TY - JOUR A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Nohr, M. A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Application of a novel reference material in an international round robin test on material emissions testing N2 - Emission testing of products is currently a rapidly increasing field of measurement activity. Labelling procedures for construction products are based on such emission test chamber measurements and hence measurement performance should be verified. A suited procedure for this purpose is the testing of one unique homogenous material in different laboratories within a Round Robin Test (RRT). Therefore, it is useful to have a reference material which can be used within inter-laboratory studies or as part of the quality management system to ensure comparable results. Several approaches on the development of reproducibly emitting materials have been published. These have in common only to emit a single VOC – toluene. Two further research studies carried out by BAM aimed to develop reference material for emissions testing containing one or more VOC in a single material. The first approach was a doped lacquer with Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC/SVOC) and the second was Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) or a Squalane/Paraffin mixture. Results received with the lacquer based material were presented in more detail. KW - Emission test chamber KW - Reference material KW - Round robin test KW - VOC PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-419412 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12421 SN - 1600-0668 SN - 0905-6947 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - 181 EP - 187 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. AN - OPUS4-41941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Musyanovych, A. A1 - Grimmer, Christoph A1 - Sadak, A. E. A1 - Heßling, L. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Polymeric Capsules with VOCs for Controlled Emission N2 - Micro-(nano-)encapsulation technology involves building of a barrier between the core and the environment and offers a number of benefits to preserve the functional and physicochemical properties of core material. Tremendous progress has been made in synthesizing well-defined capsules to achieve desired properties such as particle size, chemical composition, and controlled release of the payload. Encapsulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could evaporate with a defined rate is of immense interest for application in emission reference materials (ERM). These are urgently needed for quality assurance and quality control purposes (QA/QC) required by test standards for the determination of chemical emissions of construction and other materials for interior use. As such ERMs are hardly available on the market, the EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ [1] was started to fill this gap by developing a material with temporally constant emission of VOCs typically found in indoor air. Different capsules in a size range between 5 and 50 μm were synthesized through an interfacial polyaddition/polycondensation reaction in direct (water-in-oil) system. As VOC several types of hydrophobic liquid materials were used. After synthesis, the morphology and physicochemical properties of capsules were characterized by electron microscopy, FTIR and DSC/TGA. An encapsulation efficiency up to 90% could be reached. The emission kinetic of volatile agents was studied in emission test chambers at 23 °C and 50% RH for 14 days. First results indicate that variation of the cross-linking grade of the shell material is one important parameter to adjust the desired emission rate. The overall aim is to achieve a consistent emission profile that decreases by less than 10 % over a target period of at least 14 days. T2 - 36th European Colloid & Interface Society Conference CY - Chania, Crete, Greece DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Capsules KW - Volatile organic compound KW - Polymer KW - Material emissions KW - Reference materials PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56039 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - von Preetzmann, N. A1 - Eckmann, P. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Richter, M. T1 - Thermodynamics of LNG N2 - Densities of eight gravimetrically prepared ternary and quaternary gas mixtures consisting of methane, ethane, propane, and partially nitrogen were investigated along the four isotherms of –250, –230, –210, and –190 °F at pressures of 350, 500, 650, and 1000 psig using a cryogenic single-sinker densimeter. The experimental densities were compared to densities calculated by various models, namely the EOS-LNG fundamental Helmholtz equation of state, the COSTALD correlation, the Lee-Kessler-Plöcker equation of state, and the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The best performance was shown by the EOS-LNG equation of state which is capable of predicting the liquid densities within the specified uncertainty of the model of 0.05 %. The other models, however, showed significant differences that disqualify for calculation within the p,T-region investigated of the gas mixtures. KW - Density measurement KW - Liquefied natural gas-like mixtures KW - Cryogenic state KW - Single-sinker densimeter KW - Equations of state PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 55 AN - OPUS4-50741 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ressel, P. A1 - Hao, P.H. A1 - Park, M.H. A1 - Yang, Z. C. A1 - Wang, L.C. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Kurpas, P. A1 - Richter, E. A1 - Kuphal, E. A1 - Hartnagel, H.L. T1 - Pd/Sb(Zn) and Pd/Ge(Zn) Ohmic Contacts on p-Type Indium Gallium Arsenide: The Employment of the Solid Phase Regrowth Principle to Achieve Optimum Electrical and Metallurgical Properties N2 - The development of two metallizations based on the solid-phase regrowth principle is presented, namely Pd/Sb(Zn) and Pd/Ge(Zn) on moderately doped In0.53Ga0.47As (p=4×1018 cm-3). Contact resistivities of 2–3×10-7 and 6–7×10-7 ?cm2, respectively, have been achieved, where both systems exhibit an effective contact reaction depth of zero and a Zn diffusion depth below 50 nm. Exhibiting resistivities equivalent to the lowest values of Au-based systems in this doping range, especially Pd/Sb(Zn) contacts are superior to them concerning metallurgical stability and contact penetration. Both metallizations have been successfully applied for contacting the base layer of InP/In0.53Ga0.47As heterojunction bipolar transistors. KW - Ohmic contacts KW - Indium gallium arsenide KW - InP/InGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor KW - Solid-phase regrowth KW - Pd/Ge contacts KW - Pd/Sb contacts KW - Backside secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) PY - 2000 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-000-0189-y SN - 0361-5235 SN - 1543-186X VL - 29 IS - 7 SP - 964 EP - 972 PB - TMS CY - Warrendale, Pa. AN - OPUS4-7642 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Poppenberg, J. A1 - Richter, S. A1 - Traulsen, C.H.-H. A1 - Darlatt, Erik A1 - Baytekin, B. A1 - Heinrich, T. A1 - Deutinger, P.M. A1 - Huth, K. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Schalley, C.A. T1 - Programmable multilayers of nanometer-sized macrocycles on solid support and stimuli-controlled on-surface pseudorotaxane formation N2 - Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) such as rotaxanes and catenanes are capable of mechanical motion on the nanoscale and are therefore promising prototypes for molecular machines in recent nanotechnology. However, most of the existing examples are isotropically distributed in solution, which prohibits concerted movement and with it the generation of macroscopic effects. Thus, arranging them in ordered arrays is of huge interest in recent research. We report the deposition of quite densely packed multilayers of tetralactam macrocycles on gold surfaces by metal-coordinated layer-by-layer self-assembly. Linear dichroism effects in angle-resolved NEXAFS spectra indicate a preferential orientation of the macrocycles. The sequence of the metal ions can be programmed by the use of different transition metal ions at each deposition step. Additionally, reversible on-surface pseudorotaxane formation was successfully realized by repeated uptake and release of axle molecules inside the macrocycles cavities. KW - ISO KW - Standard KW - Surface analysis KW - Imaging PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sc50558h SN - 2041-6520 SN - 2041-6539 VL - 4 SP - 3131 EP - 3139 PB - RSC CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-29049 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alasonati, E. A1 - Fabbri, B. A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Yardin, C. A1 - Del Castillo Busto, M.E. A1 - Richter, Janine A1 - Philipp, Rosemarie A1 - Fisicaro, P. T1 - Experimental design for TBT quantification by isotope dilution SPE-GC-ICP-MS under the European water framework directive N2 - In Europe the maximum allowable concentration for tributyltin (TBT) compounds in surface water has been regulated by the water framework directive (WFD) and daughter directive that impose a limit of 0.2 ng L-1 in whole water (as tributyltin cation). Despite the large number of different methodologies for the quantification of organotin species developed in the last two decades, standardised analytical methods at required concentration level do not exist. TBT quantification at picogram level requires efficient and accurate sample preparation and preconcentration, and maximum care to avoid blank contamination. To meet the WFD requirement, a method for the quantification of TBT in mineral water at environmental quality standard (EQS) level, based on solid phase extraction (SPE), was developed and optimised. The quantification was done using species-specific isotope dilution (SSID) followed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). The analytical process was optimised using a design of experiment (DOE) based on a factorial fractionary plan. The DOE allowed to evaluate 3 qualitative factors (type of stationary phase and eluent, phase mass and eluent volume, pH and analyte ethylation procedure) for a total of 13 levels studied, and a sample volume in the range of 250–1000 mL. Four different models fitting the results were defined and evaluated with statistic tools: one of them was selected and optimised to find the best procedural conditions. C18 phase was found to be the best stationary phase for SPE experiments. The 4 solvents tested with C18, the pH and ethylation conditions, the mass of the phases, the volume of the eluents and the sample volume can all be optimal, but depending on their respective combination. For that reason, the equation of the model conceived in this work is a useful decisional tool for the planning of experiments, because it can be applied to predict the TBT mass fraction recovery when the experimental conditions are drawn. This work shows that SPE is a convenient technique for TBT pre-concentration at pico-trace levels and a robust approach: in fact (i) number of different experimental conditions led to satisfactory results and (ii) the participation of two institutes to the experimental work did not impact the developed model. KW - Tributyltin KW - Organotin compounds KW - Solid-phase extraction KW - Experimental design KW - Water framework directive KW - Isotope dilution PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.064 SN - 0039-9140 VL - 134 SP - 576 EP - 586 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-32696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -