TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Wave propagation from hammer, vibrator and railway excitation – theoretical and measured attenuation in space and frequency domain N2 - The attenuation of wave amplitudes is ruled by the planar, cylindrical or spher-ical geometry of the wave front (the geometric or power-law attenuation) but also by the damping of the soil (an exponential attenuation). Several low- and high-frequency filter effects are derived for the layering and the damping of the soil, for the moving static and the distributed train loads and for a homoge-neous or randomly heterogeneous soil. Measurements of hammer- and train-induced vibrations at five sites have been analysed for these attenuation and filter effects. The measured attenuation with distance can be discribed by gen-eralised power laws and some reasons will be discussed. The theoretical filter effects can well be found in the measurements. T2 - 10th Wave Mechanics and Vibration Conference (WMVC)nce CY - Lisbon, Potugal DA - 04.07.2022 KW - Hammer impact KW - Train passage KW - Layered soil KW - Attenuation KW - Filter effects KW - Randomly heterogeneous soil KW - Scattering PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55246 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Wave propagation from hammer, vibrator and railway excitation – theoretical and measured attenuation in space and frequency domain N2 - The attenuation of wave amplitudes is ruled by the planar, cylindrical or spherical geometry of the wave front (the geometric or power-law attenuation) but also by the damping of the soil (an exponential attenuation). Several low- and high-frequency filter effects are derived for the layering and the damping of the soil, for the moving static and the distributed train loads and for a homogeneous or randomly heterogeneous soil. Measurements of hammer- and train-induced vibrations at five sites have been analysed for these attenuation and filter effects. The measured attenuation with distance can be discribed by generalised power laws and some reasons will be discussed. The theoretical filter effects can well be found in the measurements. T2 - Wave Mechanics and Vibrations Conference CY - Lisbon, Potugal DA - 04.07.2022 KW - Hammer impact KW - Train passage KW - Layered soil KW - Attenuation KW - Filter effects KW - Randomly heterogeneous soil KW - Scattering PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-15757-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15758-5_35 SP - 352 EP - 359 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-56034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Vehicle-track interaction and soil dynamics N2 - The dynamic compliance of different railway tracks on different layered soils have been calculated using a combined finite-element and boundary-element method: conventional track on homogeneous soil with different stiffness, extreme normal and inverse layering of the soil, plates in and on top of the soil (slab track on various soils), conventional track with elastic rail pads. T2 - IAVSD (Vehicle System Dynamics) CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 25.8.1997 KW - Railway track KW - Layered soil KW - Vehicle-track interaction PY - 1997 AN - OPUS4-47106 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Train-induced ground vibrations – The emission and transmission from tunnel and surface lines N2 - Train-induced ground vibrations are quite different for tunnel and surface lines. The excitation of the track and ground vibration by the vehicle-track-soil interaction maybe influenced by the stiffer track support of the tunnel invert. The excited waves are propagating on a different path compared to the surface line. The wave propagation in the interior of the soil is calculated by a wavenumber integral in a similar way as the propagation along the surface and a general reduction of < 0.5 has been found. An additional reduction has been found because of the missing Rayleigh wave. The different excitation of tunnel lines is analysed theoretically by the combined finite-element boundary-element method and some results about the influencing tunnel and soil parameters will be shown. Measurements have been made at the Mühlberg-Tunnel in Germany. The vibrations of the train, the track and the soil have been measured simultaneously at the tunnel and a nearby surface line. Spectra will be shown for different train speeds between 60 and 160 km/h. A clear reduction effect for the tunnel line compared to the surface line has been observed in a specific (train-speed-dependent) frequency range. This agrees well with the observations of other research institutes. The mid-frequency tunnel-surface reduction seems to be a consequence of the stiffer track structure which leads to a wider distribution of the axle loads. Therefore, the axle impulses due to the train passage are longer and have a lower frequency content. This will have an effect on the ground vibrations at some distance which are present in case of an irregular transmission path through a ballast and soil with varying stiffness. A similar reduction effect can also be found for other track forms where the axle impulses are distributed on a longer track segment, for example slab tracks, tracks with under ballast plates, under ballast mats or under sleeper pads. T2 - 29th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV29) CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 09.07.2023 KW - Ground vibration KW - Railway tunnel KW - Layered soil KW - Surface-tunnel reduction KW - Measurements PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Train-induced ground vibrations - the emission and transmission from tunnel and surface lines N2 - Train-induced ground vibrations are quite different for tunnel and surface lines. The excitation of the track and ground vibration by the vehicle-track-soil interaction maybe influenced by the stiffer track support of the tunnel invert. The excited waves are propagating on a different path compared to the surface line. The wave propagation in the interior of the soil is calculated by a wavenumber integral in a similar way as the propagation along the surface and a general reduction of < 0.5 has been found. An additional reduction has been found because of the missing Rayleigh wave. The different excitation of tunnel lines is analysed theoretically by the combined finite-element boundary-element method and some results about the influencing tunnel and soil parameters will be shown. Measurements have been made at the Mühlberg-Tunnel in Germany. The vibrations of the train, the track and the soil have been measured simultaneously at the tunnel and a nearby surface line. Spectra will be shown for different train speeds between 60 and 160 km/h. A clear reduction effect for the tunnel line compared to the surface line has been observed in a specific (train-speed-dependent) frequency range. This agrees well with the observations of other research institutes. The mid-frequency tunnel-surface reduction seems to be a consequence of the stiffer track structure which leads to a wider distribution of the axle loads. Therefore, the axle impulses due to the train passage are longer and have a lower frequency content. This will have an effect on the ground vibrations at some distance which are present in case of an irregular transmission path through a ballast and soil with varying stiffness. A similar reduction effect can also be found for other track forms where the axle impulses are distributed on a longer track segment, for example slab tracks, tracks with under ballast plates, under ballast mats or under sleeper pads. T2 - 29th International Congress on Sound and Vibration CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 09.07.2023 KW - Ground vibration KW - Railway tunnel KW - Layered soil KW - Surface-tunnel reduction KW - Measurements PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IIAV CY - Auburn, USA AN - OPUS4-57962 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Train induced ground vibrations: different amplitude-speed relations for two layered soils N2 - Ground vibrations created by running high-speed trains at speeds between 100 and 320 km/h are calculated in detail using transfer functions to model the effects of the moving loads. These transfer functions for layered soils are obtained by integration in the wavenumber domain. The train-induced vibrations in a soil that is considered to consist of single layers of two slightly different soils are analysed for different excitations: for their spectra, attenuation laws and amplitude-speed relations. An important mid-frequency component is shifted through the cut-on region of the layered soil with an increase in the train speed. The cut-on frequency divides the response of the layered soil into a low-frequency low-amplitude range and a high-frequency high-amplitude range. This leads to completely different train speed dependencies for the two soil layers with strongly increasing amplitudes around the cut-on frequency and almost constant amplitudes beyond this frequency. All calculated results closely agree with ground vibration measurements at two corresponding sites, especially if the mid-frequency component is calculated by axle impulses. KW - Ground vibration KW - Layered soil KW - Wavenumber integrals KW - Moving load KW - Excitation forces KW - High-speed trains KW - Measured railway vibrations PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409712437305 SN - 0954-4097 VL - 226 IS - 5 SP - 469 EP - 488 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-31162 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Static and dynamic behaviours of isolated and unisolated ballast tracks using a fast wavenumber domain method N2 - The dynamics of un-isolated and isolated ballast tracks have been analysed by multi-beam models for the track and by a layered half-space model for the soil. The solution is calculated in frequency-wavenumber domain and transformed back to space domain by a wavenumber integral. This is a faster method compared to other detailed track-soil interaction methods and almost as fast as the widely used Winkler-soil method, especially if the compliances of the soil have been stored for repeated use. Frequency-dependent compliances and force transfer functions have been calculated for a variety of track and soil parameters. The ballast has a clear influence on the high-frequency behaviour whereas the soil is dominating the low-frequency behaviour of the track. A layering of the soil may cause a moderate track-soil resonance whereas more pronounced vehicle-track resonances occur with elastic track elements like rail pads, sleeper pads and ballast mats. Above these resonant frequencies, a reduction of the excitation forces follows as a consequence. The track deformation along the track has been analysed for the most interesting track systems. The track deformation is strongly influenced by the resonances due to layering or elastic elements. The attenuation of amplitudes and the velocity of the track-soil waves change considerably around the resonant frequencies. The track deformation due to complete trains have been calculated for different continuous and Winkler soils and compared with the measurement of a train passage showing a good agreement for the continuous soil and clear deviations for the Winkler soil model. KW - Railway track KW - Multi-beam model KW - Layered soil KW - Wavenumber method KW - Track deformation KW - Force transfer KW - Track-soil and vehicle-track resonances PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-016-1209-6 SN - 0939-1533 SN - 1432-0681 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 555 EP - 574 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-39080 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Site-specific amplitude-distance laws, wave velocities, damping, and transfer functions of the soil from hammer impacts and application to railway-induced ground vibration – Similarities and mid-frequency differences N2 - The propagation of ground vibrations is theoretically analysed with frequency-wavenumber and simplified methods. Experimental methods are presented which can characterise the site-specific ground vibrations by wave velocities, stiffness and damping. Measurements with hammer and train excitation have been performed at several sites. The one-third octave spectra show the stiffness-dependent amplitudes and the low- and high-frequency filter effects due to the layering and the damping of the soil. Specific train effects, an additional high-frequency filter, the sleeper passage frequency, and an amplified mid-frequency component can be clearly found. The attenuation with distance is analysed in detail where the theoretical exponential and the empirical frequency-dependent power law are considered. Hammer and train excitation show the same site-specific effects which are mainly due to the stronger or weaker damping of the soil. The train attenuation is generally weaker than the hammer attenuation. The attenuation exponent of the power law, which is strongly dependent on the site and the frequency, is reduced for the train vibration by 0.3 to 0.5 in agreement with the theory. Reasons are discussed for the overall power law and for the dominating mid-frequency component. KW - Hammer impact KW - Train passage KW - Layered soil KW - Attenuation KW - Filter effects KW - Randomly heterogeneous soil KW - Scattering PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585020 SN - 2366-2557 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-58502 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Simple and fast prediction of train-induced track forces, ground and building vibrations N2 - A simple and fast prediction scheme is presented for train induced ground and building vibrations. Simple models such as (1-dimensional) transfer matrices are used for the vehicle-track-soil interaction and for the building-soil interaction. The wave propagation through layered soils is approximated by a frequency-dependent homogeneous half-space. The prediction is divided into the parts “emission” (excitation by railway traffic), “transmission” (wave propagation through the soil) and “immission” (transfer into a building). The link between the modules is made by the excitation force between emission and transmission, and by the free-field vibration between transmission and immission. All formula for the simple vehicle-track, soil and building models are given in this article. The behaviour of the models is demonstrated by typical examples, that is the mitigation of train vibrations by elastic track elements, the low- and high-frequency cut-offs characteristic for layered soils, and the interacting soil, wall and floor resonances of multi-storey buildings. It is shown that the results of the simple prediction models can well represent the behaviour of the more time-consuming detailed models, the finite-element boundary-element models of the track, the wavenumber integrals for the soil, and the three-dimensional finite-element models of the building. In addition, measurement examples are given for each part of the prediction confirming that the methods provide reasonable results. As the prediction models are fast in calculation, many predictions can be done, for example to assess the environmental effect along a new railway line. The simple models have the additional advantage that the user needs to know only a minimum of parameters. So, the prediction is fast and user-friendly, but also theoretically and experimentally well-founded. KW - Railway induced vibration KW - Ground vibration KW - Layered soil KW - Building response KW - Excitation forces KW - Track and vehicle irregularities PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513340 SN - 2662-4745 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 232 EP - 250 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Response to harmonic wave excitation of finite or infinite elastic plates on a homogeneous or layered half-space N2 - The soil–structure interaction of elastic plates on homogeneous or layered soils excited by horizontally propagating waves is analysed. Large plates are modelled by a combined finite-element boundary-element method (FEBEM), whereas the response of infinitely long plates is calculated by a numerical integration in the frequency–wavenumber domain. The finite-element boundary-element method yields the complete soil–plate transfer function of frequency and distance whereas the frequency–wavenumber solution of the infinitely long plate can serve as an approximation for long distances on a finitely long plate. The soil–plate transfer function starts to decrease strongly at the coincidence frequency, where the bending stiffness equals the plate inertia. A strong decrease follows at mid frequencies and a strong reduction of less than 0.1 of the ground vibration is reached at high frequencies. Rules for the characteristic frequencies are derived from the numerical results clearly indicating the strongest influence of the soil stiffness and the weaker influence of the bending stiffness of the plate. The influence of the mass, length and width of the plate are shown to be limited in case of realistic parameters, but it should be noted that the reduction effects are less effective for layered soils and for nearer observation points. KW - Plate-soil interaction KW - Wave excitation KW - Flexible plate KW - Layered soil KW - Vibration reduction KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Frequency-wavenumber method PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.02.001 SN - 0266-352x VL - 51 SP - 50 EP - 59 PB - Elsevier Appl. Sci. Publ. CY - Barking AN - OPUS4-27983 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Railway-induced ground and building vibrations – Analysis in frequency-wavenumber domain and fast prediction with approximate models N2 - A simple and fast prediction scheme is presented for train-induced ground and building vibrations. For the emission, finite-element boundary-element or multiple-beam-on-continuous-soil models of the track have been analysed and approximated by faster track-on-Winkler-soil models. The vehicle-track interaction due to irregularities yields the excitation forces. For the transmission of waves in the soil, the wavenumber integral of the compliance of layered soils has been evaluated. The calculation time is reduced for the prediction by using the solution of a homogeneous half-space with a frequency-dependent wave velocity (the dispersion) of the soil. For the immision, many 2 and 3-dimenisonal finite-element building models have been investigated, and a good approximation has been established by a 1-dimensional soil-wall-floor model. In addition, the axle sequence of the train, the quasi-static and the “scattered” response of the soil, and the wave propagation from a tunnel to a pile foundation of a building have been included. T2 - ISMA-Conference 2022 CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 12.09.2022 KW - Ground vibration KW - Simple prediction KW - Vehicle-track interaction KW - Layered soil KW - Soil-building interaction KW - Soil-wall-floor model KW - Propagation from a tunnel KW - Tunnel-pile transfer PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - KU Leuven CY - Leuven AN - OPUS4-56603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Maldonado, M. T1 - Interaction véhicule-voie-sol et vibrations dues aux trains - Modélisations et vérifications expérimentales N2 - Cet article présente plusieurs modèles numériques pour l’étude des phénomènes vibratoires lors du passage d’un train. Les modèles permettent d’estimer la propagation des ondes et les réceptances pour le sol et la voie. Le sol multicouche et le couplage voie-sol sont traités par une (double) intégration sur les nombres d’onde. Les raideurs dynamiques de la voie et du véhicule sont combinées et les forces d’excitation roue-rail dues aux irrégularités de la voie et des roues sont calculées. Ces forces d’excitation permettent de simuler les vibrations du sol lors du passage d’un train. Les modèles sont validés par comparaison avec des mesures sur deux sites, en France et en Allemagne. Les vibrations calculées correspondent bien aux vibrations mesurées. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This contribution presents models that are necessary to calculate the vibrations due to the passage of a train. The models allow to calculate the propagation of the waves and the receptances of the soil and the track. The layered soil and the coupling with the track are treated by a (double) integration in wavenumber domain. The dynamic stiffnesses of the track and vehicle are combined and the excitation forces due to the irregularities of the track and the wheel are calculated. Finally, these excitation forces are used to simulate the ground vibration of a passing train. All these models are validated by a number of different measurements at two sites in France and Germany. KW - Ondes du sol multicouche KW - Irrégularités et forces roue-rail KW - Wave propagation KW - Layered soil KW - Wheel-rail irregularities and forces PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3166/EJCM.20.257-280 SN - 1779-7179 VL - 20 IS - 5-6 SP - 257 EP - 280 PB - Hermès Science : Lavoisier CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-24557 LA - fra AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Papadrakakis, M. ED - Fragiadakis, M. ED - Plevris, V. T1 - High-speed railway tracks of a surface, bridge and tunnel line and some effects on the train-induced bridge and ground vibrations T2 - COMPDYN 2011 - 3rd International thematic conference - Computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering CY - Corfu, Greece DA - 2011-05-25 KW - Track compliance KW - Surface line KW - Bridge track KW - Tunnel track KW - Ground vibration KW - Layered soil KW - Bridge resonance KW - Train speed KW - Axle sequence KW - Track irregularities PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 17(?) AN - OPUS4-24555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -