TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bethke, John A1 - Jahnke, Wolfgang A1 - Drousch, Björn A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Maximum gauge pressure in dangerous goods packagings under normal conditions of carriage - comparison of direct measurement and calculation N2 - The objective of this work was to determine the maximum gauge pressure in the vapour phase above the liquid in different design types of dangerous goods packagings under normal conditions of carriage. The design types investigated were steel and plastic packagings with a volume of approximately 6 l. Two different methods were applied. In method 1, the pressure inside the packaging filled with a certain filling substance (dichloromethane) was directly measured under simulated conditions of carriage (degree of filling: 90%; filling temperature: 15°C; temperature during storage: 31°C). The maximum measured gauge pressures were between 89 mbar for a light plastic jerrican and 336 mbar for a steel drum. In method 2, the gauge pressure was calculated. The consideration of a rigid packaging combined with the assumption of a vapour pressure of zero during filling and sealing can serve as a worst case scenario. The calculated gauge pressure is approximately 1061 mbar. This procedure leads to the highest safety factor and does not require any experimental investigations. For a more realistic approximation of the gauge pressure of a non-rigid packaging, a packaging-specific function of relative expansion can be used, which is determined by a hydraulic pressure test. The calculated values ranged from 105 to 347 mbar. Method 2 provides conservative results. No hazardous filling substance is needed, and it allows a prediction of gauge pressure for other temperatures, substances and filling degrees. Therefore, this method could serve as alternative to UN Model Regulations 6.1.5.5.4 (a). KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Gauge pressure KW - Overpressure KW - Relative expansion KW - Data loggers KW - Normal conditions of carriage KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Überdruck KW - Relative Ausdehnung KW - Datenlogger KW - Normale Beförderungsbedingungen PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2111 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 437 EP - 460 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-33108 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Jahnke, Wolfgang A1 - Drousch, Björn A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Experimental investigations concerning the sensitivity of the leakproofness test for dangerous goods packagings relating to the leak diameter N2 - The objective of this experiment was to verify that in regards to the leakproofness bubble test for packagings of dangerous goods, a reduction of the air overpressure from 0.2 to 0.1 bar can be compensated for by reducing the water surface tension to a value of approximately 33.2 mN/m by adding a wetting agent. It was experimentally proven that this method will yield the same leak diameters. This is important to avoid irreversible deformations during the leaktesting of intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) while using a test overpressure of 0.2 bar. Bubble test experiments were carried out on artificial borehole-shaped leaks manufactured of two different materials high density polyethylene (HDPE) and stainless steel by ultrashort pulse laser technology and with two different immersion test liquids (deionized water and a 0.1% Lutensol FSA fabric softener active 10 solution). The characteristic diameters of the boreholes investigated were from 11.5 to 30.3 µm in length. KW - Dangerous goods packaging KW - Leakproofness test KW - Bubble test KW - Leak KW - Ultrashort pulse laser PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2029 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 327 EP - 339 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-30502 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Eiben, Mario A1 - Drousch, Björn A1 - Heinrich, Annika A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Influence of the length of the internal sleeve valve on the release of powdery substances from the closures of valved bags for dangerous goods N2 - In practice, checks on dangerous goods transports often detect leaks of powdered dangerous goods from valved bags. In this work, the influence factors of a sudden release of powdery substances from the valves of valved bags were investigated. Drop tests were performed on paper bags of UN design type 5M2 with internal sleeve valve using 2 different powdery substances (Esplas H130 and zinc oxide “Rotsiegel”). The internal sleeve valves of all test samples were not sift‐proof with respect to both filling substances. For almost all test samples, the Esplas H130 powder already leaked out of pasted joints during manual filling. This is a contradiction to the requirement in UN 6.1.4.18.1, according to which closures and joints of paper bags 5M2 should be sift‐proof. In the drop tests, longer valve lengths had a greater sealing effect for both filling substances (for filling degrees of at least 95% and for test samples which had already been mechanically loaded). As an extreme example, at the drop height of 1.20 m and a filling degree of 100%, the released amount of zinc oxide powder from a 10‐cm‐long valve was about 16 times higher than from a valve length of 12.5 cm. The valve length is therefore a safety‐relevant parameter and should be specified by the manufacturer. To ensure that only filling goods with similar physical properties in comparison with the test substance are used for valved bags, the user must be informed of the particle size of the test substance. KW - Sacks KW - Bags KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Sift-proofness PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2377 SN - 0894-3214 SN - 1099-1522 VL - 31 IS - 8 SP - 532 EP - 544 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. AN - OPUS4-45835 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -