TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Realistic axle-load spectra from ground vibrations measured near railway lines N2 - Train-induced ground vibrations are generated by static and dynamic axle loads which can be calculated by vehicle-track-soil models and the vehicle and track irregularities. A fast prediction method has been developed which uses approximate transfer functions of layered soils. In the present contribution, this prediction method is used for the inverse calculation of the axle-load spectra from the measured ground vibration. The layered soils of some measuring sites show very differing ground vibration spectra in the amplitude range of 0.0001–1.0 mm/s as a consequence of the soft layer and stiff half-space, differing layer frequencies, as well as the far- and near-field measuring points. The back-calculation, however, yields axle-load spectra within a single order of magnitude around 1 kN. Axle-box measurements confirm the amplitude level of the axle loads. This standard axle-load spectrum can be used for a basic prediction at a new site. The separation of train and site-specific components allows a better evaluation of railway vibrations, for example, of different trains and different tracks. By eliminating the effects of differing soil characteristics, an important mid-frequency component has been found which lies between 8 and 32 Hz depending on the train speed. The origin of this dominant mid-frequency component is discussed using advanced prediction methods like moving constant loads, scattered axle impulses and axle-sequence spectra. PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/23248378.2015.1076624 SN - 2324-8378 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 180 EP - 200 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Abingdon AN - OPUS4-34768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Náprstek, J. ED - Horácek, J. ED - Okrouhlík, M. ED - Marvalová, B. ED - Verhulst, F. ED - Sawicki, J.T. T1 - Reducing ground-borne micro-vibrations by plate foundations T2 - Vibration problems ICOVP 2011 - 10th international conference on vibration problems CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2011-09-05 KW - Plate-soil interaction KW - Wave excitation KW - Vibration reduction KW - Finite-element boundary-element method PY - 2011 SN - 978-94-007-2068-8 SN - 0930-8989 N1 - Serientitel: Springer proceedings in physics – Series title: Springer proceedings in physics VL - 139 SP - 329 EP - 335 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-24804 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Reduction in Train-Induced Vibrations—Calculations of Different Railway Lines and Mitigation Measures in the Transmission Path N2 - The reduction in train-induced ground vibrations by different railway lines and by mitigation measures in the propagation path was analysed in a unified approach by two-dimensional finite element calculations. In general, there was no reduction at low frequencies, and the reduction be-came stronger with increasing frequencies. A maximum reduction of 0.1 at high frequencies was established with an open trench. Reductions between 0.7 and 0.2 have been found for the other sit-uations, filled trenches, walls, plates, and blocks, as well as for railway lines on dams, in cuts and in a tunnel. Bridges can produce amplifications due to their resonance frequencies, but also strong reductions due to massive bridge piers. The influence of some parameters has been analysed, such as the bridge span, the inclination of the dam and the cut, the stiffness of the soil, and the tunnel structure. The dynamic track stiffnesses of a surface, bridge, and tunnel track have been calculated using the 3D finite-element boundary-element method for comparison with corresponding meas-urements. KW - Train-induced vibration KW - Mitigation KW - Trench KW - Obstacles KW - Tunnel KW - Bridge KW - Finite element KW - Boundary element PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579573 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116706 VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-57957 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Resonances of railway bridges analysed in frequency domain by the modal-force-excitation, bridge-transfer and axle-sequence spectra N2 - In this article, the passage of different trains over different bridges will be studied for resonant excitation. The intensity of the resonance will be estimated in frequency domain by using three separated spectra. At first, the excitation spectrum of the modal forces is built by the mode shape and the passage time of the train over the bridge. The second spectrum is the frequency response function of the bridge which include the modal frequency, damping and mass. The third part is the spectrum of the axle sequence of the train. The influences of train speed, bridge length, bridge support, track irregularities, and train type on the resonance amplitudes will be analysed for each of these spectra separately for getting a better insight. A variety of axle-sequence spectra and corresponding rules will be presented for different vehicles and trains. As examples, the passage of a slow freight train over a long-span bridge, a normal passenger train over a medium-span bridge, and a high-speed train over a short bridge will be analysed. Corresponding measurements show the amplification, but also the cancellation of the subsequent axle responses. Namely in one of the measurement examples, the first mode of the bridge was amplified and the second mode was cancelled at a low speed of the train and vice versa at a higher speed. KW - Railway bridge KW - Bridge vibration KW - Train passage KW - Axle sequence KW - Resonance KW - Cancellation KW - Fequency domain PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113282 SN - 0141-0296 VL - 249 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - London AN - OPUS4-53766 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Response to harmonic wave excitation of finite or infinite elastic plates on a homogeneous or layered half-space N2 - The soil–structure interaction of elastic plates on homogeneous or layered soils excited by horizontally propagating waves is analysed. Large plates are modelled by a combined finite-element boundary-element method (FEBEM), whereas the response of infinitely long plates is calculated by a numerical integration in the frequency–wavenumber domain. The finite-element boundary-element method yields the complete soil–plate transfer function of frequency and distance whereas the frequency–wavenumber solution of the infinitely long plate can serve as an approximation for long distances on a finitely long plate. The soil–plate transfer function starts to decrease strongly at the coincidence frequency, where the bending stiffness equals the plate inertia. A strong decrease follows at mid frequencies and a strong reduction of less than 0.1 of the ground vibration is reached at high frequencies. Rules for the characteristic frequencies are derived from the numerical results clearly indicating the strongest influence of the soil stiffness and the weaker influence of the bending stiffness of the plate. The influence of the mass, length and width of the plate are shown to be limited in case of realistic parameters, but it should be noted that the reduction effects are less effective for layered soils and for nearer observation points. KW - Plate-soil interaction KW - Wave excitation KW - Flexible plate KW - Layered soil KW - Vibration reduction KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Frequency-wavenumber method PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.02.001 SN - 0266-352x VL - 51 SP - 50 EP - 59 PB - Elsevier Appl. Sci. Publ. CY - Barking AN - OPUS4-27983 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Roughness and wheelset acceleration from axle-box measurements for understanding the generation and mitigation of ground vibrations N2 - Two measurement campaigns of train-induced ground vibrations are evaluated for the vehicle-track-soil interaction. Ground vibrations, track vibrations and vehicle vibrations have been measured for train passages and impulse excitation and compared with theoretical results. The soil and the track-soil system are calculated by wavenumber integrals. The influence of the vehicle is introduced by a substructure method. By comparing theory and measurement the different components of excitation force and ground vibration can be analysed, the quasi-static excitation, track-alignment errors, the out-of-roundness of wheels, the wheel and rail roughness, and moreover, scattered axle impulses and ineffective high-frequency parts of the wheelset accelerations and forces. T2 - ISO/TC 108/SC 2/WG 8 Working group Ground-borne noise and vibration from rail systems CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.03.2019 KW - Vehicle-track-soil interaction KW - Train-induced ground vibration PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47894 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Seismic reponse of three-dimensional structures using a Green's function approach to the soil T2 - International Seminar on Earthquake Prognostics CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1986-06-26 PY - 1986 AN - OPUS4-13753 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Brandes, K. ED - Vogel, A. T1 - Seismic response of three-dimensional structures using a green's function approach to the soil T2 - 2nd International Seminar on Earthquake Prognostics CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1986-06-24 PY - 1986 SN - 3-528-06323-8 N1 - Serientitel: Progress in earthquake prediction research – Series title: Progress in earthquake prediction research IS - 3 SP - 393 EP - 403 PB - Vieweg CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-11541 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - M. Papadrakakis, ED - D.C. Charmpis, ED - N.D. Lagaros, ED - Tsompanakis, Y. T1 - Simple and advanced boundary-element method for the soil and its application to railway dynamics T2 - COMPDYN 2007 CY - Rethymno, Crete, Greece DA - 2007-06-13 KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Explicit Green´s functions KW - Track vibration KW - Tunnel vibration KW - Vehicle-track-soil interaction KW - Radiation damping PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 12 CY - Athen AN - OPUS4-15015 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Simple and advanced boundary-element method for the soil and its application to railway dynamics T2 - COMPDYN 2007, Computional Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering CY - Rethymno, Greece DA - 2007-06-13 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15003 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Simple and fast prediction of train-induced track forces, ground and building vibrations N2 - A simple and fast prediction scheme is presented for train induced ground and building vibrations. Simple models such as (1-dimensional) transfer matrices are used for the vehicle-track-soil interaction and for the building-soil interaction. The wave propagation through layered soils is approximated by a frequency-dependent homogeneous half-space. The prediction is divided into the parts “emission” (excitation by railway traffic), “transmission” (wave propagation through the soil) and “immission” (transfer into a building). The link between the modules is made by the excitation force between emission and transmission, and by the free-field vibration between transmission and immission. All formula for the simple vehicle-track, soil and building models are given in this article. The behaviour of the models is demonstrated by typical examples, that is the mitigation of train vibrations by elastic track elements, the low- and high-frequency cut-offs characteristic for layered soils, and the interacting soil, wall and floor resonances of multi-storey buildings. It is shown that the results of the simple prediction models can well represent the behaviour of the more time-consuming detailed models, the finite-element boundary-element models of the track, the wavenumber integrals for the soil, and the three-dimensional finite-element models of the building. In addition, measurement examples are given for each part of the prediction confirming that the methods provide reasonable results. As the prediction models are fast in calculation, many predictions can be done, for example to assess the environmental effect along a new railway line. The simple models have the additional advantage that the user needs to know only a minimum of parameters. So, the prediction is fast and user-friendly, but also theoretically and experimentally well-founded. KW - Railway induced vibration KW - Ground vibration KW - Layered soil KW - Building response KW - Excitation forces KW - Track and vehicle irregularities PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513340 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40534-020-00218-7 SN - 2662-4745 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 232 EP - 250 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir T1 - Simple modal analysis and wave propagation for practical floor experiments in new and old office and residential buildings T2 - EVACES'07 - Experimental vibration analysis for civil engineering structures CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 2007-10-24 PY - 2007 SN - 978-972-752-095-4 SP - 423 EP - 432 AN - OPUS4-18409 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Simplified methods for wave propagation and soil-structure interaction: the dispersion of layered soil and the approximation of FEBEM results T2 - Eurodyn 2005 CY - Paris, France DA - 2005-09-04 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-11876 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Soize, C. ED - Schueller, G. T1 - Simplified methods for wave propagation and soil-structure interaction: The dispersion of layered soil and the approximation of FEBEM results T2 - IMO-WIND: An integrated monitoring system for offshore wind energy turbines CY - Paris, France DA - 2005-09-04 PY - 2005 SN - 90-5966-033-1 SP - 1303 EP - 1308 PB - Millpress CY - Rotterdam AN - OPUS4-11576 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Simultaneous measurements of the vehicle, track, and soil vibrations at a surface, bridge, and tunnel railway line N2 - A complex measuring campaign has been performed including the simultaneous measurement of vehicle, track, and soil vibrations during train runs at 16, 25, 40, 63, 80, 100, 125, 140, 160 km/h, and impulse measurements of the passenger car, three track sections and the soil. A ballast track on the soil surface and on a concrete bridge have been investigated as well as a slab track in a tunnel. The evaluation and comparison of all these data shows a generally good agreement for all components if the strong low- and high-frequency cut-off characteristics of the layered and damped soil are incorporated. There is a strong causal correlation between the vehicle and the soil by the dynamic excitation forces and a weak relation between the track and the soil by the axle-sequence spectrum of the train. However, the similarity between the axle-impulse spectrum observed at the track and the spectra of the ground vibration lead to the special excitation component of “scattered axle impulses” which is pre-dominant at the far-field points of the soil. KW - Railway KW - Ground vibration KW - Vehicle-track interaction KW - Track-soil interaction KW - Measurements PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-410224 DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1959286 VL - 2017 IS - ID 1959286 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Hindawi CY - Indien AN - OPUS4-41022 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Site-specific amplitude-distance laws, wave velocities, damping, and transfer functions of the soil from hammer impacts and application to railway-induced ground vibration – Similarities and mid-frequency differences N2 - The propagation of ground vibrations is theoretically analysed with frequency-wavenumber and simplified methods. Experimental methods are presented which can characterise the site-specific ground vibrations by wave velocities, stiffness and damping. Measurements with hammer and train excitation have been performed at several sites. The one-third octave spectra show the stiffness-dependent amplitudes and the low- and high-frequency filter effects due to the layering and the damping of the soil. Specific train effects, an additional high-frequency filter, the sleeper passage frequency, and an amplified mid-frequency component can be clearly found. The attenuation with distance is analysed in detail where the theoretical exponential and the empirical frequency-dependent power law are considered. Hammer and train excitation show the same site-specific effects which are mainly due to the stronger or weaker damping of the soil. The train attenuation is generally weaker than the hammer attenuation. The attenuation exponent of the power law, which is strongly dependent on the site and the frequency, is reduced for the train vibration by 0.3 to 0.5 in agreement with the theory. Reasons are discussed for the overall power law and for the dominating mid-frequency component. KW - Hammer impact KW - Train passage KW - Layered soil KW - Attenuation KW - Filter effects KW - Randomly heterogeneous soil KW - Scattering PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s42417-023-01095-0 SN - 2366-2557 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-58502 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir T1 - Slab track behaviour under train passage and hammer impact – Measurements at different sites and calculated track interaction with continuous soils N2 - This contribution intends to give an overview on the vibration behaviour of slab tracks in comparison of measurements and calculations and also by comparison of different track types at more than ten different measuring sites. In theory, tracks on continuous soil are calculated by the frequency-wavenumber domain method. In experiment, geophone measurements are transformed to displacement results. Two aspects of track behaviour are considered, the frequency-dependant compliance of the track, measured by hammer impact, and the deflection under a passing axle load. In theory, the response to a single axle can be calculated, whereas in experiment, only the passage of the whole train can be measured. For comparison of theory and experiment, the calculated deflection under a single axle is superposed to get the response of the whole train. As a result, the slab track characteristics are completely different from the ballast track characteristics where each axle can be seen in the time histories. The slab track has a more global behaviour where only a whole bogie can be found in the track response and moreover, the two neighbouring bogies are not completely separated. The measurement of the different track elements (rail, sleeper, track plate, base layer) and the frequency-dependant compliances with possible resonances yield further information About the properties of the track elements. The calculations show that the soil has the dominant influence on the amplitudes and the width of the track-plate displacements. In the measurement results, the following parameters are analysed: slab track vs. ballast track, different types of slab tracks, damaged slab tracks, different trains, switches at different measuring points, voided sleepers, an elastic layer, the mortar layer, and different soils at different places. Finally, a good agreement between measured and calculated results is found for the normal and some special (damaged, floating) slab tracks. KW - Slab track KW - Train passage KW - Hammer impact KW - Compliance function KW - Track deflection PY - 2020 UR - https://iiav.org/ijav/index.php?va=viewpage&vaid=177&id_number=95 DO - https://doi.org/10.20855/ijav.2020.25.31622 SN - 1027-5851 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 341 EP - 354 PB - International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration CY - Gliwice AN - OPUS4-51346 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Soil dynamics and tracks for high-speed traffic T2 - Workshop "Track Mechanics and Track Detoration" TU Berlin - BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1997-11-26 PY - 1997 AN - OPUS4-6606 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Soil-foundation-structure problems related to train induced vibrations - the kinematic interaction of tunnel excited pile foundations and the inertial interaction of high rise buildings N2 - The soil-foundation-structure interaction is always important when building vibrations due to train passages have to be considered. The frequency range for train vibrations is up to 100 Hz. Normally, soft surface soils are crucial so that the wavelength can be much smaller than the foundation dimensions. Three topics are of interest for the prediction and the under-standing of building vibrations. 1. The „kinematic interaction“ or the „added foundation ef-fect“, which is calculated either by the combined boundary-element finite-element method or by the wavenumber domain method, results in a reduction of the free-field vibration. The stiff-ness of the foundation resists the wave deformation, plates and walls for horizontally propa-gating waves or piles for vertically incident waves. 2. The „inertial interaction“ or the „added building effect“ yields an amplification around the vertical building resonance, which may be a rigid mode on the compliant soil or a flexible mode for high-rise buildings, and a reduction at higher frequencies. This has been analysed by detailed finite element models of apartment and office buildings. 3. Base isolation is a method to further reduce building vibrations. It is important to know the soil-foundation impedance for the possible reduction, as well as the correct building impedance. A high-rise building cannot be considered as a rigid mass model. It has a frequency-dependent behaviour with longitudinal waves travelling from the founda-tion to the top of the building which include the effect of floor vibrations. Experiences from building projects in Vienna, Frankfort and Berlin will give some additional results for the ex-citation from tunnel lines, the kinematic response of pile foundations, and the inertial re-sponse of the flexible multi-storey buildings. T2 - Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (COMPDYN 2023) CY - Athens, Greece DA - 12.06.2023 KW - Soil-pile interaction KW - Pile groups KW - Kinematic interaction KW - Inertial interaction KW - High-rise buildings KW - Base isolation PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Soil-foundation-structure problems related to train induced vibrations - the kinematic interaction of tunnel excited pile foundations and the inertial interaction of high rise buildings N2 - The soil-foundation-structure interaction is always important when building vibrations due to train passages have to be considered. The frequency range for train vibrations is up to 100 Hz. Normally, soft surface soils are crucial so that the wavelength can be much smaller than the foundation dimensions. Three topics are of interest for the prediction and the under-standing of building vibrations. 1. The „kinematic interaction“ or the „added foundation ef-fect“, which is calculated either by the combined boundary-element finite-element method or by the wavenumber domain method, results in a reduction of the free-field vibration. The stiff-ness of the foundation resists the wave deformation, plates and walls for horizontally propa-gating waves or piles for vertically incident waves. 2. The „inertial interaction“ or the „added building effect“ yields an amplification around the vertical building resonance, which may be a rigid mode on the compliant soil or a flexible mode for high-rise buildings, and a reduction at higher frequencies. This has been analysed by detailed finite element models of apartment and office buildings. 3. Base isolation is a method to further reduce building vibrations. It is important to know the soil-foundation impedance for the possible reduction, as well as the correct building impedance. A high-rise building cannot be considered as a rigid mass model. It has a frequency-dependent behaviour with longitudinal waves travelling from the founda-tion to the top of the building which include the effect of floor vibrations. Experiences from building projects in Vienna, Frankfort and Berlin will give some additional results for the ex-citation from tunnel lines, the kinematic response of pile foundations, and the inertial re-sponse of the flexible multi-storey buildings. T2 - COMPDYN 2023 CY - Athen, Greece DA - 12.06.2023 KW - Kinematic Interaction KW - Inertial Interaction KW - Surface Foundation KW - Pile Foundation KW - High-Rise Building PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - NTUA CY - Athens AN - OPUS4-57959 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Some effects of the layering of the soil on wave propagation and foundation vibration T2 - 7th Conf. Soil Dynamics and Eartquake Engeneering CY - Crete, Greece DA - 1995-05-25 PY - 1995 AN - OPUS4-6609 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Some effects of the layering of the soil on wave propagation and foundation vibrations T2 - Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering VII CY - Southampton, England, UK DA - 1995-05-01 PY - 1995 SN - 1-85312-315-3 SP - 283 EP - 290 CY - Southampton AN - OPUS4-11579 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Some resonance effects of non-typical trains and railway bridges investigated by a frequency-domain method N2 - The resonances of railway bridges have often been analysed for short bridges under periodical high-speed trains, for simply supported one-span bridges, for the fundamental bridge mode, and by time-domain analyses. Many time-consuming calculations have been performed to establish simplified rules for standards. In this contribution, the passage of different (existing, new and hypothetic) trains over different bridges will be analysed in frequency domain by using three separated spectra with the purpose to get a better physical insight in the phenomena. At first, the excitation spectrum of the modal forces is built by the mode shape and the passage time of the train over the bridge. The second spectrum is the frequency response function of the bridge which include the modal frequency, damping and mass. The third part is the spectrum of the axle sequence of an arbitrary train which is not limited to periodical or specific (conventional, articulated, regular or standard) trains and which does not include any bridge parameters. The final solution in frequency domain is obtained as the product of these three complex, strongly varying spectra for the dominating bridge mode or in general as the sum of these products over all relevant bridge modes. The time domain solution is obtained via the inverse Fourier transform, and the resulting time histories have been successfully compared with some measurement results. The method is applied to the vertical and torsional modes of a mid-long 1-span bridge on elastomeric bearings under standard train speeds, and to a long multi-span integral bridge under long periodical freight trains. Different resonance and cancellation effects have been found for systematically varied train speeds according to the axle sequence of the whole train which is dominated by the two locomotives in that case. To be more specific, the first torsional mode of the mid-span bridge is excited for a train speed of 100 km/h whereas the second bending mode is excited for a train speed of 160 km/h. In both cases, the other mode is suppressed by the minima of the axle-distance spectra. In addition, the case of the German high-speed train ICE4 and the very high-speed hyperloop case will be discussed briefly. In general, it is shown that resonance effects are also worth to be studied for freight and passenger trains with lower speeds. T2 - EURODYN 2023 XII International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Delft, Netherlands DA - 03.07.2023 KW - Railway bridge KW - Transfer fuction KW - Modal load spectrum KW - Axle-sequence spectrum KW - Freight train KW - Passenger train KW - High-speed train KW - 2-span bridge PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57955 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Some resonance effects of non-typical trains and railway bridges investigated by a frequency-domain method N2 - The resonances of railway bridges have often been analysed for short bridges under periodical high-speed trains, for simply supported one-span bridges, for the fundamental bridge mode, and by time-domain analyses. Many time-consuming calculations have been performed to establish simplified rules for standards. In this contribution, the passage of different (existing, new and hypothetic) trains over different bridges will be analysed in frequency domain by using three separated spectra with the purpose to get a better physical insight in the phenomena. At first, the excitation spectrum of the modal forces is built by the mode shape and the passage time of the train over the bridge. The second spectrum is the frequency response function of the bridge which include the modal frequency, damping and mass. The third part is the spectrum of the axle sequence of an arbitrary train which is not limited to periodical or specific (conventional, articulated, regular or standard) trains and which does not include any bridge parameters. The final solution in frequency domain is obtained as the product of these three complex, strongly varying spectra for the dominating bridge mode or in general as the sum of these products over all relevant bridge modes. The time domain solution is obtained via the inverse Fourier transform, and the resulting time histories have been successfully compared with some measurement results. The method is applied to the vertical and torsional modes of a mid-long 1-span bridge on elastomeric bearings under standard train speeds, and to a long multi-span integral bridge under long periodical freight trains. Different resonance and cancellation effects have been found for systematically varied train speeds according to the axle sequence of the whole train which is dominated by the two locomotives in that case. To be more specific, the first torsional mode of the mid-span bridge is excited for a train speed of 100 km/h whereas the second bending mode is excited for a train speed of 160 km/h. In both cases, the other mode is suppressed by the minima of the axle-distance spectra. In addition, the case of the German high-speed train ICE4 and the very high-speed hyperloop case will be discussed briefly. In general, it is shown that resonance effects are also worth to be studied for freight and passenger trains with lower speeds. T2 - XII International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Delft, The Netherlands DA - 03.07.2023 KW - Railway bridge KW - Transfer function KW - Modal force spectrum KW - Axle-sequence spectrum KW - Freight train KW - Passenger train KW - High-speed train KW - 2-span bridge KW - Long-span bridge PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - TU Delft CY - Delft AN - OPUS4-57961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Markfort, Greta T1 - Static and dynamic behaviour of pile foundations in homogeneous and inhomogeneous soils N2 - Offshore wind energy towers are dynamically loaded by waves and wind. Pile foundations provide stiffness and damping and should be properly calculated. A combined finite-element boundary-element method for the dynamic interaction of flexible structures and the soil has been developed. The flexible structures such as single piles or complete wind energy towers are modeled by the finite element method whereas the homogeneous or layered soil is modeled by the boundary element method which uses the Green’s functions for interior loads in the layered half-space to establish the dynamic stiffness matrix of the soil. Soils with a stiffness that is continuously increasing with depth can be modeled as multi-layer soils with step-wise increasing stiffness. The effects of different parameters such as the stiffness of the soil, the axial and bending stiffness of the pile, and the radius of the cylindrical contact area will be analysed for the different components of excitation (vertical, horizontal, rotation and coupling). The results can be determined as specific power laws which are different for the different load cases and for the different soil models (Winkler support, homogeneous continuum, continuum with increasing stiffness). The dynamic effect of radiation damping will be analysed by the frequency-dependent compliance functions. A clear layering of the soil can cause noticeable changes in the dynamic compliances as reductions of the stiffness and the damping in certain frequency ranges (below and around layer resonance frequencies). The distribution of the displacements along the pile help to explain the observed laws. An example of an offshore wind energy tower has been modeled and calculated for wind, wave and weight loads. The resonances of the tower are usually limited by the radiation damping which is strongest for a soft soil. T2 - Compdyn 2017 CY - Rhodes, Greece DA - 15.06.2017 KW - Pile foundation KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Pile bending stiffness KW - Soil stiffness KW - Continuously inhomogeneous soils KW - Layered soils KW - Wind energy tower PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42486 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Markfort, Greta T1 - Static and dynamic behaviour of pile foundations in homogeneous and inhomogeneous soils N2 - Offshore wind energy towers are dynamically loaded by waves and wind. Pile foundations provide stiffness and damping and should be properly calculated. A combined finite-element boundary-element method for the dynamic interaction of flexible structures and the soil has been developed. The flexible structures such as single piles or complete wind energy towers are modeled by the finite element method whereas the homogeneous or layered soil is modeled by the boundary element method which uses the Green’s functions for interior loads in the layered half-space to establish the dynamic stiffness matrix of the soil. Soils with a stiffness that is continuously increasing with depth can be modeled as multi-layer soils with step-wise increasing stiffness. The effects of different parameters such as the stiffness of the soil, the axial and bending stiffness of the pile, and the radius of the cylindrical contact area will be analysed for the different components of excitation (vertical, horizontal, rotation and coupling). The results can be determined as specific power laws which are different for the different load cases and for the different soil models (Winkler support, homogeneous continuum, continuum with increasing stiffness). The dynamic effect of radiation damping will be analysed by the frequency-dependent compliance functions. A clear layering of the soil can cause noticeable changes in the dynamic compliances as reductions of the stiffness and the damping in certain frequency ranges (below and around layer resonance frequencies). The distribution of the displacements along the pile help to explain the observed laws. An example of an offshore wind energy tower has been modeled and calculated for wind, wave and weight loads. The resonances of the tower are usually limited by the radiation damping which is strongest for a soft soil. T2 - COMPDYN 2017 CY - Rhodes, Greece DA - 15.06.2017 KW - Pile foundation KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Pile bending stiffness KW - Soil stiffness KW - Continuously inhomogeneous soils KW - Layered soils KW - Wind energy tower PY - 2017 SP - 4675 EP - 4690 PB - NTUA CY - Athens AN - OPUS4-42089 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Static and dynamic behaviours of isolated and unisolated ballast tracks using a fast wavenumber domain method N2 - The dynamics of un-isolated and isolated ballast tracks have been analysed by multi-beam models for the track and by a layered half-space model for the soil. The solution is calculated in frequency-wavenumber domain and transformed back to space domain by a wavenumber integral. This is a faster method compared to other detailed track-soil interaction methods and almost as fast as the widely used Winkler-soil method, especially if the compliances of the soil have been stored for repeated use. Frequency-dependent compliances and force transfer functions have been calculated for a variety of track and soil parameters. The ballast has a clear influence on the high-frequency behaviour whereas the soil is dominating the low-frequency behaviour of the track. A layering of the soil may cause a moderate track-soil resonance whereas more pronounced vehicle-track resonances occur with elastic track elements like rail pads, sleeper pads and ballast mats. Above these resonant frequencies, a reduction of the excitation forces follows as a consequence. The track deformation along the track has been analysed for the most interesting track systems. The track deformation is strongly influenced by the resonances due to layering or elastic elements. The attenuation of amplitudes and the velocity of the track-soil waves change considerably around the resonant frequencies. The track deformation due to complete trains have been calculated for different continuous and Winkler soils and compared with the measurement of a train passage showing a good agreement for the continuous soil and clear deviations for the Winkler soil model. KW - Railway track KW - Multi-beam model KW - Layered soil KW - Wavenumber method KW - Track deformation KW - Force transfer KW - Track-soil and vehicle-track resonances PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-016-1209-6 SN - 0939-1533 SN - 1432-0681 VL - 87 IS - 3 SP - 555 EP - 574 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-39080 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Static and dynamic soil-structure interaction of finite and infinite beams and plates, tracks and piles T2 - 7th European Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2008 CY - Southampton, UK DA - 2008-07-07 KW - Soil-structure interaction KW - Wave-number integrals KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Moving loads on tracks KW - Pile-soil interaction PY - 2008 SN - 9780854328826 IS - E 102 SP - 1 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-18236 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Structural dynamics and soil-structure-interaction induced by railway traffic T2 - Conference "Dynamics of Structures '89" CY - Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic DA - 1989-09-14 PY - 1989 AN - OPUS4-13759 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Structural dynamics and soil-structure-interaction induced by railway traffic T2 - Dynamics of Structures '89 CY - Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic DA - 1989-09-12 PY - 1989 SP - 21 EP - 25 AN - OPUS4-11554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Technically induced surface wave fields, Part I: Measured attenuation and theoretical amplitude-distance laws N2 - The attenuation of the amplitudes with distance of technically induced surface wave fields is analyzed in theory and experiments. Experimental results of technically induced ground vibration are presented and collected from literature, which show a power-low attenuation A ~ r–q of amplitudes A with distance r and exponents q > 0.5 higher than for elastic surface waves. Additional attenuation effects are analyzed theoretically. The most important effect is due to the material or scattering damping. Each frequency component is attenuated exponentially as A ~ exp(–kr), but for a broadband excitation, the sum of the exponential laws yields a power law with a higher exponent. Some more effects are discussed, for example the dispersion of the Rayleigh wave due to the layering of the soil, which yields a stronger attenuation A ~ r–q–dq, including an additional exponent of dq = 0.5 in case of an impulsive loading. PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090228 SN - 0037-1106 SN - 1943-3573 VL - 100 IS - 4 SP - 1528 EP - 1539 PB - Seismological Society of America CY - El Cerito, Calif. AN - OPUS4-22405 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Technically induced surface wave fields, Part II: Measured and calculated admittance spectra N2 - Transfer admittance spectra of technically induced surface wave fields are analyzed in theory and experiments. Theoretical admittance spectra of layered soils are obtained by integration in wavenumber domain and compared with experimental admittances due to hammer or vibrator excitation. The admittance spectra are strongly influenced by the layering and damping of the soil. Deep stiff-soil layers yield a low-frequency cutoff, whereas a strong damping yields a high-frequency cutoff. A sharp cutoff in a narrow frequency band, which is measured at some sites, can be explained by a damping that increases with frequency, such as viscous material or scattering damping. PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090229 SN - 0037-1106 SN - 1943-3573 VL - 100 IS - 4 SP - 1540 EP - 1550 PB - Seismological Society of America CY - El Cerito, Calif. AN - OPUS4-22406 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The dynamic behavior of railway tracks with under sleeper pads, finite-element boundary-element model calculations, laboratory tests and field measurements N2 - Results from the calculation of the tracks have been presented. The compliances for the different under sleeper pads have been intensely discussed by the experts. Laboratory tests and field tests have been shortly presented to demonstrate the comprehensive approach of the BAM. N2 - Es werden die Arbeiten der BAM zu schweren Schwellen und weichen Schwellensohlen vorgestellt. Es wurden Berechnungen zum Schwingungsverhalten und zur Erschütterungsminderung durchgeführt. Laborversuche dienten dazu, die elstischen Eigenschaften der Schwellensohlen und die Dauerhaftigkeit der schweren Schwellen zu ermitteln. In Feldversuchen wurde die Minderungswirkung mit Schwingeranregung und mit Zuganregung ermittelt. T2 - Treffen "Schwellen und Schwellensohlen" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - sleeper pads KW - railway track KW - ground vibration KW - mitigation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37103 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Knothe, Esther A1 - Rücker, Werner ED - Cunha, A. ED - Caetano, E. ED - Ribeiro, P. ED - Müller, G. T1 - The dynamic behavior of railway tracks with under sleeper pads, finite-element boundary-element model calculations, laboratory tests and field measurements N2 - A variety of isolation measures exists to reduce the vibration in the neighbourhood of railway lines. They can be roughly classified as elastic or stiffening systems. There are the following elastic elements, rail pads or resilient fixation systems between rail and sleeper, under sleeper pads or sleeper shoes under the sleepers, and ballast mats under the ballast. Stiffening systems (plates) are used as slab tracks, floating slab tracks, or mass-spring systems. In the EU project “Railway induced vibration abatement solutions (RIVAS)”, elastic under sleeper pads have been investigated. The dynamic behaviour of the track and the surrounding soil has been calculated by the combined finite-element boundary-element method in a systematic parameter study. It has been shown that the mitigation effect can be improved by soft under sleeper pads or by heavy sleepers. Consequently, such track elements (soft under sleeper pads and heavy sleepers) have been thoroughly investigated in laboratory tests to establish the static and dynamic parameters as well as their serviceability. Finally, field tests at and near railway tracks with and without under sleeper pads have been performed. To determine the reduction effect of the isolated track, the ground vibrations excited by trains or artificial sources have been measured. The soil properties at the different sites have also been measured so that the comparison of the isolated and un-isolated track can take into account possible differences of the soil parameters. The contribution shows how the different (numerical, laboratory and field) methods and results can be combined to achieve an improved mitigation solution with soft under sleeper pads and heavy sleepers for ballasted and slab tracks. T2 - EURODYN 2014 - 9th International conference on structural dynamics CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 30.06.2014 KW - Railway track KW - Track-soil interaction KW - Mitigation KW - Under sleeper pads KW - Laboratory tests KW - Field tests KW - Ground vibration PY - 2014 SN - 978-972-752-165-4 SN - 2311-9020 SP - 805 EP - 812 AN - OPUS4-31164 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - De Roeck, G. ED - Degrande, G. ED - Lombaert, G. ED - Müller, G. T1 - The dynamic force transfer of slab tracks and floating slab tracks and the corresponding ground vibration T2 - EURODYN 2011 - 8th International conference on structural dynamics CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 2011-07-04 KW - Railway track KW - Slab track KW - Floating slab track KW - Track-soil interaction KW - Force transfer KW - Ground vibration PY - 2011 SN - 978-90-760-1931-4 SP - 820 EP - 827 AN - OPUS4-24556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The dynamic train-track interaction on a bridge and in a tunnel compared with the simultaneous vehicle, track, and ground vibration measurements at a surface line N2 - The vehicle–track interaction generates forces and consequently vibrations in the environment. The interaction has been analysed by the simultaneous measurements of vehicle, track and ground vibrations during test runs with varied train speeds. The special effects of the passage over a bridge and through a tunnel are studied and compared with the measurements on a conventional ballasted surface line. The maximum amplitudes, narrow band and one-third octave band spectra are presented for the axle-box accelerations and for the track, bridge and ground vibrations. The different frequencies and frequency bands are related to wheel out-of-roundness, track alignment errors, the sleeper passage and the wheelset–track resonance. An axle impulse component has been observed at the track, at the near-field soil and as a scattered version in the far field. Specific results can be found for the bridge track, where clearly speed-dependent bridge resonances occur due to the axle sequence of the train, and for the tunnel track where soft rail pads are responsible for a strong amplification around the wheelset–track resonance. On the other hand, the axle impulses are strongly reduced by the tunnel track, and the scattered axle impulse component is not as relevant as for the surface track. As a consequence, a strong mid-frequency amplitude reduction of the tunnel compared to the surface line has been measured for low and high train speeds by the Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing (BAM) and by other institutes. KW - Vehicle–track interaction KW - Ground vibration KW - Tunnel-to-surface reduction KW - Bridge resonance KW - Axle sequence PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585139 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910992 VL - 13 IS - 19 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-58513 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The effect of critically moving loads on the vibrations of soft soils and isolated railway tracks N2 - The dynamic response of the railway track is strongly influenced by the underlying soil. For a soft soil and very high train speeds or for a very soft soil and regular train speeds, the train speed can be close to the speed of elastic waves in the soil. This paper presents a detailed study of the so-called “moving-load effect”, i.e. an amplification of the dynamic response due to the load movement, for the tracks on soft soil. The analysis is carried out by evaluating the related integrals in the wavenumber domain. The influence of the load speed is quantified for a large set of parameters, showing that the effect on the soil vibration is reduced with increase of the frequency, track width and inverse wave velocity. Therefore, the moving-load effect associated with vibratory train loads is negligible whereas the amplification associated with the moving dead weight of the train can be significant. The strong moving-load effect on a perfectly homogeneous soil, however, can be strongly diminished by a layered or randomly varying soil situation. This theoretical result is affirmed by measurements at a test site in Germany where the trains run on a very soft soil at a near-critical speed. The results for soft soils are compared with experimental and theoretical results for a stiff soil. It is found that the influence of the stiffness of the soil is much stronger than the moving-load effect. This holds for the soil vibration as well as for the track vibration which both show a minor dependence on the load speed but a considerable dependence on the soil stiffness in theory and experiment. Railway tracks can include soft isolation elements such as rail pads, sleeper shoes and ballast mats. For these types of isolation elements and normal soil conditions, the influence of the load speed is usually negligible. There is only one isolation measure for which the moving load may be effective: a track which is constructed as a heavy mass–spring system. The resonance of this track system is shifted to lower frequencies and amplitudes for increasing train speed. A critical train speed can be reached if the mass–spring system has a marginal bending stiffness along the track. PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2007.10.013 SN - 0022-460X SN - 1095-8568 VL - 310 IS - 3 SP - 587 EP - 607 PB - Academic Press CY - London AN - OPUS4-17395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The excitation of ground vibration by rail traffic: theory of vehicle-track-soil interaction and measurements on high-speed lines N2 - This article presents an integrated model for the computation of vehicle–track interaction and the ground vibrations of passing trains. A combined finite element and boundary element method is used to calculate the dynamic compliance of the track on realistic soil whereas multi-body models are used for the vehicle. The dynamic stiffness of the vehicle and that of the track are combined to calculate the dynamic axle loads due to the irregularities of the vehicle and the track as well as those due to sleeper passing excitation. These loads serve as input for the calculation of ground vibration near railway lines in the time and frequency domains. The theoretical methods and results have been proven by experiments in several respects and at several instances. First, on the occasion of the test and record runs of the Intercity Experimental, there was a very good quality of the vehicle and of the newly built track so that the deterministic parts of the excitation—the static load and the sleeper-passing component—could clearly be identified, the first being of minor importance apart from the track. Second, simultaneous measurements of the vehicle, the track and the soil at three different track situations were performed where we could verify the different parts of the stochastic excitation and their importance for the ground vibrations. The irregularities of the vehicle are dominant at high frequencies whereas the irregularities of the track are more important at lower frequencies. The comparison of the theory and the measurements also points to the phenomena of the vehicle–track resonance and the scattering of the quasi-static axle impulses by randomly varying soil. PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.06.017 SN - 0022-460X SN - 1095-8568 VL - 284 IS - 1-2 SP - 103 EP - 132 PB - Academic Press CY - London AN - OPUS4-11510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir ED - Gao, G. T1 - The influence of soil properties on the ground vibration due to railway traffic and other sources - the comparability of different sites T2 - 6th International symposium on environmental vibration: Prediction, monitoring, mitigation and evaluation - Advances in environmental vibration CY - Shanghai, China DA - 2013-11-08 KW - Soil properties KW - Railway track KW - Ground vibration KW - Measurement KW - Assessment KW - Mitigation PY - 2013 SN - 978-7-5608-5303-1 SP - 175 EP - 186 PB - Tongji University Press AN - OPUS4-29731 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Schulte-Werning, B. T1 - The influence of the soil on track dynamics and ground-borne vibration T2 - 9th International Workshop on Railway Noise CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2007-09-04 PY - 2008 SN - 3-540-74892-X N1 - Serientitel: Notes on numerical fluid mechanics and multidisciplinary design – Series title: Notes on numerical fluid mechanics and multidisciplinary design IS - 99 SP - 122 EP - 128 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-18327 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The influence of the soil on track dynamics and ground-borne vibration T2 - 9th International Workshop on Railway Noise (IWRN) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2007-09-04 PY - 2007 SP - S.4.1, 1 EP - 9 PB - International Workshop on Railway Noise CY - München AN - OPUS4-16438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The influence of the track on railway induced ground vibration T2 - 30. Deutsche Jahrestagung für Akustik (DAGA) / 7 Congres Francais d'acoustique (CFA) CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 2004-03-25 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-3411 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Cassereau, D. T1 - The influence of the track on railway induced ground vibration T2 - Joint Congress CFA/DAGA '04 ; 7e Congrès Français d'Acoustique ; 30. Deutsche Jahrestagung für Akustik ; Salon Européen de l'Acoustique ; Europäische Akustik-Austellung CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 2004-03-22 PY - 2004 SN - 2-9521105-2-2 VL - 2 SP - 1079 EP - 1080 PB - Société Française d'Acoustique (SFA) CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-3710 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Ziemens, Susanne T1 - The response of different buildings to free-field excitation – a study using detailed finite element models N2 - A study on building vibrations has been performed by finite element calculations. Family houses, multi-storey residential buildings, office buildings and office towers have been modelled in detail. The frequency-dependent response due to a free-field excitation has been evaluated for walls, columns and floors. The ratio of building amplitudes to free-field amplitudes starts with uB/u0 = 1 at zero frequency and is usually lower than 1 at 50 Hz, the end of the frequency range considered here. In between, amplifications occur due to several reasons. There are „soil resonances“ where the whole building is vibrating on the compliant soil, “column resonances” where the upper storeys are vibrating on the compliant columns, and the “floor resonances” where the floors are vibrating excited by their supports. Results are presented for all building types, but a special focus is set on office buildings. A parameter study shows the influence of the stiffness of the soil, the number of storeys, and the width of the building. It has been found that the “soil resonance” is strongly modified by the low-frequency floor resonances for the normal office building. The main resonance of a twenty-storey office tower is determined equally by the “soil mode” and the “column mode”. It is an important observation for these office buildings that the resonances can differ for different parts of the building such as the centre, the edge, the corner, and the core of the building. This leads to non-uniform vibration modes across the building, which look like another type of “floor resonance” and which have been observed in several real building projects. Experimental results will be shown which can confirm the calculated phenomena. T2 - EURODYN 2020 XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Online meeting DA - 13.11.2020 KW - Building vibration KW - Office building KW - Residential building KW - Soil-building resonance KW - Floor resonance KW - Column/wall resonance PY - 2020 SN - 978-618-85072-2-7 SP - 4560 EP - 4576 CY - Athen AN - OPUS4-51678 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Ziemens, Susanne T1 - The response of different buildings to free-field excitation – a study using detailed finite element models N2 - A study on building vibrations has been performed by finite element calculations. Family houses, multi-storey residential buildings, office buildings and office towers have been modelled in detail. The frequency-dependent response due to a free-field excitation has been evaluated for walls, columns and floors. The ratio of building amplitudes to free-field amplitudes starts with uB/u0 = 1 at zero frequency and is usually lower than 1 at 50 Hz, the end of the frequency range considered here. In between, amplifications occur due to several reasons. There are „soil resonances“ where the whole building is vibrating on the compliant soil, “column resonances” where the upper storeys are vibrating on the compliant columns, and the “floor resonances” where the floors are vibrating excited by their supports. Results are presented for all building types, but a special focus is set on office buildings. A parameter study shows the influence of the stiffness of the soil, the number of storeys, and the width of the building. It has been found that the “soil resonance” is strongly modified by the low-frequency floor resonances for the normal office building. The main resonance of a twenty-storey office tower is determined equally by the “soil mode” and the “column mode”. It is an important observation for these office buildings that the resonances can differ for different parts of the building such as the centre, the edge, the corner, and the core of the building. This leads to non-uniform vibration modes across the building, which look like another type of “floor resonance” and which have been observed in several real building projects. Experimental results will be shown which can confirm the calculated phenomena. T2 - EURODYN 2020 XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Building vibration PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51679 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The role of vehicle dynamics in train-induced ground vibrations and the detection of irregular axle-pulse responses due to a varying track support stiffness N2 - Train-induced ground vibrations are all generated by the vehicle, by static or dynamic vehicle loads. The most important and most accepted excitation are the dynamic wheel loads from the passage over track irregularities. Dynamic wheel loads will be compared from parallel axle-box and ground vibration measurements at more than seven sites. Some low-frequency excitation of ground vibrations, typically between 10 and 30 Hz, cannot be found in the axle-box measurements. Therefore, other vehicle modes, such as rigid bogie modes, flexible carriage modes, rigid and flexible wheelset modes, have been analysed for additional excitation forces. These vehicle dynamics analyses give an explanation for higher axle-box results at high frequencies, but not for the excitation of the higher low-frequency ground-vibration component. Finally, the effect of the moving static train loads will be analysed. For a regular track and soil, the moving static train loads yield the quasi-static response which exists only in the low-frequency nearfield of the track. If the support stiffness is randomly varying along the track, the pulses on the track generate an additional low-frequency component which is called the irregular pulse responses. This component will be demonstrated by numerical analysis where all axle pulses are superposed in frequency domain. KW - Wheelset KW - Vehicle-track interaction KW - Rail roughness KW - Random dynamics and vibrations KW - Modal analysis PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097221086064 SN - 0954-4097 VL - 236 IS - 10 SP - 1218 EP - 1233 PB - Sage CY - London AN - OPUS4-55000 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The use and validation of measured, theoretical, and approximate point-load solutions for the prediction of train-induced vibration in homogeneous and inhomogeneous soils N2 - The layered soil is calculated in the frequency wavenumber domain and the solutions for fixed or moving point or track loads follow as wavenumber integrals. The resulting point load solutions can be approximated by simple formula. Measurements yield the specific soil parameters for the theoretical or approximate solutions, but they can also directly provide the point-load solution (the transfer function of that site). A prediction method for the train-induced ground vibration has been developed, based on one of these site-specific transfer functions. The ground vibrations strongly depend on the regular and irregular inhomogeneity of the soil. The regular layering of the soil yields a cut-on and a resonance phenomenon, while the irregular inhomogeneity seems to be important for high-speed trains. The attenuations with the distance of the ground vibration, due to point-like excitations such as vibrator, hammer, or train-track excitations, were investigated and compared. All theoretical results were compared with measurements at conventional and high-speed railway lines, validating the approximate prediction method. PY - 2014 SN - 1027-5851 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 52 EP - 64 CY - St. Petersburg, Russia AN - OPUS4-30494 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Theoretical and experimental excitation force spectra for railway-induced ground vibration: vehicle-track-soil interaction, irregularities and soil measurements N2 - Excitation force spectra are necessary for a realistic prediction of railway-induced ground vibration. The excitation forces cause the ground vibration and they are themselves a result of irregularities passed by the train. The methods of the related analyses - the wavenumber integration for the wave propagation in homogeneous or layered soils, the combined finite-element boundary-element method for the vehicle-track-soil interaction - have already been presented and are the base for the advanced topic of this contribution. This contribution determines excitation force spectra of railway traffic by two completely different methods. The forward analysis starts with vehicle, track and soil irregularities, which are taken from literature and axle-box measurements, calculates the vehicle-track interaction and gets theoretical force spectra as the result. The second method is a backward analysis from the measured ground vibration of railway traffic. A calculated or measured transfer function of the soil is used to determine the excitation force spectrum of the train. A number of measurements of different soils and different trains with different speeds are analysed in that way. Forward and backward analysis yield the same approximate force spectra with values around 1 kN for each axle and third of octave. KW - Railway forces KW - Vehicle-track interaction KW - Irregularities KW - Rail roughness KW - Track alignment KW - Wheel out-of-roundness KW - Ground vibration KW - Soil transfer function PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00423110802691515 SN - 0042-3114 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 235 EP - 261 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Basingstoke, Hants. AN - OPUS4-22361 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Semrau, Norbert A1 - Schmid, Wolfgang A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rücker, Werner ED - Grundmann, H. ED - Schuëller, G. I. T1 - Theory and experiments on wave propagation, on track-soil and on soil-building interaction related to railway induced vibration T2 - 5th International Conference on Structural Dynamics ; 4th International Conference on Structural Dynamics ; EURODYN 2002 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2002-09-02 PY - 2002 SN - 90-5809-512-6 VL - 2 SP - 1137 EP - 1142 PB - Balkema CY - Lisse AN - OPUS4-1595 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Semrau, Norbert A1 - Schmid, Wolfgang A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rücker, Werner T1 - Theory and experiments on wave propagation, on track-soil and on soil-building interaction related to railway induced vibration T2 - Fourth International Conference on Structural Dymanics (EURODYN 4) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2002-09-02 PY - 2002 AN - OPUS4-6614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -