TY - CONF
A1 - Lüth, Peter
A1 - Frost, K.
A1 - Kurth, Lutz
A1 - Malow, Marcus
A1 - Schmidt, Martin
A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike
A1 - Uhlig, S.
A1 - Zakel, S.
T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm für die Chemikaliensicherheit – Entwicklung von Verfahren zur Verifizierung der Prüfapparatur am Beispiel der Prüfmethode UN Test N.5
N2 - Prävention beginnt im Prüflabor, wenn Chemikalien auf ihre gefährlichen Eigenschaften getestet werden. Dazu sind Prüfmethoden entwickelt und veröffentlicht worden, die heute weltweit Anwendung finden. Auf die Validität der Prüfmethode und richtige Durchführung der Prüfung im Laboratorium müssen sich Sicherheitsfachkräfte, Transporteure oder Händler verlassen können. Anhand der in den letzten 10 Jahren im Rahmen des CEQAT-DGHS von BAM und PTB durchgeführten Ringversuche (RV) wird gezeigt, dass bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden ein Verbesserungsbedarf besteht. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenverbesserung und -validierung abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. Das Labormanagement und die praktische Durchführung der Prüfung sind in vielen Laboratorien verbesserungsbedürftig. Der Begriff „Erfahrung der Prüfer“ ist kritisch zu sehen: Eine „lange Erfahrung mit vielen Prüfungen“ ist nicht unbedingt ein Garant für richtige Ergebnisse. Bei der Prüfung der gefährlichen Eigenschaften von Chemikalien sind Referenzmaterialen auf Grund der Instabilität in der Regel nicht verfügbar. Für Prüflaboratorien sind RV daher eine Alternative bei der Qualitätssicherung. RV sind jedoch aufwendig und können nur in relativ großen Zeitabständen durchgeführt werden. Es sind deshalb Verfahren zur Verifizierung z. B. der in den Laboratorien verwendeten Prüfapparaturen zu entwickeln. Die Entwicklung von Verifizierungsverfahren wird am Bespiel der Prüfmethode UN Test N.5 demonstriert.
T2 - 15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 21.05.2019
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - Gefahrstoff
KW - Ringversuch
KW - Prüfmethode
KW - Validierung
KW - Qualitätssicherung
KW - Verifizierung
PY - 2019
UR - https://www.ptb.de/cms/index.php?id=18763
DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/210.20190521E
SP - 1
EP - 10
CY - Braunschweig
AN - OPUS4-49495
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lüth, Peter
A1 - Frost, K.
A1 - Kurth, Lutz
A1 - Malow, Marcus
A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike
A1 - Schmidt, Martin
A1 - Schulte, Petra
A1 - Uhlig, S.
A1 - Zakel, S.
T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Interlaboratory Test Programme for Chemical Safety - Need of Test Methods Validation
N2 - Safety experts, manufacturers, suppliers, importers, employers or consumers must be able to rely on the validity of safety-related test methods and on correct test results and assessments in the laboratory. Via the eChemPortal lots of data from the REACH registration dossiers are available. However, the quality and correctness of the information remains in the responsibility of the data submitter. Unfortunately, we found more or less appropriate information on physicochemical properties and concluded that more quality or adequacy of any data submitted will be needed.
Interlaboratory tests play a decisive role in assessing the reliability of test results. Interlaboratory tests on different test methods have been performed by Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in collaboration with the QuoData GmbH during the last 10 years. Significant differences between the results of the participating laboratories were observed in all interlaboratory tests. The deviations of the test results were not caused only by laboratory faults but also by deficiencies of the test method.
In view of the interlaboratory test results the following conclusions can be drawn:
• To avoid any discrepancy on classification and labelling of chemicals it should become state of the art to use validated test methods and the results accompanied by the measurement uncertainty.
• A need for improvement is demonstrated for all examined test methods. Thus, interlaboratory tests shall initially aim at the development, improvement and validation of the test methods and not on proficiency tests.
• The laboratory management and the practical execution of the tests need to be improved in many laboratories.
• The term "experience of the examiner" must be seen critically: A "long experience with many tests" is not necessarily a guarantee for correct results.
T2 - 16th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries and accompanying exhibition. Loss prevention 2019
CY - Delft, The Netherlands
DA - 16.06.2019
KW - Dangerous goods
KW - Hazardous substances
KW - Round robin test
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
KW - Test method
KW - Validation
KW - Quality assurance
PY - 2019
UR - https://www.aidic.it/cet/19/77/001.pdf
SN - 978-88-95608-74-7
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1977001
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 77
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Italian Association of Chemical Engineering
AN - OPUS4-49496
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ferrero, Fabio
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Kreißig, Michael
A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Prevention of the explosion of acetylene cylinders involved in fire: experiments and simulations
N2 - In order to assess the effectiveness of water cooling of acetylene cylinders involved in fire, a total of 13 bonfire tests with 8.9-, 10
and 50-l-cylinders were performed. During the experiments the pressure
in the cylinder and the temperature at different locations within the porous material and on the Shell surface as well as the flame temperature were measured. Overall 8 burst tests were performed, in order to determine the times to explosion for the cylinders. Cylinders failed not later than 15 minutes from the ignition of the bonfire, often with generation of a fireball. During the other 5 tests, the fire was extinguished before the expected burst and the cylinder was cooled with water. In 2 of the 5 extinction experiments, the explosion of the cylinder could be prevented. Noticeably, in one case the on-set of the decomposition of acetylene had already been observed, before the cooling was started. In spite of that, the cooling was still effective. The interpretation of the current results and of the data from previous tests with 40-l-cylinder suggests that single acetylene cylinders involved in fire might be saved by cooling, if their pressure does not exceed a value of about 45 bara. The recorded values of pressure and temperature were used to develop and validate a mathematical model for the prediction of the heat transfer in acetylene cylinders during the exposure to fire and the afterward cooling. The predictions agreed well with the experimental results.
T2 - 23rd ICDERS 2011
CY - Irvine, CA, USA
DA - 24.07.2011
KW - Acetylene
KW - Gas cylinders
KW - Fire exposure
KW - Decomposition
PY - 2011
N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M.
IS - Paper 132
SP - 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-24153
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Krentel, Daniel
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Storm, Sven-Uwe
A1 - Rudolph, Michael
A1 - Schoppa, André
A1 - Sczepaniak, Mariusz
T1 - Mobile gas cylinders in fire: Consequences in case of failure
N2 - Commercial, off-the shelf propane cylinders are subjected to high safety regulations. Furthermore, those cylinders are equipped with safety devices like pressure relief valves (PRV). Despite these regulations and safety measures, a failure of the container is possible if exposed to an intense fire. The result of this is severe hazard for users, rescue forces and infrastructure. Within the framework of a destructive test series, 15 identical propane cylinders, without pressure relief devices, were exposed to an intensive fire in horizontal position until failure. Each cylinder was filled with a mass of m =11 kg of liquid propane. Three different fire sources were used (wood, petrol, propane). The experiments revealed the failure of all cylinders in a time period t < 155 s. The failure lead to a fragmentation into several major parts with throwing distances of up to l =262 m. In all trials, the temperature of the cylinder wall (top, side, bottom), of the liquid phase inside and of the surrounding fire (top, side, bottom) was recorded. In addition, the inner cylinder pressure and the induced overpressure of the blast wave after the failure were recorded. Overpressures of up to p=0.27 bar were recorded close to the cylinder (l =5 m). All tests were documented by video from several positions (general view, close-up, high-speed 5000 fps). This test series creates the basis for further experimental studies in the field of alternative fuels for vehicles. The aim of this test series is to assess and analyse the consequences of the failure of gas vessels (for LPG, CNG, CGH2) in the aftermath of severe incidents.
KW - Explosion
KW - Gas cylinders
KW - Consequences
PY - 2017
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037971121730098X
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.05.006
SN - 0379-7112
SN - 1873-7226
VL - 91
SP - 989
EP - 996
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-40550
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krentel, Daniel
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Rudolph, Michael
A1 - Schoppa, André
A1 - Storm, Sven-Uwe
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
T1 - Auswirkungen von unfallbedingtem Behälterversagen bei alternativen Pkw-Antrieben - Teil 1: Problemstellung, Stand der Technik und Voruntersuchungen
N2 - Flüssige und komprimierte Gase sind in Deutschland, Europa und der Welt vielfältig als alternative Kraftstoffe im Einsatz. Diese werden unter teilweise hohem Druck in robusten Behältern an Bord gespeichert. Ein Versagen des Treibstoffbehälters im Schadensfall sollen verschiedene Sicherheitseinrichtungen, auch bei einem eventuell unfallbedingt auftretenden Fahrzeugbrand, verhindern. Sind diese Sicherheitseinrichtungen unfallbedingt beschädigt oder liegen die Belastungen dieser Einrichtung außerhalb ihres Auslegungsbereichs, ist ein Versagen des Behälters dennoch möglich. Dadurch kann es zur Bildung eines explosionsfähigen Brennstoff-Luft-Gemischs mit den entsprechenden Folgen für Fahrgäste, Einsatzkräfte und Umfeld kommen. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) untersucht im Forschungsprojekt "CoFi-ABV" mit umfangreichen zerstörenden Versuchsreihen im Realmaßstab die Folgen des unfallbedingten Versagens von Behältern für alternative Kraftstoffe und Maßnahmen zur Reduktion dieser Folgen im Rahmen einer ganzheitlichen Auswirkungsbetrachtung. Dieser Beitrag ist der Start einer Reihe und soll die Problemstellung sowie die Projektinhalte umfassend erläutern.
KW - Alternative Antriebe
KW - Alternative Kraftstoffe
KW - Behälterversagen
KW - Fahrzeugbrand
PY - 2016
SN - 2191-0073
VL - 6
IS - 9
SP - 39
EP - 46
PB - Springer-VDI-Verlag
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-37360
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Krentel, Daniel
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Rudolph, Michael
A1 - Schoppa, André
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
T1 - Versagen von Gasbehältern für alternative Treibstoffe
N2 - Im Rahmen des Projekts „Complex Fires – Auswirkung von Behälterversagen“ (CoFi-ABV) sollen die Auswirkungen des Versagens von Gasbehältern für alternative Treibstoffe in Fahrzeugen unter Berücksichtigung komplexer Brand- und Explosionsszenarien untersucht werden. Es wird der aktuelle Hintergrund des Forschungsvorhabens erläutert sowie die geplanten Untersuchungen und beabsichtigten Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Hauptbestandteil des Projekts ist eine Vielzahl von zerstörenden Großversuchen. Im Vorfeld dieser Großversuche werden zur Weiterentwicklung und Adaptierung von Messtechnik Versuche im kleineren Maßstab durchgeführt. Im Folgenden werden Teile dieser Ver-suchsaufbauten im „mid-scale“ sowie die dabei verwendete Messtechnik dargestellt. Weiterhin werden erste Ergebnisse aus Wärmeeintragsversuchen zur Quantifizierung verschiedener Unterfeuerungsmethoden für die zerstörenden Großversuche vorgestellt.
T2 - 14. Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik (BAM-PTB-Kolloquium)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.06.2016
KW - Explosion
KW - alternative Treibstoffe
KW - Behälterversagen
KW - Composite
PY - 2016
SN - 978-3-9817853-5-7
SN - 0938-5533
SP - 1
EP - 143
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
AN - OPUS4-37172
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Raedel, Martina
A1 - Sabel, Martin
A1 - Bücker, Michael
A1 - Unger, Brita
ED - Meeks, N.
ED - Cartwright, C.
ED - Meek, A.
ED - Mongiatti, A.
T1 - ESEM-EDX analyses for the characterisation and reproduction of nineteenth-century gold tesserae
N2 - Environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (ESEM-EDX) is a versatile working tool for the examination of gold tesserae as well as for the selection of suitable materials for their reproduction. In this paper, the ESEM-EDX analyses of original gold tesserae and their damage types are presented. These analytical results form the basis for further calculations of glass properties and experiments. These calculated values enable the determination of the relevant glass properties and allow us to choose the appropriate type of modern glass for further experiments. Subsequent experiments convert this knowledge into practice. By comparing the analytical results from the original glasses and the replicas the accuracy and precision will be shown.
KW - Gold mosaics
KW - Tesserae
KW - ESEM-EDX
KW - Glass analyses
KW - Damage mechanism
PY - 2012
SN - 978-1-904982-65-4
SP - 107
EP - 113
PB - Archetype publications Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-27641
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald
A1 - Hüllmann, Dino
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Krentel, Daniel
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Rudolph, Michael
A1 - Schoppa, André
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
A1 - Storm, Sven-Uwe
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Auswirkungen von Behälterversagen bei alternativen PKW-Antrieben - Teil 2: UAV-basierte Fernerkundung von Gaswolken
N2 - Verkehrsunfälle unter Beteiligung von Fahrzeugen mit alternativen Kraftstoffen wie LPG („Autogas“, Liquefied Petroleum Gas), CNG (Compressed Natural Gas, komprimiertes Erdgas) oder CGH2 (Compressed Gas Hydrogen, komprimierter Wasserstoff), bergen neue, komplexe Risiken für Passagiere, Einsatzkräfte und deren Umfeld. Im Rahmen des Projektes „CoFi-ABV“ beschäftigt sich die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) unter Berücksichtigung komplexer Brand- und Explosionsszenarien mit einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung der Auswirkungen des unfallbedingten Versagens von Gasbehältern für alternative Kraftstoffe. Ein wichtiger Teil des Forschungsvorhabens umfasst Entwicklung, Aufbau und Validierung einer unbemannten Flugplattform (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV) zur Ferndetektion von Gaswolken. Für das sogenannte gassensitive Mini-UAV wird ein robuster Open-Path-Gasdetektor auf einer Sensorbewegungsplattform in Form eines modifizierten Kamera-Gimbals, integriert. Ziel ist es, ein leistungsfähiges und robustes Werkzeug zu entwickeln, welches Einsatzkräften im Falle eines Unfalls als Hilfe zur Abschätzung der Gefahr durch Gaswolken, ihrer Ausbreitung und der notwendigen Absperrbereiche zur Verfügung steht. Dieser Artikel ist der zweite der Reihe und legt, nach Projektvorstellung im ersten Teil, nun den Schwerpunkt auf das gassensitive Mini-UAV.
KW - UAV
KW - Fernerkundung
KW - Open-Path-Gasdetektor
KW - Alternative Antriebe/Kraftstoffe
KW - Behälterversagen
PY - 2016
SN - 2191-0073
VL - 6
IS - 11/12
SP - 23
EP - 28
PB - Springer-VDI-Verlag
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-38517
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krentel, Daniel
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Rudolph, Michael
A1 - Schoppa, André
A1 - Storm, Sven-Uwe
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
T1 - Experimental investigation of failure of LPG gas tanks in passenger cars during full fire development
N2 - In continuation of a preceding test series involving sole LPG vehicle tanks, three passenger cars equipped with identical toroidal steel LPG tanks were set on fire. The tanks were installed in the space normally reserved for the spare tyre, in the car boot. No safety device was installed on the tank, in order to force critical failure of the cylinder. Two of the cars were equipped with a tank filled with liquefied propane to a level of 20 % (5.3 kg), the third one was filled completely (25.5 kg). The partially filled tanks failed critically within a time period of more than 20 min after the initiation of the fire. The fully-filled tank did not rupture; the propane was released continuously through a small leak that appeared during the fire. Comprehensive equipment was used to procure measurement data, enabling an analysis of potential consequences and hazards to humans and infrastructure within the vehicle surroundings. The inner status of the tank (pressure, temperature of the liquid phase and the steel casing), the development of the fire (temperature inside and around the vehicle) and the pressure induced in the near-field in case of tank rupture were recorded. The results were analysed in detail and compared against the data gained in tests involving sole, but identical LPG tanks.
T2 - FIVE 2018
CY - Boras, Sweden
DA - 03.10.2018
KW - Behälterversagen
KW - LPG
KW - Alternative Antriebe
KW - Fahrzeugbrand
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtung
PY - 2018
SN - 978-91-88695-95-6
VL - 51
SP - 123
EP - 131
PB - RISE Safety
CY - Boras
AN - OPUS4-46310
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krentel, Daniel
A1 - Rudolph, Michael
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Schalau, Bernd
A1 - Schoppa, André
A1 - Storm, Sven-Uwe
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Infrared radiation measurement at failure of mobile gas vessels
N2 - 15 identical off-the-shelf propane cylinders (m = 11 kg liquid propane) were underfired. The infrared Radiation of the Explosion, that occurred in the aftermath of the vessel failure, was recorded using four bolometers. These measurements are compared with an estimation of the Maximum intensity gained by an Analysis of the Video data, an Extended Version of the Stefan-Boltzmann law and a BLEVE model.
T2 - 26th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems
CY - Boston, USA
DA - 30.07.2017
KW - Failure of gas vessels
KW - Propane cylinder
KW - Gas explosion
KW - Consequences
KW - Infrared radiation
PY - 2017
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - FM Global
CY - Seattle, USA
AN - OPUS4-41993
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bevilacqua, Tommaso
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Habibi, Niloufar
A1 - Hartwig, Philipp
A1 - Klawonn, Axel
A1 - Lanser, Martin
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
A1 - Scheunemann, Lisa
A1 - Schröeder, Jöerg
T1 - Large-scale thermo-mechanical simulation of laser beam welding using high-performance computing: A qualitative reproduction of experimental results
N2 - Laser beam welding (LBW) is a non-contact joining technique that has gained significant importance in modern industrial manufacturing. One potential problem, however, is the formation of solidification cracks, which particularly affects alloys with a pronounced melting range. The aim of the present work is the development of computational methods and software tools to numerically simulate LBW. In order to obtain a sufficiently accurate solution, a large number of finite elements has to be used. Therefore, a highly parallel scalable solver framework, based on the software library PETSc, was used to solve this computationally challenging problem on a high-performance computing architecture. Finally, the experimental results and the numerical simulations are compared. They are found to be in good qualitative agreement, which confirms the validity of the numerical simulations and allows for a better interpretation of the experimentally observed strain distribution.
KW - Laser beam welding
KW - Termo-mechanical processes
KW - Solidification cracking
KW - High-performance computing
KW - Domain decomposition methods
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108827
SN - 2590-1230
SP - 1
EP - 33
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65290
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Ferrero, Fabio
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Hensel, Christina
A1 - Kreißig, Michael
A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Unterfeuerung von Acetylendruckgasbehältern
T2 - 10. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit
CY - Köthen, Deutschland
DA - 2010-11-04
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Acetylen
KW - Feuer
KW - Wasserkühlung
KW - Wärmeübertragung
PY - 2010
SN - 978-3-89746-119-2
N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M.
IS - Paper N-02
SP - 1
EP - 20
CY - Frankfurt/M.
AN - OPUS4-22351
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ferrero, Fabio
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Kreißig, Michael
A1 - Hensel, Christina
A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Preventing the explosion of acetylene cylinders involved in fire with help of numerical modeling
N2 - The current paper describes a mathematical model, which was developed to simulate the heat transfer in acetylene cylinders during exposure to a fire. The cases of a direct engulfment of the cylinder in the flames and of exposure to a distant fire were considered. Furthermore, the model was also applied to the prediction of the heat transfer during the cooling with water of heated acetylene cylinders, in order to assess the effectiveness of this procedure as a measure to prevent the burst of the cylinder. To provide data for the definition and validation of the model a total of 13 bonfire tests with 8.9-, 10- and 50-dm³-cylinders were performed, where pressure and temperature measurements in the samples were performed. During 5 experiments the fire was extinguished before the expected cylinder burst and a cooling with water was applied. In the paper a short description of the experimental set-up and of the test results is given. Finally, a comparison with the model predictions is provided, showing reasonable agreement.
KW - Acetylene cylinders
KW - Fire
KW - Explosion
KW - Cooling
KW - Numerical model
PY - 2012
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2011.10.006
SN - 0950-4230
SN - 1873-3352
N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M.
VL - 25
IS - 2
SP - 364
EP - 372
PB - Butterworth
CY - Guildford, Surrey
AN - OPUS4-25137
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Martin
A1 - Scheid, Marc
A1 - Seifert, Alexander
A1 - Böhme, Thilo
A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter
A1 - Bulin, Michael
T1 - Bandbreiten sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen brennbarer Stäube im Gemeinsamen Stoffdatenpool Bund / Länder (GSBL)
N2 - Die Beurteilung des Gefahrenpotentials brennbarer Stäube erfolgt üblicherweise mit Hilfe so genannter sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen (STK). Häufig werden hierfür in Datenbanken bereitgestellte Werte in der Vergangenheit untersuchter Stäube herangezogen. Insbesondere aufgrund stofflicher Unterschiede der untersuchten Stäube sind erhebliche Streuungen der ermittelten STK in Datenbanken enthaltener namentlich identischer Stäube festzustellen. Die Verwendung der Daten von Einzelstäuben kann daher zu unsicheren Einschätzungen hinsichtlich des Brand- und Explosionsschutzes führen.
Vorgestellt wird ein Konzept, Stäube zu praxisrelevanten Gruppen zusammenzufassen und bewertete Bandbreiten sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen anzugeben. Die im Rahmen eines vom Sächsischen Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie, Dresden geförderten Vorhabens generierten Staubgruppen und zugehörigen Bandbreiten der STK stehen in der Datenbank GSBLpublic für die freie Nutzung zur Verfügung.
T2 - 11. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit
CY - Köthen, Germany
DA - 07.11.2013
KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen
KW - Stäube
KW - Staubexplosionen
KW - Datenbank
PY - 2013
SN - 978-3-86011-058-4
IS - P-03
SP - 1
EP - 11
AN - OPUS4-29532
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gomes, Bruna F.
A1 - Prokop, Martin
A1 - Bystron, Tomas
A1 - Loukrakpam, Rameshwori
A1 - Melke, Julia
A1 - Lobo, Carlos M. S.
A1 - Fink, Michael
A1 - Zhu, Mengshu
A1 - Voloshina, Elena
A1 - Kutter, Maximilian
A1 - Hoffmann, Hendrik
A1 - Yusenko, Kirill V.
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Röder, Bettina
A1 - Bouzek, Karel
A1 - Paulus, Beate
A1 - Roth, Christina
T1 - Following Adsorbed Intermediates on a Platinum Gas Diffusion Electrode in H3PO3-Containing Electrolytes Using In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
N2 - One of the challenges of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the poisoning of the Pt catalystwith H3PO4. H3PO4 is imbibed into the routinely used polybenzimidazole-based membranes, which facilitate Proton conductivity in the temperature range of 120−200 °C. However, when leached out of the membrane by water produced during operation, H3PO4 adsorbs on the Pt catalyst surface, blocking the active sites and hindering the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
The reduction of H3PO4 to H3PO3, which occurs at the anode due to a combination of a low potential and the presence of gaseous H2, has been investigated as an additional important contributing factor to the observed poisoning effect. H3PO3 has an affinity toward adsorption on Pt surfaces even greater than that of H2PO4 −. In this work, we investigated the poisoning effect of both H3PO3 and H3PO4 using a half-cell setup with a gas diffusion electrode under ambient conditions. By means of in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, it was possible to follow the signature of different species adsorbed on the Pt nanoparticle catalyst (H, O, H2PO4 −, and H3PO3) at different potentials under ORR conditions in various electrolytes (HClO4, H3PO4, and H3PO3). It was found that H3PO3 adsorbs in a pyramidal configuration P(OH)3 through a Pt−P bond. The competition between H3PO4 and H3PO3 adsorption was studied, which should allow for a better understanding of the catalyst poisoning mechanism and thus assist in the development of strategies to mitigate this phenomenon in the future by minimizing H3PO3 generation by, for example, improved catalyst design or adapted operation conditions or changes in the electrolyte composition.
KW - H3PO4 life cycle
KW - XAS
KW - In situ coupling
KW - High-temperature fuel cells
KW - H3PO3,
KW - Δμ XANES
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c02630
SN - 2155-5435
VL - 12
IS - 18
SP - 11472
EP - 11484
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-64733
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - INPR
A1 - Tannenberg, Robert
A1 - Tscheuschner, Georg
A1 - Raab, Christopher
A1 - Flemig, Sabine
A1 - Döring, Sarah
A1 - Ponader, Marco
A1 - Thurmann, Melinda
A1 - Paul, Martin
A1 - Weller, Michael G.
T1 - Simplified Sample Preparation and Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of Plant Viruses
N2 - Lateral flow immunoassays (LFA) are widely used for decentralized testing, but their application for in-field plant virus diagnostics is often limited by tedious sample preparation. Here, we present a simplified dipstick LFA for the detection and monitoring of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) as a model plant pathogen. The assay employes a monoclonal mouse antibody for capture and a polyclonal rabbit antibody conjugated to 80-nm gold nanoparticles for detection. Conventional sample and conjugate pads are omitted, allowing the test strips to be dipped directly into wells containing plant extract and antibody-gold conjugate. In addition, no plastic casing was necessary, which significantly reduces waste. It was shown that CCMV concentrations as low as 4 μg/L or 400 pg per sample could be reliably detected in 15 minutes. Specificity tests confirmed that other plant viruses, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), did not produce false positive results. Furthermore, we describe a field-compatible sampling procedure using a manual punch and a disposable syringe. This step combines sample grinding, extraction, and conjugate reconstitution within the syringe frit, enabling the analysis of punched leaf discs without laboratory equipment. When applied to CCMV-infected cowpea plants, the assay revealed systemic infection before visual symptoms became apparent. This work demonstrates that simplified LFAs combined with innovative sampling techniques can provide sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostics for crop monitoring and support early intervention strategies in agriculture.
N2 - Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFA) werden häufig für dezentrale Tests verwendet, aber ihre Anwendung für die Diagnose von Pflanzenviren im Feld wird oft durch die mühsame Probenvorbereitung eingeschränkt. Hier stellen wir einen vereinfachten Dipstick-LFA zum Nachweis und zur Überwachung des Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV) als Modellpflanzenpathogen vor. Der Assay verwendet einen monoklonalen Maus-Antikörper zum Einfangen des Virus und einen polyklonalen Kaninchen-Antikörper, der an 80-nm-Goldnanopartikel konjugiert ist, zum Nachweis. Herkömmliche Proben- und Konjugatpads entfallen, sodass die Teststreifen direkt in Vertiefungen getaucht werden können, die Pflanzenextrakt und Antikörper-Gold-Konjugat enthalten. Darüber hinaus war keine Kunststoffhülle erforderlich, was den Abfall erheblich reduziert. Es zeigte sich, dass CCMV-Konzentrationen von nur 4 μg/L oder 400 pg pro Probe innerhalb von 15 Minuten zuverlässig nachgewiesen werden konnten. Spezifitätstests bestätigten, dass andere Pflanzenviren, das Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV) und das Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), keine falsch positiven Ergebnisse lieferten. Darüber hinaus beschreiben wir ein feldtaugliches Probenahmeverfahren unter Verwendung eines manuellen Stanzers und einer Einwegspritze. Dieser Schritt kombiniert das Zerkleinern der Probe, die Extraktion und die Rekonstitution des Konjugats innerhalb der Spritzenfritte und ermöglicht so die Analyse von ausgestanzten Blattscheiben ohne Laborausrüstung. Bei der Anwendung auf CCMV-infizierte Augenbohnenpflanzen zeigte der Test eine systemische Infektion, bevor visuelle Symptome sichtbar wurden. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass vereinfachte LFAs in Kombination mit innovativen Probenahmetechniken eine sensitive, spezifische und schnelle Diagnostik für die Überwachung von Nutzpflanzen ermöglichen und frühzeitige Interventionsstrategien in der Landwirtschaft unterstützen können.
KW - Vigna unguiculata
KW - Cowpea
KW - Sample preparation
KW - Plant pathogen
KW - Mobile detection
KW - Crop monitoring
KW - Plastic waste
KW - Lateral flow immunoassay
KW - Plant virus
KW - Sample pad
KW - Conjugate pad
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-651731
DO - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202512.1492.v1
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - MDPI
CY - Basle, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-65173
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Steglich, P.
A1 - Rabus, D. G.
A1 - Sada, C.
A1 - Paul, Martin
A1 - Weller, Michael G.
A1 - Mai, C.
A1 - Mai, A.
T1 - Silicon Photonic Micro-Ring Resonators for Chemical and Biological Sensing: A Tutorial
N2 - Silicon photonic micro-ring resonators (MRR) developed on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform, owing to their high sensitivity and small footprint, show great potential for many chemical and biological sensing applications such as label-free detection in environmental monitoring, biomedical engineering, and food analysis. In this tutorial,we provide the theoretical background and give design guidelines for SOI-based MRR as well as examples of surface functionalization procedures for label-free detection of molecules. After introducing the advantages and perspectives of MRR, fundamentals of MRR are described in detail, followed by an introduction to the fabrication methods, which are based on a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Optimization of MRR for chemical and biological sensing is provided, with special emphasis on the optimization of waveguide geometry. At this point, the difference between chemical bulk sensing and label-free surface sensing is explained, and definitions like waveguide sensitivity, ring sensitivity, overall sensitivity as well as the limit of detection (LoD) of MRR are introduced. Further, we show and explain chemical bulk sensing of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water and provide a recipe for label-free surface sensing.
KW - Biosensors
KW - Biophotonics
KW - Chemosensor
KW - Biosensor
KW - Microresonator
KW - Nanophotonics
KW - Optical sensors
KW - Photonic sensors
KW - Optoelectronic
KW - Ring resonator
KW - Silicon photonics
KW - Miniaturization
KW - Lab-on-a-chip
KW - Lab-on-chip
KW - Waveguide
KW - Surface chemistry
KW - Silanization
KW - Glutaraldehyde
KW - Affinity immobilization
KW - Antibody
KW - Oriented immobilization
KW - Real-time measurement
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3119547
SN - 1530-437X
VL - 22
IS - 11
SP - 10089
EP - 10105
PB - IEEE
AN - OPUS4-55147
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Steglich, P.
A1 - Bondarenko, S.
A1 - Mai, C.
A1 - Paul, Martin
A1 - Weller, Michael G.
A1 - Mai, A.
T1 - CMOS-Compatible Silicon Photonic Sensor for Refractive Index Sensing Using Local Back-Side Release
N2 - Silicon photonic sensors are promising candidates for lab-on-a-chip solutions with versatile applications and scalable production prospects using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication methods. However, the widespread use has been hindered because the sensing area adjoins optical and electrical components making packaging and sensor handling challenging. In this work, a local back-side release of the photonic sensor is employed, enabling a separation of the sensing area from the rest of the chip. This approach allows preserving the compatibility of photonic integrated circuits in the front-end of line and metal interconnects in the back-end of line. The sensor is based on a micro-ring resonator and is fabricated on wafer-level using a CMOS technology. We revealed a ring resonator sensitivity for homogeneous sensing of 106 nm/RIU.
KW - Photonic biosensor
KW - Lab-on-a-chip
KW - Ring resonator
KW - Resonance wavelength shift
KW - PIC technology
KW - Back-side integration
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517139
DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2020.3019114
VL - 32
IS - 19
SP - 1241
EP - 1244
PB - IEEE
AN - OPUS4-51713
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tannenberg, Robert
A1 - Paul, Martin
A1 - Röder, Bettina
A1 - Gande, S. L.
A1 - Sreeramulu, S.
A1 - Saxena, K.
A1 - Richter, C.
A1 - Schwalbe, H.
A1 - Swart, C.
A1 - Weller, Michael G.
T1 - Chemiluminescence biosensor for the determination of cardiac troponin I (cTnI)
N2 - Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a crucial biomarker for diagnosing cardiac vascular diseases, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study presents a proof-of-concept chemiluminescence-based immunosensor for rapid and accurate measurement of cTnI, with the potential for online monitoring. The immunosensor incorporates a flow cell design and a sensitive complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera for optical readout. A microfluidic setup was established to enable selective and quasi-online determination of cTnI within ten minutes. The sensor was tested with recombinant cTnI in phosphate buffer, demonstrating measurements in the concentration range of 2–25 µg/L, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.6 µg/L (23 pmol/L) achieved using the optimized system. The immunosensor exhibited high selectivity, as no cross-reactivity was observed with other recombinant proteins such as cTnT and cTnC at a concentration of 16 µg/L. Measurements with diluted blood plasma and serum yielded an LoD of 60 µg/L (2.4 nmol/L) and 70 µg/L (2.9 nmol/L), respectively. This biosensor offers a promising approach for the rapid and sensitive detection of cTnI, contributing to the diagnosis and management of acute myocardial infarction and other cardiac vascular diseases.
N2 - Das kardiale Troponin I (cTnI) ist ein wichtiger Biomarker für die Diagnose von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, einschließlich des akuten Myokardinfarkts (AMI). In dieser Studie wird ein auf Chemilumineszenz basierender Immunsensor für die schnelle und genaue Messung von cTnI vorgestellt, der das Potenzial für eine Online-Überwachung hat. Der Immunsensor besteht aus einer Durchflusszelle und einer empfindlichen CMOS-Kamera (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) zur optischen Detektion. Es wurde ein mikrofluidischer Aufbau entwickelt, der eine selektive und quasi Online-Bestimmung von cTnI innerhalb von zehn Minuten ermöglicht. Der Sensor wurde mit rekombinantem cTnI in Phosphatpuffer getestet und zeigte einen Messbereich von 2-25 µg/L, wobei mit dem optimierten System eine Nachweisgrenze (LoD) von 0,6 µg/L (23 pmol/L) erreicht wurde. Der Immunsensor zeigte eine hohe Selektivität, da keine Kreuzreaktivität mit anderen rekombinanten Proteinen wie cTnT und cTnC bei einer Konzentration von 16 µg/L beobachtet wurde. Messungen mit verdünntem Blutplasma und Serum ergaben einen LoD von 60 µg/L (2,4 nmol/L) bzw. 70 µg/L (2,9 nmol/L). Dieser Biosensor bietet einen vielversprechenden Ansatz für den schnellen und empfindlichen Nachweis von cTnI, der zur Diagnose und Behandlung des akuten Myokardinfarkts und anderer kardialer Gefäßerkrankungen beitragen kann.
KW - Acute myocardial infarction
KW - Heart attack
KW - Emergency
KW - Diagnosis
KW - Cardiac troponin
KW - Biomarker
KW - Immunosensor
KW - Biosensor
KW - Chemiluminescence
KW - Luminol
KW - Peroxidase
KW - Monoclonal antibodies
KW - Flow injection immunoassay
KW - Immunometric assay
KW - Immunometric biosensor
KW - Microfluidic system
KW - Monolithic column
KW - Online biosensor
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575471
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13040455
SN - 2079-6374
VL - 13
IS - 4
SP - 1
EP - 20
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-57547
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Paul, Martin
A1 - Weller, Michael G.
T1 - Antibody screening by microarray technology - Direct identification of selective high-affinity clones
N2 - The primary screening of hybridoma cells is a time-critical and laborious step during the development of monoclonal antibodies. Often, critical errors occur in this phase, which supports the notion that the generation of monoclonal antibodies with hybridoma technology is difficult to control and hence, a risky venture. We think that it is crucial to improve the screening process to eliminate most of the critical deficits of the conventional approach. With this new microarray-based procedure, several advances could be achieved: Selectivity for excellent binders, high-throughput, reproducible signals, avoidance of misleading avidity (multivalency) effects, and performance of simultaneous competition experiments. The latter can also be used to select clones of desired cross-reactivity properties. In this paper, a model system with two excellent clones against carbamazepine, two weak clones, and blank supernatant containing fetal bovine serum was designed to examine the effectiveness of the new system. The excellent clones could be detected largely independent of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration, which is usually unknown during the clone screening since the determination and subsequent adjustment of the antibody concentration are not feasible in most cases. Furthermore, in this approach, the enrichment, isolation, and purification of IgG for characterization is not necessary. Raw cell culture supernatant can be used directly, even when fetal calf serum (FCS) or other complex media is used. In addition, an improved method for the oriented antibody-immobilization on epoxy-silanized slides is presented. Based on the results of this model system with simulated hybridoma supernatants, we conclude that this approach should be preferable to most other protocols leading to many false positives, causing expensive and lengthy elimination steps to weed out the poor clones.
KW - ELISA
KW - Immunoassay
KW - Microarray
KW - Lab-on-a-chip
KW - Miniaturization
KW - Aautomatisation
KW - HTS
KW - High-throughput
KW - Screening
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Label
KW - Hybridoma
KW - Inhibition
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503361
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/antib9010001
SN - 2073-4468
VL - 9
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-50336
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tannenberg, Robert
A1 - Paul, Martin
A1 - Fünning, Tabea
A1 - Schuhmann, Christoph
A1 - Weller, Michael G.
A1 - Steglich, Patrick
T1 - Multichannel real-time detection of biomarkers with highly miniaturized photonic microchips
N2 - The development of novel photonic integrated microchips (PIC) is a promising approach to allow for the convenient detection of key biomarkers in complex matrices through multichannel real-time analysis in a highly compact package. This study reports the successful development and application of a backside released CMOS chip designed for the multichannel real-time detection of biomarkers. Operating at the C-band at approx. 1550 nm, the microchip features three dedicated detection sensors in addition to a reference sensor, enabling simultaneous analysis of multiple biomarkers. The compact and highly miniaturized design of this microchip, with a footprint of just 1 mm², positions it as promising candidate for point-of-care diagnostics and personalized medicine applications. This technology opens a path to transform biomarker detection across various medical fields, offering rapid, reliable, and cost-effective diagnostic solutions. In conclusion, the presented multichannel photonic microchips signify a substantial leap forward in real-time biomarker detection, providing a highly capable platform for future research and clinical applications.
T2 - SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics 2025
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 07.04.2025
KW - Photonic integrated circuit
KW - Ring resonator
KW - Real-time detection
KW - Multiplexing
KW - Semiconductor
KW - CMOS
KW - C-reactive protein
KW - CRP
KW - Biomarker
PY - 2025
SN - 978-1-5106-8850-6
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3056453
VL - 13527
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - SPIE
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
AN - OPUS4-63478
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -