TY - CHAP A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Noll, Matthias ED - Mahammadzadeh, M. ED - Biebeler, H. ED - Bardt, H. T1 - Brandvermeidung bei der Lagerung von Biomasse KW - Brandvermeidung KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Biomasse PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-602-14847-9 IS - Kap. 13 SP - 107 EP - 114 CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-20811 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Adams, W. D. A1 - Mak, W. A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Kumasaki, M. T1 - Report about the IGUS EOS meeting 2010 in Tokyo KW - IGUS KW - EOS KW - Organic peroxides KW - Self-reactive substances KW - Energetic materials KW - Test methods KW - Oxidizers KW - Ammonium nitrate KW - Fertilizers PY - 2010 SN - 0570-4480 N1 - Sprachen: Japanisch/Englisch - Languages: Japanese/English VL - 49 IS - 4 SP - 240 EP - 243 CY - Tokyo, Japan AN - OPUS4-21942 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Noll, Matthias A1 - Naumann, Annette A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Malow, Marcus T1 - Exothermic processes in industrial-scale piles of chipped pine-wood are linked to shifts in gamma-, alphaproteobacterial and fungal ascomycete communities N2 - Fast growing softwood species such as pine are preferred for biomass-based heat as well as electricity production and stored in large quantities. A newly established outdoor pile of freshly cut pine-wood chips was monitored to analyze exothermic processes. Inside the pile, a mean temperature increase of up to 44 °C was measured after six days of piling which was paralleled by a decrease of O2-concentration and an increase of CO2-concentration. Thereafter four additional CO2 maxima were observed, while O2-concentration remained at ambient concentration. The fungal community structure remained almost unchanged after four weeks, while the bacterial community structure was characterized by continuous shifts over time. The rapid heating in the early stage of storage corresponded to high relative abundance of microbial strains belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Luteibacter and Caulobacter, ascomycetous genera Sphaeropsis and Cadophora and basidiomycetous order Polyporales and genus Sistotremastrum. The late stage was composed by a broader diversity of microorganisms, and heating processes inside the wood pile were attributed mainly to physicochemical processes. Taken together, these observations suggest that the early bacterial and fungal communities are key players in exothermic processes and were replaced by a broader diversity of highly adapted microorganisms. KW - 16S rRNA gene KW - Bacteria KW - Fungi KW - Pine-wood storage KW - T-RFLP KW - Self-heating KW - Succession KW - ITS PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.07.002 SN - 0964-8305 VL - 64 IS - 7 SP - 629 EP - 637 PB - Elsevier CY - Barking AN - OPUS4-22013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter T1 - Some comments on the paper of H. Fierz: Influence of heat transport mechanisms on transport classification by SADT-measurement as measured by the Dewar-method PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00221-8 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 103 SP - 169 EP - 173 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-2687 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steensma, M. A1 - Schuurman, P. A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter T1 - Evaluation of the validity of the UN SADT H.4 test for solid organic peroxides and self-reactive substances N2 - Many self-accelerating decomposition temperatures (SADTs) of solid organic peroxides and self-reactive substances have been determined with the UN test method H.4, which is a scaled down test in a small Dewar vessel. For solid organic peroxides and solid self-reactive substances Fierz has questioned this procedure in a recent paper. Fierz concluded that the Dewar test results should not be extrapolated to beyond 8 l packages, owing to the thermal insulation value of solids. On the other hand, long term experience with the test, with a great variety of solid organic peroxides and self-reactive substances show about equal critical temperatures in the small Dewar vessel and on 50 kg scale. In the present work, we first checked, by numerical simulations, the Dewar scale versus the larger scale, in a way comparable with Fierz’ method: both scales are simulated by spheres, consisting of a number of annular layers, for the large scale the usual external heat loss term is used but for the small scale the outside heat transfer is strongly limited. The outcome of these simulations, covering a variety of physical parameters, supports the concerns expressed by Fierz. After this, we performed accurate cooling and heating experiments with solid organic peroxide in the usual Dewar vessel, provided with a large set of thermocouples. The results of these experiments showed that the simulation model for the Dewar vessel has to be changed from a spherical analogue to a short cylinder of solid material with heat exchange mainly via its top (Utop 3.5 W/(m2 K), overall heat transfer coefficient) and some heat exchange (Uside 0.29 W/(m2 K)) through its cylindrical and bottom part. With this “modified cylinder” model (being neither an infinitely long cylinder nor a slab) of the Dewar vessel, we found that the UN method H.4 enables an accurate prediction of the SADT, with small deviations of 0 ± 2.5 °C. Further, by performing a truly three-dimensional (3D) finite element calculation in FEMLAB, the new heat characteristics of the Dewar vessel as well as a 50 kg package of dilauroyl peroxide, a solid organic peroxide, were checked. The outcome was compared with the critical ambient temperatures known for various package sizes, which agreed well. KW - SADT of solids KW - Transport regulations KW - UN H.4 test (HAST) KW - Numerical simulations KW - Scale-up procedure PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.09.028 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 117 IS - 2-3 SP - 89 EP - 102 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-5604 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Lohrer, Christian A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Selbstentzündung von Stäuben und Schüttgütern bei vermindertem Sauerstoffgehalt PY - 2002 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/91014775/issue SN - 0009-286X SN - 1522-2640 VL - 74 IS - 12 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-5993 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter T1 - Prediction of the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) for liquid organic peroxides from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements N2 - We present a prediction (estimation, calculation, screening) method for the estimation of the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) for liquid organic peroxides from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements based on the concepts of thermal explosion theory originally introduced by Semonov which are adopted to our problem assuming nth-order reaction kinetics. For the peroxides under investigation, we demonstrate good agreement with the experimental SADT. This method can be used as a quick and easy applicable method for the estimation of the critical temperatures. KW - Organic peroxides KW - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) KW - Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.12.040 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 120 IS - 1-3 SP - 21 EP - 24 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-7308 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohrer, Christian A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Steinbach, J. T1 - Einfluss von Feuchte und Konvektionsströmung auf das Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Feststoffschüttungen KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Konvektion KW - Feuchte PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.200590078 SN - 0009-286X SN - 1522-2640 VL - 77 IS - 8 SP - 1141 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-10847 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - The overall activation energy of the exothermic reactions of thermally unstable materials N2 - The exothermic reactions of thermally unstable materials have been studied using self-heating methods in a wire-mesh-reactor as well as temperature-programmed methods utilizing a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Samples of lignite coal dust, cork dust, detergent powder and riboflavin (vitamin B2) were investigated. The overall activation energy E could be determined for each method. For lignite coal and cork dust all techniques show very nice agreement in E. For the detergent powder, the values are comparable except for the heat-release (HR) rate method value which is about 50–60 kJ/mol higher. Riboflavin on the other hand shows a different behaviour. The DSC-experiments lead to values being significantly higher compared to the self-heating values. The existing differences are clearly worked out. KW - Overall activation energy KW - Decomposition reactions KW - Self-heating KW - DSC PY - 2004 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2003.09.002 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 51 EP - 58 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-4973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Malow, Marcus T1 - The overall activation energy of the exothermic rections of thrmally unstable materials T2 - 4th International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards CY - Londonderry, Northern Ireland DA - 2003-09-08 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-3935 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Malow, Marcus T1 - Is the UN H.4 test a suitable test to determine the SADT for solids in a 50 kg packaging or not? T2 - Meeting TNO/BAM CY - Rijswijk, Netherlands DA - 2003-09-18 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-3936 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Anwendbarkeit des UN SADT H.4-Tests für feste organische Peroxide KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Peroxide PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.200590196 SN - 0009-286X SN - 1522-2640 VL - 77 IS - 8 SP - 1122 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-11572 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Malow, Marcus T1 - Anwendbarkeit des UN SADT H.4-Tests für feste organische Peroxide T2 - GVC/DECHEMA-Jahrestagung 2005 CY - Wiesbaden, Germany DA - 2005-09-06 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-11461 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Schulze, A. A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - The main gaseous products and the mass loss during the self-ignition of combustible materials T2 - 6th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions CY - Halifax, Canada DA - 2006-08-27 KW - Self-ignition KW - Combustion KW - Biomass KW - FTIR-gas-measurements KW - Macro-thermal balance PY - 2006 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 SP - 825 EP - 836 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-12892 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Neuenfeld, S. T1 - On the explosive properties of 1H-benzotriazole and 1H-1,2,3-triazole N2 - For 1H-benzotriazole, no explosive properties are observable, but the relative high exothermic decomposition energy of 1590 J/g should be kept in mind. Nevertheless, an endothermic melting barrier at 100 °C ensures safe handling at lower temperatures. For 1H-1,2,3-triazole, the exothermic decomposition energy is as high as 2600 J/g, but explosive properties are also not detectable. Therefore, both reagents are hazardous with regard to the exothermic decomposition potential and can be handled safely with precautions. KW - 1H-Benzotriazole KW - 1H-1,2,3-Triazole KW - Explosive properties KW - DSC PY - 2007 SN - 0040-4039 SN - 1873-3581 VL - 48 IS - 7 SP - 1233 EP - 1235 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-14476 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Neumann, F. T1 - Untersuchung des Verhaltens von Steinkohlen unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Ex-Schutzes N2 - Die Kenntnis des Brenn- und Explosionsverhaltens von Stäuben ermöglicht die Festlegung geeig-neter Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen. Am Beispiel von Steinkohle- Mahlanlagen werden Untersu-chungen zur Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen (STK) von Stäuben vorgestellt. Hier-bei erfolgt zunächst die auf den Anwendungsfall abgestimmte Auswahl geeigneter Untersuchungs-verfahren und deren Anpassung an vorliegende Randbedingungen. Aufbauend auf die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden Schlussfolgerungen für den sicheren Betrieb von Steinkohle- Mahlanlagen getroffen. T2 - VGB-Konferenz "Kraftwerke im Wettbewerb 2007, Neue Kraftwerke - mit Erfahrung und Innovation die Zukunft gestalten" CY - Hamburg, Deutschland DA - 2007-04-25 KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Steinkohle KW - Mahlanlagen KW - Selbstentzündung PY - 2007 IS - CD-ROM SP - 15 Seiten PB - VGB PowerTech e.V. CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-14785 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Malow, Marcus T1 - The ISTC-Project - a suitable approach to revise the UN-Test Series H? T2 - OECD - IGUS - EOS - working group meeting CY - Rijswijk, Netherlands DA - 2007-05-09 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14847 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Malow, Marcus T1 - Explosive properties of Triazole derivatives - A case study T2 - IGUS-EOS-working group meeting CY - Rijswijk, Netherlands DA - 2007-05-09 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14848 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Neumann, F. T1 - Untersuchung des Entzündungs- und Brandverhaltens von Steinkohlen unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Ex-Schutzes KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Steinkohle KW - Mahlanlagen KW - Selbstentzündung PY - 2007 SN - 1435-3199 VL - 87 IS - 7 SP - 67 EP - 72 PB - VGB PowerTech e.V. CY - Essen AN - OPUS4-15711 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Malow, Marcus T1 - The ISTC project from the current point of view of BAM T2 - Meeting of the ISCT project collaborators CY - Pfinztal, Germany DA - 2007-09-04 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-16023 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -