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-5386-4707-3 SP - 396 EP - 398 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-46477 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kluge, Martin T1 - Complex Fires - Auswirkung von Behälterversagen N2 - Auswirkung des Versagens von Gasbehältern für alternative Treibstoffe in Fahr-zeugen unter Berücksichtigung komplexer Brand- und Explosionsszenarien T2 - 5. Fachtagung „Technische Rettung aus Pkw“ CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 02.03.2016 KW - Behälterversagen KW - Explosionsszenarien KW - Gasbehälter PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35499 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kluge, Martin T1 - Sicherheit in Technik und Chemie - Großversuche im Bereich Brand- und Explosionsschutz N2 - Der Vortrag enthält eine Beschreibung der umfangreichen Möglichkeiten, die die BAM mit ihrem TTS für Großversuche im Bereich Brand- und Explosionsschutz bereithält. Außerdem wird das Themenfeld-Projekt CoFi-ABV kurz vorgestellt. T2 - Infoveranstaltung des BMBF zum EU-Programm "Sichere Eigenschaften - Horizont 2020" CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 28.03.2017 KW - Großversuche KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Alternative Antriebe KW - Behälterversagen KW - Alternative Kraftstoffe PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39607 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zeps, Robert A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Spoormaker, T. T1 - Experimental investigation on the self-heating and decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene in a 100-dm³-reactor N2 - In the industry there is a lack of data on the Minimum Ignition Temperature of decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene in industrial sized equipment. In order to determine the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene in large scale vessels, a facility was designed and constructed. Tests were carried out in a cylindrical reactor with a volume of 100 dm³ with initial pressures of 5 and 10 bar(a). In agreement with previous experiments with small scale cylindrical vessels, the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene was observed to decrease with the initial pressure. The current paper describes the test setup and summarizes the experimental results achieved. The effect of the reactor adjustment (vertical or horizontal) is discussed. Moreover, simplified equations from the Semenov thermal explosion theory are used to attempt extrapolations of previous and current data on the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene to other initial pressures and vessel volumes. T2 - Hazards XXIII Symposium CY - Southport, UK DA - 12.11.2012 KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Self-heating KW - Large-scale reactor PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-85295-557-4 N1 - Serientitel: Symposium Series – Series title: Symposium Series N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. VL - 158 IS - Paper 08 SP - 48 EP - 55 AN - OPUS4-27056 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Zeps, Robert A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Spoormaker, T. T1 - Analysis of the self-heating process of tetrafluoroethylene in a 100-dm³-reactor N2 - There is a lack of data on the self-ignition behaviour of tetrafluoroethylene in industrial sized equipment. Therefore, a facility was designed and constructed for the determination of the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene in a cylindrical reactor with a volume of 100 dm3. Tests with initial pressures of 5 and 10 bar(a) were performed. The Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene was observed to decrease with the initial pressure, in agreement with previous experiments with small scale cylindrical vessels. This paper describes the test set-up und gives an overview of the achieved experimental results. In particular the effect of the reactor orientation (vertical or horizontal) is discussed. Furthermore, simplified equations from the Semenov thermal explosion theory are used to attempt extrapolations of previous and current data on the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene to other vessel volumes or initial pressures. Moreover, the experimental data are plotted together against the heated volume to heated surface ratio, which should provide a better extrapolation to other vessel dimensions by taking into account that the efficiency of the dispersion of the heat generated by the reaction is different for two reactors with the same volume but different diameter. Finally, simplified methods for predicting the Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene presented previously by the authors are validated for large scale reactors with the experimental data collected within the current work. KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Decomposition KW - Self-ignition KW - Large-scale reactor PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2012.06.001 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - 1010 EP - 1017 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-26786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Meyer-Scherf, Ronald A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - A parametric study of shock wave simulations with help of COMSOL multiphysics N2 - Adiabatic compression of gases can work as an ignition source and is still one of the main causes of accidents in chemical plants processing tetrafluoroethylene (Reza and Christiansen, 2007). The ignition of tetrafluoroethylene induced by adiabatic compression has been studied experimentally with a setup which allowed for the rapid opening of a high speed valve connecting two portions of a pipeline at different initial pressures. Due to the fast opening time and to the high pressure difference, a shock wave in the pipeline was generated. The propagation of the shock wave and its reflection at the end of the pipeline caused pressure and temperature increase. This led to some ignitions in the experiments performed. Nonetheless, in some test an ignition was not achieved, even if this was expected according to the theoretical temperatures predicted by the Rankine-Hugoniot equations. In order to understand the discrepancy between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions, shock wave simulations have been carried out with COMSOL Multiphysics. The 'High Mach Flow' interface was used, since it solves the heat and impulse equations for fast flows. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show, respectively, the velocity and temperature distribution over time for a simulation in a 0.2 m pipeline of 20 mm in diameter with the following settings: - high pressure section: nitrogen initially at 20 bar; - low pressure section: nitrogen initially at 1 bar; - initial temperature of the system: 20 °C; - adiabatic walls with slip condition for the flow; - laminar flow. As from Figure 1 and Figure 2 the shock wave generation and propagation has been properly computed and the physical properties of the shock wave reflected the prediction of the Rankine-Hugoniot equation. Nonetheless, divergence problem occurred when trying to add turbulence to the system and strange temperature and profiles after the shock wave reflection were achieved if the no slip condition at the walls was chosen. Despite these limitations, it was possible to perform a parametric study and to analyze the effect of the pipe diameter and length on the shock wave evolution. Here simulations with constant wall temperature were carried out, in order to account for the heat losses to the pipe surroundings. Figure 3 shows that the temperature of the reflected wave is maintained for a longer time, if the pipe diameter is larger, due to minor heat losses. On the other hand, Figure 4 shows that higher average temperatures are achieved and maintained for a longer time if the pipe length increases. These results suggest that in the experiments performed by Meyer (2009) the pipe geometry was probably not optimal for the achievement/conservation of high temperatures and might explain the difficulty in inducing ignitions by adiabatic compression. T2 - COMSOL Conference 2012 CY - Milan, Italy DA - 2012-10-10 KW - Adiabatic compression KW - Shock wave KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-9839688-7-0 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. N1 - Geburtsname von Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. - Birth name of Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-26785 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Meyer-Scherf, Ronald A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Spoormaker, T. T1 - Self-ignition of tetrafluoroethylene induced by rapid valve opening in small diameter pipes N2 - This work investigates the ignition of tetrafluoroethylene induced by the adiabatic compression that can arise by activating a high speed valve separating two portions of a pipeline with a high pressure difference. In the tests performed the high pressure zone contained tetrafluoroethylene at pressures between 15 and 30 bar. For the low pressure zone, experiments with nitrogen, air and tetrafluoroethylene were carried out. The pressure range in the low pressure zone was comprised between 0.05 and 1 bar. The pipe diameters analyzed were 15 and 20 mm. For the analyzed geometries, special conditions were required in order to reach reproducible ignitions, namely air at temperatures of at least 105 °C had to be present in the compression pipe. Furthermore, a minimum length of the compression pipe had to be used. The current work describes the experimental setup employed for the tests and discusses the achieved results. Numerical simulations were performed in order to clarify unexpected findings. KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Decomposition KW - Self-ignition KW - Adiabatic compression PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2012.10.006 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 N1 - Geburtsname von Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. - Birth name of Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 177 EP - 185 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-27685 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Meyer-Scherf, Ronald A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Spoormaker, T. T1 - Study of the spontaneous ignition of stoichiometric tetrafluoroethylene-air mixtures at elevated pressures N2 - The Ignition Temperature (IT) of stoichiometric tetrafluoroethylene–air mixtures on hot walls was determined in a 3-dm³-reactor. Tests at elevated pressure conditions were performed, namely at 5, 15 and 25 bar(a), showing a decrease of the IT with the initial pressure. Furthermore, the measured ignition temperatures of stoichiometric tetrafluoroethylene–air mixtures were lower than the ignition temperatures required for the decomposition pure tetrafluoroethylene (Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition, MITD) reported in previous works. Equations from the Semenov thermal explosion theory on spontaneous ignition were used to identify approximate combustion kinetics of tetrafluoroethylene from the experimental results. The determined kinetics was used for the prediction of the IT of stoichiometric tetrafluoroethylene-air by simplified calculation methods. A very good agreement with the experimental results was observed. KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Combustion KW - Ignition KW - Self-ignition PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.02.008 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 N1 - Geburtsname von Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. - Birth name of Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 759 EP - 765 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-28548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Zeps, Robert A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Spoormaker, T. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - The explosive decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene: large scale tests and simulations N2 - There is a lack of data on the self-ignition behaviour of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) in industrial sized equipment. In order to assess the tendency of TFE for decomposition in large scale vessels, , a facility was designed and constructed. Tests were carried out in a cylindrical reactor with a volume of 100 L with initial pressures of 5 and 10 bar(a). The effect of the reactor adjustment (vertical or horizontal) was taken into account. The current work describes the test set up and summarizes the experimental results achieved. Furthermore, this paper reports on a numerical model for the prediction of the self -heating of TFE in closed vessels, which was previously developed for small scale reactors and has been here validated for larger dimensions with the experiments performed in the new facility. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Self-heating KW - Large-scale reactor KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 1 EP - 6(?) PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Zeps, Robert T1 - Simulation and experimental determination of the self-ignition of tetrafluoroethylene in a 100-dm³-autoclave N2 - The main industrial application of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE, Chemical formula C2F4) is as monomer in the production of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), sold under various brand names, like Teflon® resin by DuPont. The process leading to the formation of PTFE is a Polymerisation, which normally occurs in large reactors as a liquid phase reaction. T2 - 11. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 07.11.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-86011-058-4 IS - P-15 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-30026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Ferrero, Fabio T1 - Modeling helps improve safety in the production of teflon KW - Self ignition KW - Numerical simulation KW - MITD KW - TFE PY - 2011 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. SP - 44 EP - 45 AN - OPUS4-23831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -