TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Evaluation of Fire and Explosion Hazards of Gas Mixtures using Explosion Diagrams N2 - An important method to prevent fires and explosions is to avoid explosive fuel-air mixtures. For this purpose the exact knowledge of the explosion range is required as a function of the combustible, oxidizer and inert gas concentrations. Frequently triangular diagrams are used in order to display the explosion range of such three component gas mixtures. Beside the explosion limits and the explosion range other characteristics can be deduced from explosion diagrams. More than 200 of such explosion diagrams are available in the database CHEMSAFE®, included among others. The in-house version of the database is able to provide all characteristics of a chosen system by means of a TRIANGLE-software. Furthermore a recently published German data book contains 158 explosion diagrams. Many diagrams were measured according to the German DIN 51649 standard. Other systems are available for elevated initial pressures and temperatures. This paper describes how to use the TRIANGLE software for flammability diagrams and the meaning and use of derived characteristics (MOC, MXC, MAI) for explosion prevention. Furthermore a calculation method for the flammability of gas mixtures is shown using the MXC values. T2 - 3rd International ESMG Symposium: Process Safety and Industrial Explosion Protection CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 2004-03-16 KW - Explosion KW - CHEMSAFE PY - 2004 SN - 3-9807567-3-4 SP - 1(?) EP - 9(?) PB - European Safety Management Group CY - Hamm AN - OPUS4-5540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Kollár-Hunek, K. T1 - Robbanási határgörbék fordulópont körüli közelítése különbözö típusú éghetögáz-inersgáz-oxidátor elegyeknél - Approximation of the explosion limit curves around the apex for different mixtures containing flammable/inert/oxidizing gases N2 - The paper discusses a new method to approximate the sometimes missing apex point of the explosion limit curves of flammable substances with diluents in air. The base of the new method is to vary the frame points of the co-monotonic Splines using the de Casteljau algorithm. We show several examples for flammable/inert/oxidizing gas containing systems - selected by the program TRIANGLE - where the method was applied. Due to the definition of the frame Splines it can be stated that the new method never restricts the explosion range around the apex and shifts the explosion limit curve into the direction of higher inert gas concentrations. This means that the new method can correct the highly "cut down nose" of the co-monotonic Splines and gives a more safer explosion range of these systems. T2 - Days of Chemical Engineering´05 CY - Veszprém, Hungary DA - 2005-04-25 KW - CHEMSAFE KW - Explosionsdiagramm KW - Spline-Interpolation KW - TRIANGLE Programm PY - 2005 SN - 963-9495-71-9 SP - 71 EP - 73 CY - Veszprem AN - OPUS4-7412 LA - hun AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Flammability of gas mixtures - Part 1: Fire potential N2 - International and European dangerous substances and dangerous goods regulations refer to the standard ISO 10156 (1996). This standard includes a test method and a calculation procedure for the determination of the flammability of gases and gas mixtures in air. The substance indices for the calculation, the so called “Tci values”, which characterise the fire potential, are provided as well. These ISO Tci values are derived from explosion diagrams of older literature sources which do not take into account the test method and the test apparatus. However, since the explosion limits are influenced by apparatus parameters, the Tci values and lower explosion limits, given by the ISO tables, are inconsistent with those measured according to the test method of the same standard. In consequence, applying the ISO Tci values can result in wrong classifications. In this paper internationally accepted explosion limit test methods were evaluated and Tci values were derived from explosion diagrams. Therefore, an “open vessel” method with flame propagation criterion was favoured. These values were compared with the Tci values listed in ISO 10156. In most cases, significant deviations were found. A detailed study about the influence of inert gases on flammability is the objective of Part 2. KW - Gas classification KW - Flammability KW - Explosion limit KW - Test method KW - Calculation method PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.01.032 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 121 IS - 1-3 SP - 37 EP - 44 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-7447 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Mizsey, P. A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Flammability of gas mixtures - Part 2: Influence of inert gases N2 - Ternary systems, which contain flammable gas, inert gas and air, were studied in order to give the user an evaluation of the ISO 10156 calculation method for the flammability of gas mixtures. While in Part 1 of this article the fire potential of flammable gases was the focal point, the influence of inert gases on the flammability of gas mixtures was studied in Part 2. The inerting capacity of an inert gas is expressed by the dimensionless K value, the so-called “coefficient of nitrogen equivalency”. The experimental determination of K values is demonstrated by using explosion diagrams. The objective of this study was to compare the estimated results, given by ISO 10156, with measurements of explosion ranges based on the German standard DIN 51649-1, given by CERN and CHEMSAFE. The comparison shows that ISO 10156, Table 1, supplies conservative K values, which can be regarded as safe in all cases. Nevertheless, in a number of cases ISO underestimates the inerting capacity, so that non-flammable gas mixtures are considered flammable. KW - Gas classification KW - Flammability KW - Explosion limits KW - Inerting KW - Calculation method PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.01.033 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 121 IS - 1-3 SP - 45 EP - 49 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-7448 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Approximation of the explosion limit curves around the apex for different mixtures containing flammable/inert/oxidising gases (ROBBANÁSI HATÁRGÖRBÉK FORDULÓPONT KÖRÜLI KÖZELÍTÉSE KÜLÖNBÖZÖ TIPUSÚ ÉGHETÖGÁZ-INERGÁZ-OXIDÁTOR ELEGYEKNÉL) T2 - Müszaki Kémiai Napok '05 (Technische Chemie Tagung '05) CY - Veszprém, Hungary DA - 2005-04-26 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-7665 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Viczián, G. A1 - Kollárné-Hunek, K. ED - Filka, J. T1 - Informatikai es matematikai eszközök alkalmazása gázelegyek robbanáshatár-méréseinek minösitéséhez (Verwendung von Informatik- und mathematischen Werkzeugen zur Qualifizierung von Messdaten) N2 - Mathematische Methoden wie Interpolation und Extrapolation sollen bei der Auswertung von Messkurven als Screening-Methode verwendet werden, um die sicherheitstechnisch gefährlichen Bereiche kennzeichnen. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse werden hier dargestellt, die die Autoren mit Hilfe von verschiedenen kubischen Spline-Methoden erhalten haben. Mehrere Methoden sind in das Programm TRIANGLE der BAM implementiert. Das Programm kann aus den Messdaten, die nicht das gesamte Explosionsbereich beinhalten, erkennen, dass die Auswertung der Daten entweder abbrechen soll oder mit einem eingefügten Punkt ergänzen soll. Diese Arbeiten sind in einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen BAM und der Budapester Technischen und Wirtschaftsuniversität (BUTE) durchgeführt. Das Programm wurde auch so weiterentwickelt, dass ausgehend von den Excell-Tabellen der Messdaten mehrerer Gasgemisch-Systeme ein Word-Dokument als Zusammenfassung erstellt werden kann. T2 - M´´uszaki Kémiai Napok '03 ; Days of Chemical Engineering '03 CY - Veszprém, Hungary DA - 2003-04-08 KW - Computerprogramm KW - Datenbank KW - Dreiecksdiagramm KW - Explosion KW - Explosionsgrenze KW - Gas KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen PY - 2003 SN - 963-7172-99-8 SP - 39 EP - 42 CY - Veszprém AN - OPUS4-2581 LA - hun AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Razus, D. A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Fuß, Oliver ED - Pierucci, S. T1 - Evaluation of Limiting Oxygen Concentration of Fuel/Air/Inert Gaseous Mixtures by Means of Calculated Adiabatic Flame Temperatures and Measured Fuel/Air Lower Explosion Limits T2 - 6th Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering (ICheaP-6) CY - Pisa, Italy DA - 2003-06-08 KW - Abschätzmethode KW - Chemische Sicherheitstechnik KW - Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentration KW - Brand- und Explosionsschutz PY - 2003 SN - 88-900775-2-2 VL - 1 IS - 3 SP - 69 EP - 74 PB - AIDIC CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-2583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Computer-Vorführung der Datenbank CHEMSAFE T2 - Internationaler Ausstellungskongress für Chemische Technik, Umweltschutz und Biotechnologie ACHEMA'94 CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 1994-06-07 PY - 1994 AN - OPUS4-3555 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Computer-Vorführung der Datenbank CHEMSAFE T2 - Leipziger Innovationsmesse CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 1996-09-25 PY - 1996 AN - OPUS4-3556 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Explosion areas of flammable substances - quality control of interpolated explosion curves and its mathematical background T2 - Days of Chemical Engineering 2004 CY - Veszprém, Hungary DA - 2004-04-20 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-3530 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Database Chemsafe - A basis for cooperation T2 - 11th International Symposium "Loss Prevention 2004" CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2004-05-31 PY - 2004 SN - 80-0201574-6 SP - PG2468 EP - PG2474 PB - Ceská Spolecnost Chemického Inzenýrství CY - Prag AN - OPUS4-3585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - CHEMSAFE - A Basis Cooperation T2 - 11. International Symposium Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Loss Prevention 2004 CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2004-05-31 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-3593 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria ED - Buratti, S. S. T1 - Determination of fire and explosion hazards of dusts, vapours, gases and their mixtures according to the EC directives by using the database CHEMSAFE T2 - CISAP-1 ; 1st Italian Convention on Safety & Environment in Process Industry CY - Palermo, Italy DA - 2004-11-28 KW - Safety data KW - CHEMSAFE KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - EC Directives PY - 2004 SN - 88-900775-5-7 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 5 SP - 181 EP - 185 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-4902 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Möller, W. O. ED - Bradley, D. ED - Drysdale, D. ED - Molkov, V. T1 - Estimation methods for the limiting oxygen concentration of flammable/inert/air systems and minimum safe gap T2 - 4th International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards CY - Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK DA - 2003-09-08 KW - Safety data KW - CHEMSAFE KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Estimation methods KW - Berechnungsmethoden PY - 2004 SN - 1-85923-186-1 VL - 4 SP - 777 EP - 782 PB - FireSERT, University of Ulster CY - Newtonabbey AN - OPUS4-4903 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Evaluation of Fire and Explosion Hazards of Gas Mixtures using Explosion Diagrams (Beurteilung der Brand- und Explosionsgefahren von Gasgemischen mit Hilfe von Explosionsdiagrammen) N2 - An important method to prevent fires and explosions is to avoid explosive fuel-air mixtures. For this purpose the exact knowledge of the explosion range is required as a function of the combustible, oxidizer and inert gas concentrations. Frequently triangular diagrams are used in order to display the explosion range. This paper describes how to use the TRIANGLE software for flammability diagrams. Furthermore a calculation method for the flammability of gas mixtures is shown. T2 - 3rd International ESMG Symposium: Process Safety and Industrial Explosion Protection CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 2004-03-16 KW - Safety data KW - CHEMSAFE KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Estimation methods KW - Berechnungsmethoden KW - Inerting KW - Explosion diagram PY - 2004 SN - 3-9807567-3-4 SP - 1(?) EP - 9(?) PB - European Safety Management Group CY - Hamm AN - OPUS4-4904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -