TY - JOUR A1 - Razus, D. A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Fuß, Oliver T1 - Limiting Oxygen Concentration Evaluation in Flammable Gaseous Mixtures by means of Calculated Adiabatic Flame Temperatures N2 - The limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) of fuel / air / inert premixed gaseous systems are usually determined from measurements of explosion limits at progressive dilution with inert gas of fuel / air mixtures, which is a long and cumbersome procedure. An alternative procedure to evaluate LOC would be of great interest for all fields of activity involving the use of flammable mixtures, especially when less characterized fuels are used. The paper describes a new procedure (algorithm) meant to estimate the LOC of fuel / air / inert premixed systems, using the values of lower explosion limit (LEL) of the fuel / air mixture and the calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) both at LOC and LEL when nitrogen is used as an inert gas. It is based on an empirical correlation established between the CAFT computed for fuel / air / nitrogen mixtures at LOC and CAFT at LEL, for a large number of flammable gases and vapors. This requires only the measurement of LEL. The correlation was derived from flammability data taken from literature sources (German and American recommended values). The method is based upon the assumption that mixtures at LOC have an equivalence ratio 8 / 1.250, which is close to the equivalence ratio of the most reactive fuel / air systems. Inverse calculations made with this new algorithm for nine fuel / air / nitrogen mixtures allowed the determination of LOC with a relative deviation of 2/ 22%. KW - Limiting oxygen concentration KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Calculated adiabatic flame temperature KW - Flammable KW - Explosion PY - 2004 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0255-2701(03)00078-3 SN - 0255-2701 SN - 1873-3204 VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 775 EP - 784 PB - Elsevier CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-2701 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Möller, W. O. ED - Bradley, D. ED - Drysdale, D. ED - Molkov, V. T1 - Database Chemsafe - A basis for estimation methods T2 - 4th International Seminar Fire and Explosion Hazards CY - Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK DA - 2003-09-08 PY - 2004 SN - 1-85923-186-1 SP - 147 EP - 148 PB - FireSERT, University of Ulster CY - Newtonabbey AN - OPUS4-2726 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Evaluation of Fire and Explosion Hazards of Gas Mixtures Using Explosion Diagrams T2 - International ESMG Symposium 2004 CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 2004-03-16 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-3441 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Evaluation of Fire and Explosion Hazards of Gas Mixtures using Explosion Diagrams N2 - An important method to prevent fires and explosions is to avoid explosive fuel-air mixtures. For this purpose the exact knowledge of the explosion range is required as a function of the combustible, oxidizer and inert gas concentrations. Frequently triangular diagrams are used in order to display the explosion range of such three component gas mixtures. Beside the explosion limits and the explosion range other characteristics can be deduced from explosion diagrams. More than 200 of such explosion diagrams are available in the database CHEMSAFE®, included among others. The in-house version of the database is able to provide all characteristics of a chosen system by means of a TRIANGLE-software. Furthermore a recently published German data book contains 158 explosion diagrams. Many diagrams were measured according to the German DIN 51649 standard. Other systems are available for elevated initial pressures and temperatures. This paper describes how to use the TRIANGLE software for flammability diagrams and the meaning and use of derived characteristics (MOC, MXC, MAI) for explosion prevention. Furthermore a calculation method for the flammability of gas mixtures is shown using the MXC values. T2 - 3rd International ESMG Symposium: Process Safety and Industrial Explosion Protection CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 2004-03-16 KW - Explosion KW - CHEMSAFE PY - 2004 SN - 3-9807567-3-4 SP - 1(?) EP - 9(?) PB - European Safety Management Group CY - Hamm AN - OPUS4-5540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Explosion areas of flammable substances - quality control of interpolated explosion curves and its mathematical background T2 - Days of Chemical Engineering 2004 CY - Veszprém, Hungary DA - 2004-04-20 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-3530 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Database Chemsafe - A basis for cooperation T2 - 11th International Symposium "Loss Prevention 2004" CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2004-05-31 PY - 2004 SN - 80-0201574-6 SP - PG2468 EP - PG2474 PB - Ceská Spolecnost Chemického Inzenýrství CY - Prag AN - OPUS4-3585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - CHEMSAFE - A Basis Cooperation T2 - 11. International Symposium Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Loss Prevention 2004 CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2004-05-31 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-3593 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria ED - Buratti, S. S. T1 - Determination of fire and explosion hazards of dusts, vapours, gases and their mixtures according to the EC directives by using the database CHEMSAFE T2 - CISAP-1 ; 1st Italian Convention on Safety & Environment in Process Industry CY - Palermo, Italy DA - 2004-11-28 KW - Safety data KW - CHEMSAFE KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - EC Directives PY - 2004 SN - 88-900775-5-7 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 5 SP - 181 EP - 185 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-4902 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Möller, W. O. ED - Bradley, D. ED - Drysdale, D. ED - Molkov, V. T1 - Estimation methods for the limiting oxygen concentration of flammable/inert/air systems and minimum safe gap T2 - 4th International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards CY - Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK DA - 2003-09-08 KW - Safety data KW - CHEMSAFE KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Estimation methods KW - Berechnungsmethoden PY - 2004 SN - 1-85923-186-1 VL - 4 SP - 777 EP - 782 PB - FireSERT, University of Ulster CY - Newtonabbey AN - OPUS4-4903 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Evaluation of Fire and Explosion Hazards of Gas Mixtures using Explosion Diagrams (Beurteilung der Brand- und Explosionsgefahren von Gasgemischen mit Hilfe von Explosionsdiagrammen) N2 - An important method to prevent fires and explosions is to avoid explosive fuel-air mixtures. For this purpose the exact knowledge of the explosion range is required as a function of the combustible, oxidizer and inert gas concentrations. Frequently triangular diagrams are used in order to display the explosion range. This paper describes how to use the TRIANGLE software for flammability diagrams. Furthermore a calculation method for the flammability of gas mixtures is shown. T2 - 3rd International ESMG Symposium: Process Safety and Industrial Explosion Protection CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 2004-03-16 KW - Safety data KW - CHEMSAFE KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Estimation methods KW - Berechnungsmethoden KW - Inerting KW - Explosion diagram PY - 2004 SN - 3-9807567-3-4 SP - 1(?) EP - 9(?) PB - European Safety Management Group CY - Hamm AN - OPUS4-4904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - CHEMSAFE - A basis for cooperation T2 - 11th International Symposium "Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries” CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2004-05-31 PY - 2004 SN - 80-0201574-6 SP - PG 2468 EP - 2474 PB - Ceská Spolecnost Chemického Inzenýrství CY - Prag AN - OPUS4-4905 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Kollár-Hunek, K. A1 - Viczian, Gergely ED - Filka, J. T1 - Explosion areas of flammable substances - quality control of interpolated explosion curves and its mathematical background N2 - This paper discusses the approximation problems of the explosion range of flammable substances with diluents in air and demonstrates how the different Splines can be applied for interpolation of explosion curves based on measured data points. The methods are tested on many systems which consist of flammable gas/inert gas/oxidizing gas. A comparison of the results gained by applying different Spline-functions and a computer presentation of the results with help of the program TRIANGLE are also given. T2 - M´´uszaki Kémiai Napok '04 ; Days of Chemical Engineering '04 CY - Veszprém, Hungary DA - 2004-04-20 PY - 2004 SN - 963-9495-37-9 SP - 45 EP - 48 PB - KE MKKI CY - [Veszprém] AN - OPUS4-4976 LA - hun AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Informationssysteme: CHEMSAFE - Datenbank bewerteter sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen für den Brand- und Explosionsschutz T2 - 3. Behörden-Erfahrungsaustausch CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2004-05-03 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-5293 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Determination of Fire and Explosion Hazards of Dusts, Vapours, Gases and their Mixtures according to the EC Directives by using the Database CHEMSAFE N2 - According to the European Occupation Safety and Health guideline (especially the EC hazardous materials directive 98/24/EC on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work) the employer is obliged to identify and evaluate the risk on exposure to dangerous substances at the working place. For this purpose they need reliable, easily available and evaluated data by expert to estimate the risk not only on toxicity but also on fire and explosion. This contribution will show the use of the database CHEMSAFE to search for substances and their mixtures which have hazardous physico-chemical properties and safety characteristics for fire and explosion. The database include more than 3000 substances in 57000 data tables. Safety characteristics like explosion range for more than 200 gas mixtures up to 100 bar and 400 °C are an important part of it. It will be also demonstrated how one can avoid the explosive atmospheres using the measure inerting and for this purpose the necessary data, for e. g. limiting oxygen concentration, can be taken from this database. Also estimation methods for classification of gas mixtures for flammability are included in CHEMSAFE. On the same time the audience will be encouraged to cooperate in order to extend the database with data measured by other institutions or the field of application of the database for example with additional data such as DSC, SADT or other data concerning thermal stability and calorimetry.Cooperation is also possible for developing estimation and calculation methods on the basis of this evaluated database. T2 - 1st Italian Convention on Safety & Environment in Process Industry CY - Palermo, Italy DA - 2004-11-28 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-5295 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -