TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Brandes, K. ED - Vogel, A. T1 - Seismic response of three-dimensional structures using a green's function approach to the soil T2 - 2nd International Seminar on Earthquake Prognostics CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1986-06-24 PY - 1986 SN - 3-528-06323-8 N1 - Serientitel: Progress in earthquake prediction research – Series title: Progress in earthquake prediction research IS - 3 SP - 393 EP - 403 PB - Vieweg CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-11541 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Rücker, Werner ED - Klapperich, H. ED - Cazuffi, D. ED - Koerner, R. T1 - Dynamic loads of railway traffic T2 - ECI International Conference on The Use of Geosynthetics in Soil Reinforcement and Dynamics CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2005-09-05 PY - 2005 SN - 3-7739-6003-4 SP - 433 EP - 443 PB - Verl. Glückauf CY - Essen AN - OPUS4-11547 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Structural dynamics and soil-structure-interaction induced by railway traffic T2 - Dynamics of Structures '89 CY - Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic DA - 1989-09-12 PY - 1989 SP - 21 EP - 25 AN - OPUS4-11554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holzlöhner, Ulrich A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Propagation of Shock Waves at the Surface of Heterogeneous Soil Grounds PY - 1984 SN - 0363-9061 SN - 1096-9853 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 57 EP - 70 PB - Wiley CY - London AN - OPUS4-11503 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction of Rigid and Flexible Foundations T2 - 5th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 1991-09-23 PY - 1991 VL - 5 SP - 467 EP - 478 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-11569 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Wave propagation in layered soils: theoretical solution in wavenumber domain and experimental results of hammer and railway traffic excitation PY - 1994 SN - 0022-460X SN - 1095-8568 VL - 173 IS - 2 SP - 233 EP - 264 PB - Academic Press CY - London AN - OPUS4-11570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Dynamics of the railway track and the underlying soil: the boundary-element solution, theoretical results and their experimental verification PY - 2005 SN - 0042-3114 VL - 43 IS - 9 SP - 671 EP - 695 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Basingstoke, Hants. AN - OPUS4-11575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Soize, C. ED - Schueller, G. T1 - Simplified methods for wave propagation and soil-structure interaction: The dispersion of layered soil and the approximation of FEBEM results T2 - IMO-WIND: An integrated monitoring system for offshore wind energy turbines CY - Paris, France DA - 2005-09-04 PY - 2005 SN - 90-5966-033-1 SP - 1303 EP - 1308 PB - Millpress CY - Rotterdam AN - OPUS4-11576 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - A simple 2-dimensional method for the effectiveness of ballast mats and other isolators of railway vibrations T2 - 12. International Congress on Sound and Vibration CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 2005-08-11 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-11419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rücker, Werner A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Gerstberger, Ulf A1 - Meinhardt, Christian ED - Soize, C. ED - Schueller, G. T1 - A practical method for the prediction of railway vibration T2 - IMO-WIND: An integrated monitoring system for offshore wind energy turbines CY - Paris, France DA - 2005-09-04 PY - 2005 SN - 90-5966-033-1 SP - 601 EP - 606 PB - Millpress CY - Rotterdam AN - OPUS4-11577 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Some effects of the layering of the soil on wave propagation and foundation vibrations T2 - Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering VII CY - Southampton, England, UK DA - 1995-05-01 PY - 1995 SN - 1-85312-315-3 SP - 283 EP - 290 CY - Southampton AN - OPUS4-11579 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Dynamic plate-soil interaction - finite and infinite, flexible and rigid plates on homogeneous, layered or Winkler soil N2 - An integral method to calculate the solution of a homogeneous or layered soil due to a harmonic point load is described. An infinite plate at the surface of the soil can be introduced in this integration in wavenumber domain, too. Finite structures on the soil are calculated by a combined finite element and boundary element method, which makes use of the point load solution of the soil. The compliance functions for a vertical point load and some vibration modes are calculated for realistic parameters of the plate and the soil and for a wide range of frequencies. The influence of the stiffness of the soil and the foundation is investigated, showing that the soil mainly affects the low-frequent response whereas the structural properties are more important at higher frequencies. A rigid approximation of flexible plates is only found at low frequencies, if the elastic length is used as the radius of a rigid disk. At higher frequencies, a characteristic behaviour of the flexible plate of approximately is observed, what is in clear contrast to the compliance of rigid foundations. A plate on a visco-elastic support (Winkler soil) shows similar displacements as a plate on a homogeneous half-space, but the maximal stresses between the plate and the soil are considerably smaller which is found to be more realistic for a plate on a layered soil. For practical applications, a normalized diagram and some explicit formulas of the exact and the approximate solutions of an infinite plate on a homogeneous half-space are given, which is a useful model to represent the soil-structure interaction of flexible foundations. PY - 1996 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-7261(95)00021-6 SN - 0261-7277 SN - 0267-7261 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 51 EP - 59 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-11580 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Vehicle-track-interaction and soil dynamics T2 - 15th IAVSD Symposium Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 1997-08-25 PY - 1998 SN - 0042-3114 VL - 29 SP - 553 EP - 558, Supplement PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Basingstoke, Hants. AN - OPUS4-11585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Structural dynamics and soil-structure-interaction induced by railway traffic T2 - Conference "Dynamics of Structures '89" CY - Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic DA - 1989-09-14 PY - 1989 AN - OPUS4-13759 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Dynamic soil-structure interaction of rigid and flexible foundations T2 - 5th Int. Conf. on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 1991-09-24 PY - 1991 AN - OPUS4-13760 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Seismic reponse of three-dimensional structures using a Green's function approach to the soil T2 - International Seminar on Earthquake Prognostics CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1986-06-26 PY - 1986 AN - OPUS4-13753 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Dynamic axle loads on tracks with and without ballast mats - numerical results of three-dimensional vehicle-track-soil models N2 - Ballast mats are an efficient measure to reduce the vibrations near railway lines. The vehicle-track system gets a low eigenfrequency due to the insertion of an elastic ballast mat under the ballast. For frequencies higher than this low vehicle-track eigenfrequency, the forces, which are generating the vibration of the soil, are considerably reduced. In this contribution, a combined finite-element boundary-matrix method is used to calculate a number of completely three-dimensional track models with and without ballast mats. The influence of the important parameters such as the stiffness of the ballast mat, the unsprung vehicle mass, the mass of the track, and the stiffness of the subsoil is investigated. The numerical results are presented as the transfer functions of the total force that is acting on the soil and generating the vibration of the environment. The effectiveness of ballast mats is achieved by division of two of these force functions. The general tendencies for this insertion loss are discussed and a comparison with measurements is given. To come to an improved practical tool for the design of ballast-mat tracks, the finite-element method results are approximated by a simple two-dimensional model of which the solution is given explicitly. KW - Railway track KW - Track dynamic KW - Ballast mat KW - Vibration isolation KW - Insertion loss KW - Finite-element method KW - Track-soil interaction KW - Vehicle-track interaction PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1243/09544097F00105 SN - 0954-4097 VL - 220 IS - 2 SP - 169 EP - 183 PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers CY - London AN - OPUS4-13723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Experimental observation and theoretical calculation of technically induced surface waves in inhomogeneous soil T2 - 1st European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (ECEES) CY - Geneva, Switzerland DA - 2006-09-03 PY - 2006 IS - Paper 1292 SP - 1 EP - 10(?) PB - ETH Zürich CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-13737 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Moving load and reduction effects of tracks with and without isolation T2 - EUROMECH Colloquium 484 'Wave Mechanics and Stability of Long Flexible Structures Subject to Moving Loads and Flows' CY - Delft, Netherlands DA - 2006-09-19 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13738 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Experimental observation and theoretical calculation of technically induced surface waves in inhomogeneous soil T2 - 1st Europ. Conf. on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology CY - Geneva, Switzerland DA - 2006-09-03 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Ground vibration due to railway traffic - The calculation of the effects of moving static loads and their experimental verification N2 - The propagation of waves through homogeneous or layered soil is calculated based on half-space theory. The moving dynamic loads of a train are approximated by fixed dynamic loads and the wave field can be calculated if the spectrum of the dynamic train loads is known. In addition to this dynamic wave field, there are three different components at three different frequency ranges which are caused by the passage of the static loads: • the regular static component at low frequencies, • the irregular static component at medium frequencies, • the sleeper-passing component at high frequencies. For each of these components, an approximate solution is presented. The calculated wave field is compared with measurements of different trains at different sites. The measurement of impulse and harmonic point load excitation verifies the soil dynamic base of the method. PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2005.08.059 SN - 0022-460X SN - 1095-8568 VL - 293 IS - 3-5 SP - 599 EP - 610 PB - Academic Press CY - London AN - OPUS4-14049 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Simple and advanced boundary-element method for the soil and its application to railway dynamics T2 - COMPDYN 2007, Computional Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering CY - Rethymno, Greece DA - 2007-06-13 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15003 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - M. Papadrakakis, ED - D.C. Charmpis, ED - N.D. Lagaros, ED - Tsompanakis, Y. T1 - Simple and advanced boundary-element method for the soil and its application to railway dynamics T2 - COMPDYN 2007 CY - Rethymno, Crete, Greece DA - 2007-06-13 KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Explicit Green´s functions KW - Track vibration KW - Tunnel vibration KW - Vehicle-track-soil interaction KW - Radiation damping PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 12 CY - Athen AN - OPUS4-15015 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The influence of the soil on track dynamics and ground-borne vibration T2 - 9th International Workshop on Railway Noise (IWRN) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2007-09-04 PY - 2007 SP - S.4.1, 1 EP - 9 PB - International Workshop on Railway Noise CY - München AN - OPUS4-16438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Papadrakakis, M. ED - Fragiadakis, M. ED - Plevris, V. T1 - High-speed railway tracks of a surface, bridge and tunnel line and some effects on the train-induced bridge and ground vibrations T2 - COMPDYN 2011 - 3rd International thematic conference - Computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering CY - Corfu, Greece DA - 2011-05-25 KW - Track compliance KW - Surface line KW - Bridge track KW - Tunnel track KW - Ground vibration KW - Layered soil KW - Bridge resonance KW - Train speed KW - Axle sequence KW - Track irregularities PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 17(?) AN - OPUS4-24555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - De Roeck, G. ED - Degrande, G. ED - Lombaert, G. ED - Müller, G. T1 - The dynamic force transfer of slab tracks and floating slab tracks and the corresponding ground vibration T2 - EURODYN 2011 - 8th International conference on structural dynamics CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 2011-07-04 KW - Railway track KW - Slab track KW - Floating slab track KW - Track-soil interaction KW - Force transfer KW - Ground vibration PY - 2011 SN - 978-90-760-1931-4 SP - 820 EP - 827 AN - OPUS4-24556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir ED - Zhai, W. ED - Takemiya, H. ED - De Roeck, G. ED - Tutumluer, E. T1 - Experimental soil parameters by different evaluation methods for impulsive, train and ambient excitation T2 - ISEV 2011 - 5th International symposium on environmental vibration - Advances in environmental vibration CY - Chengdu, China DA - 2011-10-20 KW - Wave velocity KW - Dispersion KW - SASW KW - MASW KW - SPAC KW - Damping PY - 2011 SN - 978-7-03-032373-6 SP - 3 EP - 9 PB - Science Press AN - OPUS4-24807 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Náprstek, J. ED - Horácek, J. ED - Okrouhlík, M. ED - Marvalová, B. ED - Verhulst, F. ED - Sawicki, J.T. T1 - Reducing ground-borne micro-vibrations by plate foundations T2 - Vibration problems ICOVP 2011 - 10th international conference on vibration problems CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2011-09-05 KW - Plate-soil interaction KW - Wave excitation KW - Vibration reduction KW - Finite-element boundary-element method PY - 2011 SN - 978-94-007-2068-8 SN - 0930-8989 N1 - Serientitel: Springer proceedings in physics – Series title: Springer proceedings in physics VL - 139 SP - 329 EP - 335 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-24804 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Dynamic behavior of slab tracks on homogeneous and layered soils and the reduction of ground vibration by floating slab tracks N2 - The dynamics of slab tracks and floating slab tracks are analyzed by multibeam models for the track and by integration in the wave-number domain for the soil, which is modeled as a layered half-space. Frequency-dependent compliances and force transfers are calculated for a great variety of track and soil parameters. The distribution of the load and the displacements along the track is investigated as well as the wave propagation perpendicular to the track and the ground vibration amplitudes. The floating slab track has a dominating plate-mat resonance and a strong high-frequency reduction. A track-soil resonance can also be recognized for an unisolated slab track in the case of layered soils. Generally, there is a strong damping of the track by the soil. The reduction effect of the slab mat is mainly owing to the elimination of this strong damping. The continuous soil yields slightly different rules for the displacements and force densities than those of a Winkler support. The total force transfer from the rail to the soil is the best criterion to judge the effectiveness of a floating slab track in reducing the ground vibration at some distance from the railway line. The total force transfer is easier to calculate than the double Fourier integrals of the ground vibration amplitudes, namely in the far field, and it has the best correlation with the reduction of the ground vibration. KW - Railway track KW - Slab track KW - Floating slab track KW - Track-soil interaction KW - Track vibration KW - Ground vibration KW - Force transfer PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000407 SN - 0733-9399 SN - 1943-7889 VL - 138 IS - 8 SP - 923 EP - 933 PB - Soc. CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-26860 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Response to harmonic wave excitation of finite or infinite elastic plates on a homogeneous or layered half-space N2 - The soil–structure interaction of elastic plates on homogeneous or layered soils excited by horizontally propagating waves is analysed. Large plates are modelled by a combined finite-element boundary-element method (FEBEM), whereas the response of infinitely long plates is calculated by a numerical integration in the frequency–wavenumber domain. The finite-element boundary-element method yields the complete soil–plate transfer function of frequency and distance whereas the frequency–wavenumber solution of the infinitely long plate can serve as an approximation for long distances on a finitely long plate. The soil–plate transfer function starts to decrease strongly at the coincidence frequency, where the bending stiffness equals the plate inertia. A strong decrease follows at mid frequencies and a strong reduction of less than 0.1 of the ground vibration is reached at high frequencies. Rules for the characteristic frequencies are derived from the numerical results clearly indicating the strongest influence of the soil stiffness and the weaker influence of the bending stiffness of the plate. The influence of the mass, length and width of the plate are shown to be limited in case of realistic parameters, but it should be noted that the reduction effects are less effective for layered soils and for nearer observation points. KW - Plate-soil interaction KW - Wave excitation KW - Flexible plate KW - Layered soil KW - Vibration reduction KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Frequency-wavenumber method PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.02.001 SN - 0266-352x VL - 51 SP - 50 EP - 59 PB - Elsevier Appl. Sci. Publ. CY - Barking AN - OPUS4-27983 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Train induced vibration of inhomogeneous soils - a prediction based on measured and calculated point-load solutions N2 - Vehicle, track and ground vibration as well as their interaction are considered in a combined finite-element boundary-element (FEBEM) approach. The layered soil is calculated in frequency wavenumber domain and the solution for fixed or moving point or track loads follow as wavenumber integrals. The soil results from the measurements and the detailed models are approximated by simple formula which are used for the prediction of train-induced ground vibration. The influence of the track and the soil on the train induced ground vibration is analysed by the detailed models. The ground vibrations strongly depend on the regular and random inhomogeneity of the soil. The regular layering of the soil yields a cut-on and resonance phenomenon while the random inhomogeneity yields a scattering of the axle impulses which proved to be important for high-speed trains. The attenuation with distance of the ground vibration due to the point-like excitations such as vibrator or hammer excitations and the train-track excitation are investigated and compared. All theoretical results are compared with measurements at conventional and high-speed railway lines. T2 - ICSV19 - 19th International congress on sound and vibration CY - Vilnius, Lithuania DA - 08.07.2012 PY - 2012 SN - 978-609-459-079-5 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-27218 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Papadrakakis, M. ED - Papadopoulos, V. ED - Plevris, V. T1 - How to quantify the vibration reduction of railway tracks N2 - Railway tracks, which reduce the ground vibration, are necessary if the trains are passing near to building. Today the reduction effect of railway tracks is often determined by the complex (time domain) simulation of the passage of a complete train. This method of evaluating the reduction is very time consuming and the results include some arbitrary scatter. It is worth to look for simpler methods which yield clearer results in shorter time. This contribution presents the combined finite-element boundary-element method as a detailed method for the track-soil interaction and, on the other hand, some possible simplifications. One important idea for the reduction assessment is to split the reduction in a vehicle-track interaction part and a track transfer part. The track transfer is not influenced by the vehicle and by single axle loads and it can be calculated as a homogeneous problem along the track. The reduction of some tracks (for example of floating slab tracks) can be dominated by this track transfer function whereas other tracks (for example tracks with soft rail pads) are completely determined by the vehicle-track-interaction part. The different force transfer functions and the ground vibration ratios of tracks with elastic rail pads or elastic sleeper pads are shown as a result of the FEBEM model under a fixed harmonic axle load. The force transfer proves to be a useful quantity for to assess the vibration reduction of railway tracks. T2 - COMPDYN 2013 - 4th ECCOMAS Thematic conference on computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering CY - Kos Island, Greece DA - 2013-06-12 KW - Railway induced ground vibration KW - Mitigation measures KW - Railway tracks KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Wavenumber integrals KW - 1-D insertion loss PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 19 AN - OPUS4-29313 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Rücker, Werner ED - Nielsen, J. T1 - Mitigation measures for ballasted tracks - optimisation of sleepers, sleeper pads and the substructure by combined finite-element boundary-element calculations T2 - IWRN11 - 11th International workshop on railway noise CY - Uddevalla, Sweden DA - 2013-09-09 PY - 2013 SP - 463 EP - 470 AN - OPUS4-29446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - How to quantify the vibration reduction of railway tracks T2 - Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering CY - Kos, Greece DA - 2013-06-11 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29194 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rücker, Werner ED - Sarsby, R. T1 - Prospecting soft deposits by wave propagation analysis in theory and experiment T2 - 3rd International Symposium on Geotechnics Related to the European Environment ; 3rd GREEN CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2000-06-21 PY - 2001 SN - 0-7277-3004-5 SP - 65 EP - 73 PB - Telford CY - London AN - OPUS4-1594 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Semrau, Norbert A1 - Schmid, Wolfgang A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rücker, Werner ED - Grundmann, H. ED - Schuëller, G. I. T1 - Theory and experiments on wave propagation, on track-soil and on soil-building interaction related to railway induced vibration T2 - 5th International Conference on Structural Dynamics ; 4th International Conference on Structural Dynamics ; EURODYN 2002 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2002-09-02 PY - 2002 SN - 90-5809-512-6 VL - 2 SP - 1137 EP - 1142 PB - Balkema CY - Lisse AN - OPUS4-1595 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rücker, Werner A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Knothe, K. A1 - Wu, Y. A1 - Gerstberger, Ulf A1 - Popp, K. A1 - Kruse, H. A1 - Savidis, S. ED - Popp, K. ED - Schiehlen, W. O. T1 - A comparative study of results from numerical track-subsoil calculations T2 - Colloquium 2002 CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 2002-03-13 PY - 2003 SN - 3-540-43892-0 N1 - Serientitel: Lecture notes in applied mechanics – Series title: Lecture notes in applied mechanics IS - 6 SP - 471 EP - 488 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-2358 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Characteristic Frequencies of Train-Induced Bridge, Track, Ground and Building Vibrations – Excitation and Mitigation N2 - The characteristic frequencies of train-induced vibrations are discussed in theory and experiment following the propagation of vibrations from the source to the receiver: 1. Out-of-roundness frequencies of the wheels, 2. sleeper-passage frequency, 3. the vehicle-track eigenfrequency, 4. band frequency of the impulses of the passing static axle loads, 5. car-length frequency and multiples, 6. axle-distance frequencies with two characteristic zeros, 7. bridge eigenfrequencies, 8. the cut-on frequency due to the layering, and 9. the cut-off frequency due to the material damping of the soil, 10. the building-soil eigenfrequency, 11. as a rigid building or flexible wall/column mode, 12. floor eigenfrequencies, 13. acoustic room resonances, 14. the „resonance“ frequency or cut-off frequency of a base isolation. Coincidences of some of these characteristic frequencies or frequency ranges can be typically problematic and mitigation measures at the track or at the building can be necessary. The bridge response to the passing static loads is deter¬mined by the axle-sequence spectrum, the eigenfrequency (transfer function) of the bridge, and the modal force or mode shape spectrum. The ground vibration has typically high frequencies for a stiff soil and low frequencies for a soft soil. The high amplitudes between the zeros of the axle-sequence spectrum are often measured in the ground vibrations, and they can be mitigated by soft support elements or a higher bending stiffness of the track. T2 - EVACES 2025 CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 02.07.2025 KW - Train-induced vibration KW - Axle-sequence spectrum KW - Vehicle-track eigenfrequency KW - Axle impulses PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63654 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Mitigation of railway-induced ground vibration by soft support elements and a higher bending stiffness of the track N2 - The mitigation of train-induced ground vibrations by track solutions is investigated by calculations and measurements. The calculation by a wavenumber domain method includes the correct vehicle–track interaction and the correct track–soil interaction. Some theoretical results for elastic elements and an increased bending stiffness of the track are presented where the force transfer of the track and the vehicle–track interaction are calculated for the high-frequency dynamic mitigation, and the force distribution along the track is calculated for the low-frequency mitigation which is due to the smoother impulses from the passing static loads. Measurement results for the ground vibration near isolated and un-isolated tracks are given for several under-sleeper pads, for under-ballast mats, and for several under-ballast plates and ballast troughs. The elastic elements yield a resonance frequency of the vehicle–track–soil system and a high-frequency reduction of the dynamic axle loads which depends mainly on the softness of the pads or mats and which can be improved by a higher sleeper mass. In addition, all troughs and most of the soft elements show a low-frequency reduction which is attributed to the scattered impulses of the static axle loads. Besides this main contribution of the article, the problem of a soft reference section on a different soil is discussed and recommendations for better ground vibration measurements of mitigation effects are given. KW - Railway track KW - Elastic elements KW - Bending stiffness KW - Ground vibration KW - Mitigation KW - Lowfrequency reduction KW - Axle impulses PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612568 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031244 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-61256 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Some resonance effects of non-typical trains and railway bridges investigated by a frequency-domain method N2 - The resonances of railway bridges have often been analysed for short bridges under periodical high-speed trains, for simply supported one-span bridges, for the fundamental bridge mode, and by time-domain analyses. Many time-consuming calculations have been performed to establish simplified rules for standards. In this contribution, the passage of different (existing, new and hypothetic) trains over different (simply supported, integral, multi-span, continuous) bridges will be analysed in frequency domain by using three separated spectra with the purpose to get a better physical insight in the phenomena. At first, the excitation spectrum of the modal forces is built by the mode shape and the passage time of the train over the bridge. The second spectrum is the frequency response function of the bridge which include the modal frequency, damping and mass. The third part is the spectrum of the axle sequence of an arbitrary train which is not limited to periodical or specific (conventional, articulated, regular or standard) trains and which does not include any bridge parameters. The final solution in frequency domain is obtained as the product of these three complex, strongly varying spectra for the dominating bridge mode or in general as the sum of these products over all relevant bridge modes. The time domain solution is obtained via the inverse Fourier transform, and the resulting time histories have been successfully compared with some measurement results. The method is applied to the vertical and torsional modes of a mid-long single-span bridge on elastomeric bearings under standard train speeds, to a short two-span bridge under high-speed traffic, and to a long three-span integral bridge under long periodical freight trains. Different resonance and cancellation effects have been found for systematically varied train speeds according to the axle sequence of the whole train which is dominated by the two locomotives in that case. To be more specific, the first torsional mode of the mid-span bridge is excited for a train speed of 100 km/h whereas the second bending mode is excited for a train speed of 160 km/h. In both cases, the other mode is suppressed by the minima of the axle-distance spectra. In addition, the case of the German high-speed train ICE4, a Maglev train on a viaduct, and the very high-speed hyperloop case will be discussed briefly. In general, it is shown that resonance effects are also worth to be studied for freight and passenger trains with lower speeds. KW - Rail bridge KW - Resonance KW - ICE4 KW - MAGLEV KW - Hyperloop KW - Continuous bridge KW - Multi-span bridge PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612595 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2647/25/252014 VL - 2647 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-61259 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Railway vibration – fast physics-based models for the prediction of ground vibration and the identification of track damage N2 - The following applications of machine learning will be discussed: 1. The prediction of the wave propagation from a railway line (completely physics based for surface lines, physics-based machine learning for tunnel lines) 2. The track behaviour for the emission of train-induced ground vibration (physics based for homogeneous soil, machine learning for layered soil) 3. Track damage detection and quantification from frequency response functions and moving load responses 4. Bridge damage detection and localisation from modal analysis and moving load 5. The use of axle-box acceleration for the identification of track/sub-soil condition and bridge resonances. The prediction of railway vibration usually needs time-consuming finite element, boundary element and wavenumber domain calculations. For a user-friendly prediction software however, fast calculations are needed. Several time-consuming detailed calculations have been used to develop simpler and fast models for the surface railway lines. The more challenging prediction from tunnel lines will be attacked by purely mathematical and by physics-informed machine learning. The dynamic stiffnesses of isolated or un-isolated railway tracks from detailed calculations with a continuous soil have been approximated with the simpler Winkler soil. The vehicle-track resonance (P2 resonance) rules the effect of the mitigation measures, and it can also be used for the on-board monitoring of the track and sub-soil condition. For the identification of track damage such as gaps between sleepers, track slabs and layers, detailed models with a continuous soil have been updated to get the best fit to the measured frequency response functions from hammer tests and the deformation pattern from the moving load response. Whereas the track damage can be locally identified, this is more difficult for bridges where the modal analysis gives mainly global information. The influence lines of the inclination for statically passing vehicles (locomotive, truck, compaction roller) have been used to localise bridge damage (stiffness variations). The on-board monitoring of rail bridges needs special conditions (regular trains with special speeds) to excite and measure the bridge resonance. T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM 2024) CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Vibration prediction KW - Track damage detection KW - Human and machine learning KW - Wave propagation KW - Surface line KW - Tunnel KW - Bridge resonance PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612462 DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/29865 SN - 1435-4934 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-61246 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Papadrakakis, Manolis T1 - Frequency-wavenumber method for the wave propagation through the soil and the soil-structure interaction of railway tracks and building foundations near railway lines N2 - In soil-structure interaction, the soil and the (flexible) structures are modelled as elastic continua. The partial differential equations of elasticity can be transformed to algebraic equations in frequency-wavenumber domain where they can be solved by matrix methods. The results for the soil and a structure can be coupled in frequency-wavenumber domain, and the solution in space domain is obtained by an infinite wavenumber integral (the back-transformation). This method has several applications for the prediction of the emission, transmission and immission of railway-induced vibrations. The wave propagation in homogeneous or layered soils is calculated for surface and tunnel lines by a single wavenumber integration (transmission). The response of ballast or slab tracks (for the emission problem) and the foundation stiffness (for the immission problem) need an additional integration across the track or foundation width. In wavenumber domain, tracks and foundations of infinite length are analysed. Finite structures can be calculated by finite element models where the soil is calculated by the boundary element method. The Green’s functions for the boundary element method are calculated by a wavenumber integration as for the transmission problem. Some example results for all these tasks will be shown. The immission into buildings will be analysed in detail, and the effect of stiff slab foundations and (basement) walls on the incoming wavefield is quantified in a parameter study. The transfer function (the amplitude ratio) structure to free field usually starts with 1 at 0 Hz and decreases continuously with frequency. The reduction is due to the structural stiffness against wave deformation which turns to be higher than the stiffness of the soil, for example above the structure-soil coincidence frequency of the slab foundation. The reduction is better for a high structural stiffness and for a low soil stiffness. Walls are stiffer than plates for the relevant frequency range, but even walls and especially low basement walls are not infinitely rigid and can follow the wave deformation to a certain extent. These basic rules from frequency-wavenumber analysis can well be used for real building projects near railway lines where stiff foundations can be an alternative reduction method to the commonly used base isolation by elastic elements. T2 - COMPDYN 2025 CY - Rhodos, Greece DA - 15.06.2025 KW - Frequency-wavenumber method KW - Wave propagation KW - Soil-structure interaction KW - Building foundations KW - Mitigation measures PY - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - NTUA CY - Athen AN - OPUS4-63470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Frequency-wavenumber method for the wave propagation through the soil and the soil-structure interaction of railway tracks and building foundations near railway lines N2 - In soil-structure interaction, the soil and the (flexible) structures are modelled as elastic continua. The partial differential equations of elasticity can be transformed to algebraic equations in frequency-wavenumber domain where they can be solved by matrix methods. The results for the soil and a structure can be coupled in frequency-wavenumber domain, and the solution in space domain is obtained by an infinite wavenumber integral (the back-transformation). This method has several applications for the prediction of the emission, transmission and immission of railway-induced vibrations. The wave propagation in homogeneous or layered soils is calculated for surface and tunnel lines by a single wavenumber integration (transmission). The response of ballast or slab tracks (for the emission problem) and the foundation stiffness (for the immission problem) need an additional integration across the track or foundation width. In wavenumber domain, tracks and foundations of infinite length are analysed. Finite structures can be calculated by finite element models where the soil is calculated by the boundary element method. The Green’s functions for the boundary element method are calculated by a wavenumber integration as for the transmission problem. Some example results for all these tasks will be shown. The immission into buildings will be analysed in detail, and the effect of stiff slab foundations and (basement) walls on the incoming wavefield is quantified in a parameter study. The transfer function (the amplitude ratio) structure to free field usually starts with 1 at 0 Hz and decreases continuously with frequency. The reduction is due to the structural stiffness against wave deformation which turns to be higher than the stiffness of the soil, for example above the structure-soil coincidence frequency of the slab foundation. The reduction is better for a high structural stiffness and for a low soil stiffness. Walls are stiffer than plates for the relevant frequency range, but even walls and especially low basement walls are not infinitely rigid and can follow the wave deformation to a certain extent. These basic rules from frequency-wavenumber analysis can well be used for real building projects near railway lines where stiff foundations can be an alternative reduction method to the commonly used base isolation by elastic elements. T2 - COMPDYN 2025 CY - Rhodos, Greece DA - 15.06.2025 KW - Frequency-wavenumber method KW - Wave propagation KW - Soil-structure interaction KW - Building foundations KW - Mitigation measures PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63468 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Prediction of ground vibrations from rail tunnels finite element, boundary element and wavenumber calculations N2 - The prediction of ground and building vibrations has been established for surface lines and has now been extended to tunnel lines. The wave propagation in homogeneous or layered soils (the transmission) is calculated by an integration in wavenumber domain. The wave amplitudes at different distances and for different frequencies will be analysed for the following situations. 1. The horizontal propagation from a surface point to a surface point constitutes the basic rules. 2. The horizontal propagation from a source point at depth to a receiver point at depth which is related to a building with a deep basement or on a pile foundation. 3. The propagation from depth to the surface, which is the normal case for free-field measurements, has some different characteristics, for example a weaker attenuation with the horizontal distance from the source, which can be approximated by the full-space solution and the reflection rules for incident waves. The emission from a tunnel structure has been calculated by a finite-element model of the tunnel combined with a boundary-element model of the soil giving the reduction compared to a point-load excitation. The immission has been analysed by finite-element models of tunnel-soil-building systems for examples of research and consultancy work. Measurement results from a high-speed and a metro line confirm some of the established rules. T2 - Recent Advance in Structural Dynamics (RASD) CY - Southampton, UK DA - 01.07.2024 KW - Ground vibration KW - Building vibration KW - Railway tunnel KW - Wavenumber method KW - Finite element method KW - Boundary element method PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61230 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Railway-induced ground and building vibrations – Analysis in frequency-wavenumber domain and fast prediction with approximate models N2 - A simple and fast prediction scheme is presented for train-induced ground and building vibrations. For the emission, finite-element boundary-element or multiple-beam-on-continuous-soil models of the track have been analysed and approximated by faster track-on-Winkler-soil models. The vehicle-track interaction due to irregularities yields the excitation forces. For the transmission of waves in the soil, the wavenumber integral of the compliance of layered soils has been evaluated. The calculation time is reduced for the prediction by using the solution of a homogeneous half-space with a frequency-dependent wave velocity (the dispersion) of the soil. For the immision, many 2 and 3-dimenisonal finite-element building models have been investigated, and a good approximation has been established by a 1-dimensional soil-wall-floor model. In addition, the axle sequence of the train, the quasi-static and the “scattered” response of the soil, and the wave propagation from a tunnel to a pile foundation of a building have been included. T2 - ISMA-Conference 2022 CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 12.09.2022 KW - Ground vibration KW - Simple prediction KW - Vehicle-track interaction KW - Layered soil KW - Soil-building interaction KW - Soil-wall-floor model KW - Propagation from a tunnel KW - Tunnel-pile transfer PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - KU Leuven CY - Leuven AN - OPUS4-56603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Mitigation measures for slab tracks - wide sleepers on soft pads and different slabs - Results from the finite element boundary element method N2 - The ground vibrations, which are generated by trains on different slab tracks, have been calculated by finite-element boundary-element models. The slab track is modelled in detail by the finite element method. The infinite soil is modelled by the boundary element method as a homogeneous half-space. The track-soil system is coupled with a simple rigid mass model of the vehicle so that the vehicle-track interaction is completely included. Transfer functions are calculated in frequency domain without and with vehicle-track interaction, the compliance of the track and the mobilities of the soil at different distances from the track. Finally, the ratios between the ground vibration amplitudes with and without mitigation measure are calculated to quantify the effectiveness of the mitigation measure. Tracks with under sleeper pads have been investigated in a parameter study. The main parameter that influences the reduction of ground vibration is the stiffness of the under sleeper pad. The softest sleeper pad yields the best reduction of the ground vibration. The influence of other parameters has been examined. The stiffness of the rail pads, the stiffness of the slab material, the stiffness of the sleeper material, and the distance of the sleepers. All these parameters show no or only a minor influence on the mitigation effect. As the standard isolated track, a track with an under sleeper pad of a stiffness of kS = 5 107 N/m has been chosen, which can also be expressed as a stiffness per area of kS ’’ = 3.7 107 N/m3 = 0.037 N/mm3. The resonance frequency for this pad stiffness is observed between 32 and 40 Hz. The reduction of the ground vibration is about vi,I /vi,U = 0.1 at 100 Hz. KW - Wide sleeper KW - Under sleeper pad KW - Finite-element boudnary-element method KW - Slab track KW - Mitigation KW - Ground vibration PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 50 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-56608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rohrmann, R. T1 - Measurement and evaluation tools for ground and building vibrations from industrial pro-cesses, construction work, traffic and other sources N2 - Vibration measurements have many causes and many technical and natural sources. Problems can sometimes be solved by short-term measurements, but in many cases, a long-term measurement is necessary. In long-term measurements of days, weeks, months and even years, it is easy to collect a huge quantity of raw data, but at the end, the post-processing of these data can be exhausting (for example one-year vibration data of a wind energy tower). A software has been developed which con-sists of measuring and evaluation routines where the measuring routines can operate different meas-uring systems and different measuring cards. The main advantage of this software is the fact that the interesting evaluations can be integrated in the measuring process so that the characteristics of the vibration can be extracted without storing all the raw data. Only important time segments are stored, for example train passages. The overall concept of the software and the main evaluation routines will be described in some details. Examples of our measurement experience will illustrate the capabilities of the software. 1) Surveying construction work in nearby sensitive buildings (for example an old wind tunnel), including a stable alarm system and meaningful vibration limits. 2) Prediction of train-induced vibration for a planned building to prevent annoyance and to improve the building design. 3) Modal analysis and long term measurements of several single- or multi-span, concrete or steel bridges 4) Modal and wave analysis of coupled floors in a historical building (“Neues Palais” at Potsdam). 5) Soil properties of various measurement sites (different routines to evaluate the dispersion). Moreover, from many projects, amplitudes, frequencies, and attenuation laws have been collected and analysed for the different sources such as vibratory or impact pile driving and ground compaction, demolition work with different machines, blasting in quarries and in tunnel works, bomb and mine clearing. T2 - 28th International Congress on Sound and Vibration CY - Online meeting DA - 24.07.2022 KW - Ground vibration KW - Building vibration KW - Measurement KW - Evaluation KW - Modes KW - Waves PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-56602 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Effects of a varying track and soil stiffness on ground vibrations near railway lines N2 - Usually, geometric irregularities are considered as the main cause of ground vibrations from trains. A varying stiffness of the track, the track support and the soil can also generate ground vibrations. The regular stiffness variation of the track on and between the sleepers results in a deterministic dynamic axle load. The random stiffness variation of the track support yields also dynamic axle loads which are generated by the acceleration of the unsprung mass (from the varying wheel displacements under the static axle load). The random stiffness variation has a second effect. The pulses from the passage of the static axle loads are superposed regularly to the quasi-static response, but also irregularly to yield a “scattered” part of the axle pulses. The same holds for a random variation of the soil stiffness. All these effects of stiffness variations have been calculated by wavenumber-domain multi-beam track models, a random finite-element soil model and the superposition of axle impulses in a stochastic simulation. The results are confronted with many measurements at different sites. It is concluded that the stiffness variation of the track and the soil generate an important ground vibration component near railway lines. T2 - International Conference Railways 2022 CY - Montpellier, France DA - 22.08.2022 KW - Ground vibration KW - Axle loads KW - Irregularities KW - Varying stiffness PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-56605 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The dynamic train-track interaction on a bridge and in a tunnel compared with the simultaneous vehicle, track, and ground vibration measurements at a surface line N2 - The vehicle–track interaction generates forces and consequently vibrations in the environment. The interaction has been analysed by the simultaneous measurements of vehicle, track and ground vibrations during test runs with varied train speeds. The special effects of the passage over a bridge and through a tunnel are studied and compared with the measurements on a conventional ballasted surface line. The maximum amplitudes, narrow band and one-third octave band spectra are presented for the axle-box accelerations and for the track, bridge and ground vibrations. The different frequencies and frequency bands are related to wheel out-of-roundness, track alignment errors, the sleeper passage and the wheelset–track resonance. An axle impulse component has been observed at the track, at the near-field soil and as a scattered version in the far field. Specific results can be found for the bridge track, where clearly speed-dependent bridge resonances occur due to the axle sequence of the train, and for the tunnel track where soft rail pads are responsible for a strong amplification around the wheelset–track resonance. On the other hand, the axle impulses are strongly reduced by the tunnel track, and the scattered axle impulse component is not as relevant as for the surface track. As a consequence, a strong mid-frequency amplitude reduction of the tunnel compared to the surface line has been measured for low and high train speeds by the Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing (BAM) and by other institutes. KW - Vehicle–track interaction KW - Ground vibration KW - Tunnel-to-surface reduction KW - Bridge resonance KW - Axle sequence PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585139 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910992 VL - 13 IS - 19 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-58513 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Soil–structure interaction and damping by the soil - effects of foundation groups, foundation flexibility, soil stiffness and layers N2 - In many tasks of railway vibration, the structure, that is, the track, a bridge, and a nearby building and its floors, is coupled to the soil, and the soil–structure interaction and the damping by the soil should be included in the analysis to obtain realistic resonance frequencies and amplitudes. The stiffness and damping of a variety of foundations is calculated by an indirect boundary element method which uses fundamental solutions, is meshless, uses collocation points on the boundary, and solves the singularity by an appropriate averaging over a part of the surface. The boundary element method is coupled with the finite element method in the case of flexible foundations such as beams, plates, piles, and railway tracks. The results, the frequency-dependent stiffness and damping of single and groups of rigid foundations on homogeneous and layered soil and the amplitude and phase of the dynamic compliance of flexible foundations, show that the simple constant stiffness and damping values of a rigid footing on homogeneous soil are often misleading and do not represent well the reality. The damping may be higher in some special cases, but, in most cases, the damping is lower than expected fromthe simple theory. Some applications and measurements demonstrate the importance of the correct damping by the soil. KW - Soil–structure interaction KW - Soil dynamics KW - Radiation damping of the soil KW - Rigid foundation KW - Flexible foundation KW - Foundation groups KW - Boundary element method KW - Vibration measurement PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627007 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration8010005 SN - 2571-631X VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 28 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-62700 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -