TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Wave propagation from hammer, vibrator and railway excitation – theoretical and measured attenuation in space and frequency domain T2 - Recent Trends in Wave Mechanics and Vibrations N2 - The attenuation of wave amplitudes is ruled by the planar, cylindrical or spherical geometry of the wave front (the geometric or power-law attenuation) but also by the damping of the soil (an exponential attenuation). Several low- and high-frequency filter effects are derived for the layering and the damping of the soil, for the moving static and the distributed train loads and for a homogeneous or randomly heterogeneous soil. Measurements of hammer- and train-induced vibrations at five sites have been analysed for these attenuation and filter effects. The measured attenuation with distance can be discribed by generalised power laws and some reasons will be discussed. The theoretical filter effects can well be found in the measurements. T2 - Wave Mechanics and Vibrations Conference CY - Lisbon, Potugal DA - 04.07.2022 KW - Hammer impact KW - Train passage KW - Layered soil KW - Attenuation KW - Filter effects KW - Randomly heterogeneous soil KW - Scattering PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-15757-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15758-5_35 SP - 352 EP - 359 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-56034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Impacts Between Different Drop Masses and Different Targets in Different Scales T2 - Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures (EVACES 2023) N2 - The Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing has performed many impact tests from very small laboratory tests to very big “free-field” tests with heavy containers on stiff foundations. The first measurements have been done on a big foundation where it should be guaranteed that the foundation is rigid and the container is tested properly. Later on, a smaller drop test facility has been built on the ground inside an existing building. It had to be controlled by prediction and measurements that the drop test will not damage the building. Tests from different heights on soft, medium, and stiff targets have been done to find out rules which allow to identify acceptable and unacceptable drop tests. Later on, the biggest drop test facility has been built for masses up to 200 t. It was necessary for the design of the foundation to estimate the forces which oc-cur during the drop tests. In addititon, the acceptable tests should be selected and controlled by measurements where the impact duration is important. Dif-ferent sensors, accelerometers, accelerometers with mechanical filters, geo-phones (velocity transducers), strain gauges, and pressure cells have been ap-plied for these tasks. Signal transformations and model calculations have been used to check and understand the dynamic measurements. The simplest law is the conservation of the momentum which is a good approximation if the impact is short. If the soil under the foundation has an influence on the deceleration of the container, the maximum foundation velocity is lower than the simple esti-mation. T2 - Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures (EVACES 2023) CY - Milano, Italy DA - 30.08.2023 KW - Drop test KW - Vibration measurements KW - Container loading KW - Foundation load PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-39116-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39117-0_60 SN - 2366-2557 SP - 592 EP - 602 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland CY - Cham, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-58503 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Soil-foundation-structure problems related to train induced vibrations - the kinematic interaction of tunnel excited pile foundations and the inertial interaction of high rise buildings T2 - Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Proceedings of COMPDYN 2023 N2 - The soil-foundation-structure interaction is always important when building vibrations due to train passages have to be considered. The frequency range for train vibrations is up to 100 Hz. Normally, soft surface soils are crucial so that the wavelength can be much smaller than the foundation dimensions. Three topics are of interest for the prediction and the under-standing of building vibrations. 1. The „kinematic interaction“ or the „added foundation ef-fect“, which is calculated either by the combined boundary-element finite-element method or by the wavenumber domain method, results in a reduction of the free-field vibration. The stiff-ness of the foundation resists the wave deformation, plates and walls for horizontally propa-gating waves or piles for vertically incident waves. 2. The „inertial interaction“ or the „added building effect“ yields an amplification around the vertical building resonance, which may be a rigid mode on the compliant soil or a flexible mode for high-rise buildings, and a reduction at higher frequencies. This has been analysed by detailed finite element models of apartment and office buildings. 3. Base isolation is a method to further reduce building vibrations. It is important to know the soil-foundation impedance for the possible reduction, as well as the correct building impedance. A high-rise building cannot be considered as a rigid mass model. It has a frequency-dependent behaviour with longitudinal waves travelling from the founda-tion to the top of the building which include the effect of floor vibrations. Experiences from building projects in Vienna, Frankfort and Berlin will give some additional results for the ex-citation from tunnel lines, the kinematic response of pile foundations, and the inertial re-sponse of the flexible multi-storey buildings. T2 - COMPDYN 2023 CY - Athen, Greece DA - 12.06.2023 KW - Kinematic Interaction KW - Inertial Interaction KW - Surface Foundation KW - Pile Foundation KW - High-Rise Building PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - NTUA CY - Athens AN - OPUS4-57959 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Some resonance effects of non-typical trains and railway bridges investigated by a frequency-domain method T2 - Proceedings of the XII International Conference on Structural Dynamics N2 - The resonances of railway bridges have often been analysed for short bridges under periodical high-speed trains, for simply supported one-span bridges, for the fundamental bridge mode, and by time-domain analyses. Many time-consuming calculations have been performed to establish simplified rules for standards. In this contribution, the passage of different (existing, new and hypothetic) trains over different bridges will be analysed in frequency domain by using three separated spectra with the purpose to get a better physical insight in the phenomena. At first, the excitation spectrum of the modal forces is built by the mode shape and the passage time of the train over the bridge. The second spectrum is the frequency response function of the bridge which include the modal frequency, damping and mass. The third part is the spectrum of the axle sequence of an arbitrary train which is not limited to periodical or specific (conventional, articulated, regular or standard) trains and which does not include any bridge parameters. The final solution in frequency domain is obtained as the product of these three complex, strongly varying spectra for the dominating bridge mode or in general as the sum of these products over all relevant bridge modes. The time domain solution is obtained via the inverse Fourier transform, and the resulting time histories have been successfully compared with some measurement results. The method is applied to the vertical and torsional modes of a mid-long 1-span bridge on elastomeric bearings under standard train speeds, and to a long multi-span integral bridge under long periodical freight trains. Different resonance and cancellation effects have been found for systematically varied train speeds according to the axle sequence of the whole train which is dominated by the two locomotives in that case. To be more specific, the first torsional mode of the mid-span bridge is excited for a train speed of 100 km/h whereas the second bending mode is excited for a train speed of 160 km/h. In both cases, the other mode is suppressed by the minima of the axle-distance spectra. In addition, the case of the German high-speed train ICE4 and the very high-speed hyperloop case will be discussed briefly. In general, it is shown that resonance effects are also worth to be studied for freight and passenger trains with lower speeds. T2 - XII International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Delft, The Netherlands DA - 03.07.2023 KW - Railway bridge KW - Transfer function KW - Modal force spectrum KW - Axle-sequence spectrum KW - Freight train KW - Passenger train KW - High-speed train KW - 2-span bridge KW - Long-span bridge PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - TU Delft CY - Delft AN - OPUS4-57961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Train-induced ground vibrations - the emission and transmission from tunnel and surface lines T2 - Proceedings of the 29th International Congress on Sound and Vibration N2 - Train-induced ground vibrations are quite different for tunnel and surface lines. The excitation of the track and ground vibration by the vehicle-track-soil interaction maybe influenced by the stiffer track support of the tunnel invert. The excited waves are propagating on a different path compared to the surface line. The wave propagation in the interior of the soil is calculated by a wavenumber integral in a similar way as the propagation along the surface and a general reduction of < 0.5 has been found. An additional reduction has been found because of the missing Rayleigh wave. The different excitation of tunnel lines is analysed theoretically by the combined finite-element boundary-element method and some results about the influencing tunnel and soil parameters will be shown. Measurements have been made at the Mühlberg-Tunnel in Germany. The vibrations of the train, the track and the soil have been measured simultaneously at the tunnel and a nearby surface line. Spectra will be shown for different train speeds between 60 and 160 km/h. A clear reduction effect for the tunnel line compared to the surface line has been observed in a specific (train-speed-dependent) frequency range. This agrees well with the observations of other research institutes. The mid-frequency tunnel-surface reduction seems to be a consequence of the stiffer track structure which leads to a wider distribution of the axle loads. Therefore, the axle impulses due to the train passage are longer and have a lower frequency content. This will have an effect on the ground vibrations at some distance which are present in case of an irregular transmission path through a ballast and soil with varying stiffness. A similar reduction effect can also be found for other track forms where the axle impulses are distributed on a longer track segment, for example slab tracks, tracks with under ballast plates, under ballast mats or under sleeper pads. T2 - 29th International Congress on Sound and Vibration CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 09.07.2023 KW - Ground vibration KW - Railway tunnel KW - Layered soil KW - Surface-tunnel reduction KW - Measurements PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IIAV CY - Auburn, USA AN - OPUS4-57962 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rohrmann, R. T1 - Measurement and evaluation tools for ground and building vibrations from industrial pro-cesses, construction work, traffic and other sources T2 - Proceedings of the 28th International Congress on Sound and Vibration N2 - Vibration measurements have many causes and many technical and natural sources. Problems can sometimes be solved by short-term measurements, but in many cases, a long-term measurement is necessary. In long-term measurements of days, weeks, months and even years, it is easy to collect a huge quantity of raw data, but at the end, the post-processing of these data can be exhausting (for example one-year vibration data of a wind energy tower). A software has been developed which con-sists of measuring and evaluation routines where the measuring routines can operate different meas-uring systems and different measuring cards. The main advantage of this software is the fact that the interesting evaluations can be integrated in the measuring process so that the characteristics of the vibration can be extracted without storing all the raw data. Only important time segments are stored, for example train passages. The overall concept of the software and the main evaluation routines will be described in some details. Examples of our measurement experience will illustrate the capabilities of the software. 1) Surveying construction work in nearby sensitive buildings (for example an old wind tunnel), including a stable alarm system and meaningful vibration limits. 2) Prediction of train-induced vibration for a planned building to prevent annoyance and to improve the building design. 3) Modal analysis and long term measurements of several single- or multi-span, concrete or steel bridges 4) Modal and wave analysis of coupled floors in a historical building (“Neues Palais” at Potsdam). 5) Soil properties of various measurement sites (different routines to evaluate the dispersion). Moreover, from many projects, amplitudes, frequencies, and attenuation laws have been collected and analysed for the different sources such as vibratory or impact pile driving and ground compaction, demolition work with different machines, blasting in quarries and in tunnel works, bomb and mine clearing. T2 - 28th International Congress on Sound and Vibration CY - Online meeting DA - 24.07.2022 KW - Ground vibration KW - Building vibration KW - Measurement KW - Evaluation KW - Modes KW - Waves PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-56602 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Railway-induced ground and building vibrations – Analysis in frequency-wavenumber domain and fast prediction with approximate models T2 - Proceedings of the ISMA Conference 2022 N2 - A simple and fast prediction scheme is presented for train-induced ground and building vibrations. For the emission, finite-element boundary-element or multiple-beam-on-continuous-soil models of the track have been analysed and approximated by faster track-on-Winkler-soil models. The vehicle-track interaction due to irregularities yields the excitation forces. For the transmission of waves in the soil, the wavenumber integral of the compliance of layered soils has been evaluated. The calculation time is reduced for the prediction by using the solution of a homogeneous half-space with a frequency-dependent wave velocity (the dispersion) of the soil. For the immision, many 2 and 3-dimenisonal finite-element building models have been investigated, and a good approximation has been established by a 1-dimensional soil-wall-floor model. In addition, the axle sequence of the train, the quasi-static and the “scattered” response of the soil, and the wave propagation from a tunnel to a pile foundation of a building have been included. T2 - ISMA-Conference 2022 CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 12.09.2022 KW - Ground vibration KW - Simple prediction KW - Vehicle-track interaction KW - Layered soil KW - Soil-building interaction KW - Soil-wall-floor model KW - Propagation from a tunnel KW - Tunnel-pile transfer PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - KU Leuven CY - Leuven AN - OPUS4-56603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Effects of a varying track and soil stiffness on ground vibrations near railway lines T2 - Proceedings of Railways 2022 N2 - Usually, geometric irregularities are considered as the main cause of ground vibrations from trains. A varying stiffness of the track, the track support and the soil can also generate ground vibrations. The regular stiffness variation of the track on and between the sleepers results in a deterministic dynamic axle load. The random stiffness variation of the track support yields also dynamic axle loads which are generated by the acceleration of the unsprung mass (from the varying wheel displacements under the static axle load). The random stiffness variation has a second effect. The pulses from the passage of the static axle loads are superposed regularly to the quasi-static response, but also irregularly to yield a “scattered” part of the axle pulses. The same holds for a random variation of the soil stiffness. All these effects of stiffness variations have been calculated by wavenumber-domain multi-beam track models, a random finite-element soil model and the superposition of axle impulses in a stochastic simulation. The results are confronted with many measurements at different sites. It is concluded that the stiffness variation of the track and the soil generate an important ground vibration component near railway lines. T2 - International Conference Railways 2022 CY - Montpellier, France DA - 22.08.2022 KW - Ground vibration KW - Axle loads KW - Irregularities KW - Varying stiffness PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-56605 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Prediction of building noise and vibration – 3D finite element and 1D wave propagation models T2 - Proceedings of Euronoise 2021 N2 - Construction work or traffic excite nearby buildings, and the perceptible or audible vibration can be a nuisance for the inhabitants. The transfer of the vibration from the free field to the building has been calculated by the finite element method for many models in consultancy and research work. The analysis for all storeys of certain building points such as walls, columns and floors unveiled some rules, some typical modes, and some wavetype responses. A simplified building-soil model has been created, which includes well these effects of building-soil resonance, wall/column resonance, floor resonances, and the high-frequency reduction. The model consists of one wall for a wall-type apartment building or a column for each specific part (mid, side or corner) of a column-type office building. The building response in the high-frequency (acoustic) region is calculated as mean values over all storeys and over wider frequency bands, by wave-type asymptotes of an infinitely tall building, and by the soil to wall ratio of impedances. The secondary noise is predicted by Transfer values between the building vibration (center of floors, walls at a room corner) and the sound pressure. T2 - Euronoise 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 25.10.2021 KW - Building vibration KW - Finite element models KW - Soil-wall-floor model KW - Apartment building KW - Office tower PY - 2021 SN - 978-989-53387-0-2 SP - 1792 EP - 1801 AN - OPUS4-53702 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Carletti, E. ED - Crocker, M. ED - Pawelczyk, M. ED - Tuma, J. T1 - Dynamic measurements during drop tests on stiff foundations T2 - Advances in Acoustics, Noise and Vibration - Proceedings of the 27th International Congress on Sound and Vibration N2 - Measurements at the foundation, the surrounding soil and nearby buildings have been done during several drop tests of different containers on different foundations. The first measurements have been done on a big foundation where it should be guaranteed that the foundation is rigid and the container is tested properly. It was controlled that the foundation does not absorb more than 2 percent of the energy of the container. Most of the drop energy is lost in shock absorbers. Later on, a smaller drop test facility has been built on the ground but inside an existing building. It had to be controlled by prediction and measurements that the drop test will not damage the building. Tests from different heights on soft, medium, and stiff targets have been done to find out rules which allow to identify acceptable and unacceptable drop tests. Later on, the biggest drop test facility has been built for masses up to 200 t. It was necessary for the design of the foundation to estimate the forces which occur during the drop tests. On the other hand, the acceptable tests should be selected and controlled by measurements where the impact duration is important. Different sensors, accelerometers, accelerometers with mechanical filters, geophones (velocity transducers), strain gauges, and pressure cells have been applied for these tasks. The signals have been transformed to displacements which proved to be best suited for the interpretation of the impact mechanism. Modell calculations have been used to check and understand the dynamic measurements. The simplest law is the conservation of the momentum which is a good approximation if the impact is short. If the soil under the foundation has an influence on the deceleration of the container, the maximum foundation velocity is lower than the simple estimation. The amplitudes of the foundation could also be estimated from the ground vibrations and their amplitude-distance law. T2 - 27th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV27) CY - Online meeting DA - 11.07.2021 KW - Drop test KW - Vibration measurement KW - Container loading KW - Foundation load PY - 2021 SN - 978-83-7880-799-5 SN - 2329-3675 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Silesian University Press CY - Gliwice, Poland AN - OPUS4-53255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - A mid-frequency component of train-induced ground vibration due to scattered axle impulses and the irregularities of the soil and ballast T2 - Proc. of ISMA/USD 2020 N2 - The passage of the train is dominated by the impulses of the static axle loads. The response of the regular homogeneous and irregular soils has been calculated by the finite-element method in frequency domain. The superposition of the impulse responses yields the quasi-static component of the ground vibration which is restricted to very low frequencies and to the close near-field of the track. In case of an irregular soil or ballast of which the stiffness varies randomly in space, a mid-frequency ground vibration component is generated by the scattering of the axle impulses. Measurements will be shown which prove the existence of the mid-frequency ground vibration component and the unique explanation by the scattered axle impulses: many international measurements with a raised mid-frequency component, axle-box measurements with a too low mid-frequency dynamic load, amplitude-speed dependencies which are incompatible with irregularity-induced dynamic loads, and ground vibration reductions due to stiff track elements. T2 - International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA/USD) CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Ground vibration KW - Railway KW - Irregular soil KW - Irregular ballast KW - Axle impulses PY - 2020 SP - 2611 EP - 2625 PB - KULeuven CY - Leuven AN - OPUS4-51210 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rohrmann, R. T1 - Natural frequencies and modes of poles, beams, floors, road and rail bridges T2 - Proc. of ISMA/USD 2020 N2 - In the last three decades, the vibrations of many floors and bridges have been measured. The contribution shows some evaluation methods, experimental results and some modelling and theoretical results. Simple evaluation methods have been developed for single and coupled floors. Two coupled beams have been measured in good agreement with the theory. A more complex coupling model has been found for a large wooden floor in a castle consisting of six floor bays which correlates well with the measurements. Damaged and intact poles have been tested by their natural frequencies and damping values, and a fair correlation between the degree of damage and the shift of the frequency. Road bridges have been analysed in detail and some examples are presented. Railway bridges and trains are studied for resonant excitation. The risk of resonance can be estimated in frequency domain by using axle-sequence spectra of the train and the natural frequencies of the bridge. A measurement example shows the amplification, but even stronger the cancellation of the subsequent axle responses. Several high-speed trains and freight trains have been analysed for their potential resonance amplification. T2 - International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA/USD 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Modalanalyse KW - Bauwerke KW - Bauteile KW - Brücken KW - Achsfolgespektren PY - 2020 SP - 1573 EP - 1585 PB - KULeuven CY - Leuven AN - OPUS4-51211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Ziemens, Susanne T1 - The response of different buildings to free-field excitation – a study using detailed finite element models T2 - EURODYN 2020 Proceedings of the XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics N2 - A study on building vibrations has been performed by finite element calculations. Family houses, multi-storey residential buildings, office buildings and office towers have been modelled in detail. The frequency-dependent response due to a free-field excitation has been evaluated for walls, columns and floors. The ratio of building amplitudes to free-field amplitudes starts with uB/u0 = 1 at zero frequency and is usually lower than 1 at 50 Hz, the end of the frequency range considered here. In between, amplifications occur due to several reasons. There are „soil resonances“ where the whole building is vibrating on the compliant soil, “column resonances” where the upper storeys are vibrating on the compliant columns, and the “floor resonances” where the floors are vibrating excited by their supports. Results are presented for all building types, but a special focus is set on office buildings. A parameter study shows the influence of the stiffness of the soil, the number of storeys, and the width of the building. It has been found that the “soil resonance” is strongly modified by the low-frequency floor resonances for the normal office building. The main resonance of a twenty-storey office tower is determined equally by the “soil mode” and the “column mode”. It is an important observation for these office buildings that the resonances can differ for different parts of the building such as the centre, the edge, the corner, and the core of the building. This leads to non-uniform vibration modes across the building, which look like another type of “floor resonance” and which have been observed in several real building projects. Experimental results will be shown which can confirm the calculated phenomena. T2 - EURODYN 2020 XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Online meeting DA - 13.11.2020 KW - Building vibration KW - Office building KW - Residential building KW - Soil-building resonance KW - Floor resonance KW - Column/wall resonance PY - 2020 SN - 978-618-85072-2-7 SP - 4560 EP - 4576 CY - Athen AN - OPUS4-51678 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir T1 - Measurement of slab track behaviour at different sites T2 - Proceedings of the 26th International Congress on Sound and Vibration N2 - Measured train passages and hammer impacts in combination with track-soil calculation have been successfully used for the detection of damaged slab tracks. This approach is now extended to intact slab and ballast tracks. The vibrations of many tracks have been measured at several levels from rail, sleeper, track plate, base plate, base layer to the subsoil by velocity or acceleration sensors. The time histories have to be integrated once or twice to get the displacements. The displacement signals include an arbitrary time-dependent shift which must be eliminated or respected in the interpretation. On the other hand, the calculation of slab and ballast tracks have been done in frequency-wavenumber domain. The displacements along the track and the frequency-dependent compliance transfer functions can be calculated. The latter can be compared with the results of the hammer impacts on the track. The deformation of the track can be transformed to time histories for a whole train and compared to the measured train passages. Many slab (and ballast) tracks have been measured at different sites. The displacements of the tracks are presented, and the following parameters have been analysed in the measurement results: slab track vs. ballast track, different types of slab tracks, damaged slab tracks, different trains, switches at different measuring points, an elastic layer, the mortar layer, different soils at different places. The soil should have the dominant influence on the track-plate displacements. Slab and ballast track yield also big differences in maximum displacement and width of deformation. Some of the preceding aspects will be analysed in comparison of measurement and theory. T2 - 26th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV26) CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 07.07.2019 KW - Displacements KW - Slab track KW - Train passage KW - Hammer impact KW - Vibration measurements PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-9991810-0-0 SN - 2329-3675 SP - T15RS01_316_1 EP - T15RS01_316_8 PB - Canadian Acoustical Association CY - Montreal, Kanad AN - OPUS4-48498 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Ruspighi, Emiliano T1 - Vehicle-track-soil interaction and train-induced ground vibration: Theory and measurements in Germany, Switzerland and France T2 - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on recent Advances in Structural Dynamics (RASD2019) N2 - Abstract. Three measurement campaigns of train-induced ground vibrations are evaluated for the vehicle-track-soil interaction. Ground vibrations, track vibrations and vehicle vibrations have been measured for train passages and impulse excitation and compared with theoretical results. The soil and the track-soil system are calculated by wavenumber integrals. The influence of the vehicle is introduced by a substructure method. By comparing theory and measurement the different components of excitation force and ground vibration can be analysed, the quasi-static excitation, track-alignment errors, the out-of-roundness of wheels, the wheel and rail roughness, and moreover, scattered axle impulses and ineffective high-frequency parts of the wheelset accelerations and forces. T2 - 13th International Conference on recent Advances in Structural Dynamics CY - Lyon, France DA - 15.4.2019 KW - Vehicle-track interaction KW - Train-induced ground vibration KW - Ground vibration measurements PY - 2019 SP - 810 EP - 821 PB - University of Southampton CY - Southampton AN - OPUS4-48423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Lombaert, G. ED - Degrande, G. T1 - Predicted and measured amplitude-speed relations of railway ground vibrations at four German sites with different test trains T2 - Proc. of the 13th International Workshop on Railway Noise and Vibration N2 - The present contribution evaluates four measuring series made by the Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing for the relations between train speed and ground vibration amplitudes. This experimental evaluation is supported by the simulation of the train passages at the different sites by using appropriate excitation mechanisms and forces as well as layered soil models which have been derived from impact measurements at each site. T2 - 13th International Workshop on Railway Noise and Vibration CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 16.09.2019 KW - Train speed KW - Ground vibration KW - Excitation forces KW - Layered soils PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - KU Leuven CY - Leuven AN - OPUS4-49440 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Vehicle-track-soil interaction and train-induced ground vibration – Theory and measurements in Germany, Switzerland and France T2 - Recent Advance in Structural Dynamics N2 - Three measurement campaigns of train-induced ground vibrations are evaluated for the vehicle-track-soil interaction. Ground vibrations, track vibrations and vehicle vibrations have been measured for train passages and impulse excitation and compared with theoretical results. The soil and the track-soil system are calculated by wavenumber integrals. The influence of the vehicle is introduced by a substructure method. By comparing theory and measurement the different components of excitation force and ground vibration can be analysed, the quasi-static excitation, track-alignment errors, the out-of-roundness of wheels, the wheel and rail roughness, and moreover, scattered axle impulses and ineffective high-frequency parts of the wheelset accelerations and forces. T2 - Recent Advance in Structural Dynamics CY - Lyon, France DA - 15.04.2019 KW - Vehicle-track-soil interaction KW - Train-induced ground vibration KW - Vibration measurements PY - 2019 SP - 810 EP - 821 PB - University of Southampton CY - Southampton AN - OPUS4-47892 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Prediction of explosion-induced ground and building vibrations - measured wave velocities, transfer functions and attenuation T2 - Proceedings of the 25th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Sound of Peace Bell, 2018 N2 - Explosion-induced ground vibrations have been measured at several places. Results about the wave propagation are shown in this contribution. The particle velocities of the soil have been measured at up to 1000 m distance from the explosion and are presented as time records (seismograms) and one-third octave band spectra (transfer functions). The results are compared with the results of hammer impacts. The seismograms clearly show different wave types, compressional waves of the air, the water and the soil, and the Rayleigh wave. The hammer impacts yield good results up to 100 m and incorporate higher frequencies at about 50 Hz, whereas the explosion results in a ground vibration with frequencies around 10 Hz and a longer range of influence. Explosion and hammer excitations are evaluated for the wave velocities of the soil by using the wavenumber and the spatial auto-correlation method. The attenuation of the ground vibration amplitudes A with distance r can well be presented by a power law A ~ r -q. This type of amplitude-distance law and the corresponding power q > 1 are substantiated in the contribution. The influence of the charge weight W is evaluated as an additional power law A ~ W -p for each measuring site. The power is found quite similarly around q  0.6 as all sites have a medium soft soil such as sand and clay. The obtained amplitude-charge-distance law can be used to predict the explosion-induced ground and building vibrations at other sites. T2 - International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV25) CY - Hiroshima, Japan DA - 08.07.2018 KW - Prediction of explosion induced ground and building vibration KW - Explosion-induced ground vibrations KW - Hammer impact KW - Soil properties KW - Amplitude-distance laws KW - Amplitude-charge weight laws PY - 2018 SN - 978-83-7880-552-6 SN - 2329-3675 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Silesian University of Technology Press CY - Gliwice, Poland AN - OPUS4-45506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Markfort, Greta T1 - Static and dynamic behaviour of pile foundations in homogeneous and inhomogeneous soils T2 - Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering N2 - Offshore wind energy towers are dynamically loaded by waves and wind. Pile foundations provide stiffness and damping and should be properly calculated. A combined finite-element boundary-element method for the dynamic interaction of flexible structures and the soil has been developed. The flexible structures such as single piles or complete wind energy towers are modeled by the finite element method whereas the homogeneous or layered soil is modeled by the boundary element method which uses the Green’s functions for interior loads in the layered half-space to establish the dynamic stiffness matrix of the soil. Soils with a stiffness that is continuously increasing with depth can be modeled as multi-layer soils with step-wise increasing stiffness. The effects of different parameters such as the stiffness of the soil, the axial and bending stiffness of the pile, and the radius of the cylindrical contact area will be analysed for the different components of excitation (vertical, horizontal, rotation and coupling). The results can be determined as specific power laws which are different for the different load cases and for the different soil models (Winkler support, homogeneous continuum, continuum with increasing stiffness). The dynamic effect of radiation damping will be analysed by the frequency-dependent compliance functions. A clear layering of the soil can cause noticeable changes in the dynamic compliances as reductions of the stiffness and the damping in certain frequency ranges (below and around layer resonance frequencies). The distribution of the displacements along the pile help to explain the observed laws. An example of an offshore wind energy tower has been modeled and calculated for wind, wave and weight loads. The resonances of the tower are usually limited by the radiation damping which is strongest for a soft soil. T2 - COMPDYN 2017 CY - Rhodes, Greece DA - 15.06.2017 KW - Pile foundation KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Pile bending stiffness KW - Soil stiffness KW - Continuously inhomogeneous soils KW - Layered soils KW - Wind energy tower PY - 2017 SP - 4675 EP - 4690 PB - NTUA CY - Athens AN - OPUS4-42089 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir T1 - Dynamic testing of tracks and track sites before and after construction, after damage and after repair T2 - Proceedings of the first International Conference on Rail Transportation N2 - The Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing (BAM) has collected some experience with the testing of damaged, repaired and newly constructed railway tracks. The experimental methods are hammer testing of the track at different positions, hammer testing of the soil, measurement of train passages, and in all cases, measurements with geophones at different positions. The measured signals are evaluated for wave velocities (dispersion of the soil or the track-soil system), for transfer functions (transfer admittances of the soil, compliances of the track in amplitude and phase), and one-third octave band spectra of the track response to hammer and train excitation. These methods are applied at different stages of the track construction. Before track construction, wave velocities and transfer functions of the sub-soil can indicate problems with soft soils. After track construction, a check of the acceptable state of the track can be done by comparison of many excitation positions and track sites. After a track damage (a lose sleeper or a lose plate of a slab track) and after its repair, the sensitivity of the different measurement quantities to different track errors and the achieved improvement of the repair can be determined. The contribution shows examples of all these track situations. T2 - First International Conference on Rail Transportation CY - Chengdu, China DA - 10.7.2017 KW - Track damage KW - Dynamic testing KW - Hammer tests KW - Train passages PY - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Southwest Jiaotong University CY - Chengdu, China AN - OPUS4-42090 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Tracks with under-ballast plates and their mitigation of train induced ground vibration T2 - Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Sound and Vibration N2 - Experiments have been performed at a test site with six different tracks with under-ballast plates. Hammer excitations of the soil and the tracks as well as train passages have been measured. The experimental observations are as follows. 1. The natural soil is stiff gravel whereas the railway dam consists of softer material. 2. The track compliance indicates a soft ballast if no train is present to provide a confining pressure. 3. The track response to the train passages can be split into a low-frequency region which is ruled by the static loads and a high-frequency region which is ruled by dynamic loads. 4. The track responses to hammer and track excitation indicate the presence of many voids between the sleepers and the ballast. 5. The ground vibrations are highly influenced by the soil. Due to the stiff soil at the site, the hammer and train induced spectra have a considerable high-frequency content. 6. A reduction of the ground vibration has been observed in a low-frequency range. The mitigation effects of an under-ballast plate are also investigated by calculations of a wavenumber domain model. The under-ballast plate has an effect at low frequencies where it distributes the static load over a longer track section. The impulse of the axle passage is longer and the frequencies are lower due to the plate stiffness. The axle impulses could yield a low-frequency ground vibration in an irregular soil with a randomly varying stiffness. This low-frequency part of the ground vibration (the scattered axle impulses) seem to be reduced by the under-ballast plate. T2 - 24th International Congress on Sound and Vibration CY - London, UK DA - 23.7.2017 KW - Railway vibration KW - Ballast tracks KW - Under-ballast plate KW - Ground vibration PY - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IIAV CY - Auburn, USA AN - OPUS4-42091 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Pombo, Joao T1 - Vehicle-track-soil interaction for track damage, ground vibration and mitigation T2 - Proc. of 3. Int. Conf. on Railway Technology N2 - A combined finite element boundary element method has been developed to calculate the dynamic interaction of the railway track and the underlying soil. The track-soil results are coupled with a simple vehicle model to establish the force transfer function of the vehicle-track-soil system. Mitigation measures at the track, namely three different tracks with under-sleeper pads, are analysed. The un-sprung vehicle and heavy track masses on soft track elements yield a lower vehicle-tracksoil resonant frequency and a better reduction of the excitation forces at higher frequencies. If the effectiveness of the mitigation is measured as a vibration ratio between the isolated and an un-isolated reference track, the vehicle-track-soil resonance of the reference track has an important influence on the mitigation effectiveness. Therefore, different un-isolated reference tracks are analysed. It is shown how the frequency and amplitude of the vehicle-track resonance are influenced by the stiffness of the rail pads (strongest), the ballast (medium) and the soil (weakest). The reference track models have been compared with shaker tests on two railway tracks with strong resonances. The damage detection and repair control have become important tasks for ballast and slab tracks. Measurements which compare the damaged and the repaired status of the same track section at different times, or which compare a damaged and an intact track section at the same time, have been successfully performed at some sites in Germany and compared with the theoretical behaviour of intact and damaged tracks. T2 - 3. International Conference on Railway Technology CY - Cagliari, Italy DA - 05.04.2016 KW - undersleeper KW - railway track KW - track-soil interaction KW - ground vibration KW - mitigation PY - 2016 SN - 978-1-905088-65-2 SN - 1759-3433 SP - Paper 273 EP - 19 PB - Civil-Comp Press CY - Stirlingshire, Scotland AN - OPUS4-37084 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Vogiatzis, Konstantinos T1 - Modes and waves of coupled roof or floor structures in historical and modern buildings T2 - Proc. of 23 International Congress on Sound and Vibration N2 - Long wooden floor beams above a ball room in an old historical palace have been analysed experimentally. The eleven beams are weakly coupled by three layers of floor boards. It has been investigated if the state (the stiffness) of the wooden beams can be determined by vibration measurements of global or preferably local modes. Hammer, heel-drop and ambient excitations have been used. The vibration modes of the structure show dominating local deformations if an impact excitation is applied. This is understood as the positive superposition of several modes which yield the maximum at the excitation point but a cancellation at more distant points. Natural modes have been estimated from these vibration modes by standard and special methods which were necessary for the high damping of the wooden floor. It has been found that all floor beams contribute to each natural mode even for a weak coupling of the beams. In addition to the modal discussion, the impact tests have also been analysed for the wave propagation and amplitude attenuation with distance. The coupling of floor beams has been studied theoretically by an analytic multiple-beam model where the coupling by translational or rotational springs and by a common support motion has been assumed. T2 - 23. International Congress on Sound and Vibration CY - Athen, Greece DA - 10.07.2016 KW - modal analysis KW - floor vibration KW - wave analysis PY - 2016 SN - 978-960-99226-2-3 SN - 2329-3675 SP - Paper 318, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37090 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir T1 - Vibration measurements for the control of damaged and repaired railway tracks T2 - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Environmental Vibration and Transportation Geodynmaics N2 - The damage detection and repair control have become important tasks for ballast and slab tracks. Measurements which compare the damaged and the repaired status of the same track section at different times, or which compare a damaged and an intact track section at the same time, have been successfully performed at some sites in Germany with slab tracks and ballast tracks and compared with the theoretical behaviour of intact and damaged tracks. The loss of contact between the sleeper and the plate, between the plate and the base layer, and some problems with soft or weakened soil have been analysed. The observed results, changes in the time histories of displacements and velocities due to train passages and in the transfer functions (compliances) due to hammer impacts, are encouraging that these measurements can be used to detect track damage. In addition, calculations with the combined finite-element boundary-element method have been used to confirm the conclusions about intact or damaged railway tracks. T2 - 7th International Symposium on Environmental Vibration and Transportation Geodynmaics CY - Hangzhou, China DA - 28.10.2016 KW - Railway track KW - Slab track KW - Ballast track KW - Track-soil interaction KW - Field tests KW - Track damage monitoring KW - Finite element method KW - Boundary element method PY - 2016 SP - 3 EP - 19 AN - OPUS4-38261 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Papadrakakis, M. ED - Papadopoulos, V. ED - Plevris, V. T1 - Fast computation of train-induced vibrations in homogeneous and layered soils T2 - COMPDYN 2015 - 5th International conference on computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering (Proceedings) N2 - The computation of the wave propagation in homogeneous and layered soils can be performed by a numerical integration in wavenumber domain. The numerical difficulties of an infinite integral and an integrand with poles can be solved. But if this computation must be repeated for many distances, many frequencies, many loads, or many soil models, it becomes a time consuming task which is not acceptable for a user-friendly prediction tool for railway induced ground vibration. Therefore, an approximate method for the computation of the wave field has been developed. The computation consists of several steps. At first, an approximate dispersion profile is calculated according to rules which have been derived from exact solutions. Secondly, the dispersion is used to achieve the amplitude for a certain frequency and a certain distance by calculating the approximate solution of a corresponding homogeneous half-space. Thirdly, three layer corrections are added which include lowfrequency near-field effects, high-frequency far-field effects, and a resonance amplification around the layer frequency. This procedure yields the wave field due to a point load. For a train load, many of these point-load responses have to be summed up, and a frequencydependant reduction factor has to be multiplied to incorporate the effect of the load distribution along and across the track. - The prediction method is applied to real sites, and the appropriate soil models are identified by approximating the measured transfer functions (frequency-dependant amplitudes) which is presented as an alternative to the approximation of the dispersion (frequency-dependant wave velocities). These examples demonstrate the general behavior of layered soils: the low amplitudes of the stiff half-space at low frequencies, the high amplitudes of the softer layer at high frequencies, the strong increase of amplitudes and a possible resonance amplification at mid frequencies. The material damping of the layer yields a strong attenuation of the amplitudes with the distance for high frequencies. The response depends strongly on the resonance or layer frequency which is shown for different layer depths and velocities always in good agreement with measurements. The layer frequency can be of immense influence if train-speed effects are analysed in a layered soil. The good agreement with many measurements in this contribution as well as in the references validates the prediction of ground vibration based on the theory of a layered half-space. T2 - COMPDYN 2015 - 5th International conference on computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering CY - Crete Island, Greece DA - 25.05.2015 PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.7712/120115.3381.959 SP - 66 EP - 82 AN - OPUS4-33683 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Realistic axle-load spectra for the prediction of ground vibrations form rail traffic T2 - ICSV22 - 22nd International congress on sound and vibration (Proceedings) N2 - Train passages induce static and dynamic forces on the track, the train-induced vibrations propagate through the soil and excite neighbouring buildings. The problem of train vibrations is divided into the parts emission, which is the excitation by railway traffic (the present contribution), transmission, which is the wave propagation through the soil, and immission, which is the transfer into a building, - The calculation of the axle loads are based on the vehicle-track-soil interaction. This interaction uses the dynamic stiffness of the vehicle (the inertia of the wheelset) and the dynamic stiffness of the track-soil System. Based on various time consuming finite-element boundary-element calculations, an approximate track-soil model has been established. The vehicle-track-soil analysis yields several transfer functions between the various geometric or stiffness irregularities and the axle loads of the train. Geometric irregularities of the vehicle (the wheels) and the track (rail surface and track alignment) are the simplest components. Geometric irregularities of the subsoil (trackbed irregularities) have to be transferred to effective irregularities at rail level. The bending stiffness of the track is filtering out the short-wavelength contribution. Stiffness irregularities occur due to random variations in the bailast or the subsoil, which must also be transferred to effective track irregularities, and due to the discrete rail support on sleepers. The axle loads due to the effective track errors from stiffness variations have their specific vehicle-track transfer function. - All necessary formula for the prediction of axle-load spectra will be presented. The prediction method is compared with axle-box measurements at a Standard ballasted track. Moreover, ground Vibration measurements at numerous sites are exploited for the axle-load spectra and the Validation of the prediction method. T2 - ICSV22 - 22nd International congress on sound and vibration CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.07.2015 PY - 2015 SN - 978-88-88942-48-3 SN - 2329-3675 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-33781 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Cunha, A. ED - Caetano, E. ED - Ribeiro, P. ED - Müller, G. T1 - Amplification and reduction phenomena of soil-building interaction by finite-element boundary-element calculations and simplified methods T2 - EURODYN 2014 - 9th International conference on structural dynamics (Proceedings) N2 - Vibration of normal apartment, office and production buildings, which are excited by technically induced ground vibrations are considered. Many wavelengths of the Rayleigh waves of the soil fit into the foundation dimensions. The related high discretization effort can nowadays be realized with detailed soil-structure interaction method. The combined finite-element boundary-element method is used here as a detatiled method. Simplified method can be used with less computation time, but these methods must be calibrated by exact results. One simplification is to extent the structure to infinity and to solve the problem by wavenumber domain methods. Another simplification is the use of a Winkler soil instead of the continuous soil. Usually, the Winkler parameters are not only soil parameters but depend also on the rigid or flexible foundation structure. Substructure methods use commercial FEM software for the building part. The contribution will show some detailed and some simplified results on large structural elements such as foundation plates, walls, storey plates on columns as well as results on complete buildings. The reduction of the ground vibration by stiff elements and the amplification due to floor or building resonances are discussed which are the most important phenomena of the soil-building interaction. T2 - EURODYN 2014 - 9th International conference on structural dynamics CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 30.06.2014 KW - Soil-building interaction KW - Foundation reduction KW - Floor amplification KW - FEBEM and simplified methods PY - 2014 SN - 978-972-752-165-4 SN - 2311-9020 SP - 591 EP - 597 AN - OPUS4-31163 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Knothe, Esther A1 - Rücker, Werner ED - Cunha, A. ED - Caetano, E. ED - Ribeiro, P. ED - Müller, G. T1 - The dynamic behavior of railway tracks with under sleeper pads, finite-element boundary-element model calculations, laboratory tests and field measurements T2 - EURODYN 2014 - 9th International conference on structural dynamics (Proceedings) N2 - A variety of isolation measures exists to reduce the vibration in the neighbourhood of railway lines. They can be roughly classified as elastic or stiffening systems. There are the following elastic elements, rail pads or resilient fixation systems between rail and sleeper, under sleeper pads or sleeper shoes under the sleepers, and ballast mats under the ballast. Stiffening systems (plates) are used as slab tracks, floating slab tracks, or mass-spring systems. In the EU project “Railway induced vibration abatement solutions (RIVAS)”, elastic under sleeper pads have been investigated. The dynamic behaviour of the track and the surrounding soil has been calculated by the combined finite-element boundary-element method in a systematic parameter study. It has been shown that the mitigation effect can be improved by soft under sleeper pads or by heavy sleepers. Consequently, such track elements (soft under sleeper pads and heavy sleepers) have been thoroughly investigated in laboratory tests to establish the static and dynamic parameters as well as their serviceability. Finally, field tests at and near railway tracks with and without under sleeper pads have been performed. To determine the reduction effect of the isolated track, the ground vibrations excited by trains or artificial sources have been measured. The soil properties at the different sites have also been measured so that the comparison of the isolated and un-isolated track can take into account possible differences of the soil parameters. The contribution shows how the different (numerical, laboratory and field) methods and results can be combined to achieve an improved mitigation solution with soft under sleeper pads and heavy sleepers for ballasted and slab tracks. T2 - EURODYN 2014 - 9th International conference on structural dynamics CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 30.06.2014 KW - Railway track KW - Track-soil interaction KW - Mitigation KW - Under sleeper pads KW - Laboratory tests KW - Field tests KW - Ground vibration PY - 2014 SN - 978-972-752-165-4 SN - 2311-9020 SP - 805 EP - 812 AN - OPUS4-31164 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Papadrakakis, M. ED - Papadopoulos, V. ED - Plevris, V. T1 - How to quantify the vibration reduction of railway tracks T2 - COMPDYN 2013 - 4th ECCOMAS Thematic conference on computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering (Proceedings) T2 - COMPDYN 2013 - 4th ECCOMAS Thematic conference on computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering CY - Kos Island, Greece DA - 2013-06-12 KW - Railway induced ground vibration KW - Mitigation measures KW - Railway tracks KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Wavenumber integrals KW - 1-D insertion loss PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 19 AN - OPUS4-29313 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir ED - Gao, G. T1 - The influence of soil properties on the ground vibration due to railway traffic and other sources - the comparability of different sites T2 - 6th International symposium on environmental vibration: Prediction, monitoring, mitigation and evaluation - Advances in environmental vibration (Proceedings) T2 - 6th International symposium on environmental vibration: Prediction, monitoring, mitigation and evaluation - Advances in environmental vibration CY - Shanghai, China DA - 2013-11-08 KW - Soil properties KW - Railway track KW - Ground vibration KW - Measurement KW - Assessment KW - Mitigation PY - 2013 SN - 978-7-5608-5303-1 SP - 175 EP - 186 PB - Tongji University Press AN - OPUS4-29731 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Rücker, Werner ED - Nielsen, J. T1 - Mitigation measures for ballasted tracks - optimisation of sleepers, sleeper pads and the substructure by combined finite-element boundary-element calculations T2 - IWRN11 - 11th International workshop on railway noise (Proceedings) T2 - IWRN11 - 11th International workshop on railway noise CY - Uddevalla, Sweden DA - 2013-09-09 PY - 2013 SP - 463 EP - 470 AN - OPUS4-29446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Train induced vibration of inhomogeneous soils - a prediction based on measured and calculated point-load solutions T2 - ICSV19 - 19th International congress on sound and vibration (Proceedings) N2 - Vehicle, track and ground vibration as well as their interaction are considered in a combined finite-element boundary-element (FEBEM) approach. The layered soil is calculated in frequency wavenumber domain and the solution for fixed or moving point or track loads follow as wavenumber integrals. The soil results from the measurements and the detailed models are approximated by simple formula which are used for the prediction of train-induced ground vibration. The influence of the track and the soil on the train induced ground vibration is analysed by the detailed models. The ground vibrations strongly depend on the regular and random inhomogeneity of the soil. The regular layering of the soil yields a cut-on and resonance phenomenon while the random inhomogeneity yields a scattering of the axle impulses which proved to be important for high-speed trains. The attenuation with distance of the ground vibration due to the point-like excitations such as vibrator or hammer excitations and the train-track excitation are investigated and compared. All theoretical results are compared with measurements at conventional and high-speed railway lines. T2 - ICSV19 - 19th International congress on sound and vibration CY - Vilnius, Lithuania DA - 08.07.2012 PY - 2012 SN - 978-609-459-079-5 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-27218 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Papadrakakis, M. ED - Fragiadakis, M. ED - Plevris, V. T1 - High-speed railway tracks of a surface, bridge and tunnel line and some effects on the train-induced bridge and ground vibrations T2 - COMPDYN 2011 - 3rd International thematic conference - Computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering (Proceedings) T2 - COMPDYN 2011 - 3rd International thematic conference - Computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering CY - Corfu, Greece DA - 2011-05-25 KW - Track compliance KW - Surface line KW - Bridge track KW - Tunnel track KW - Ground vibration KW - Layered soil KW - Bridge resonance KW - Train speed KW - Axle sequence KW - Track irregularities PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 17(?) AN - OPUS4-24555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - De Roeck, G. ED - Degrande, G. ED - Lombaert, G. ED - Müller, G. T1 - The dynamic force transfer of slab tracks and floating slab tracks and the corresponding ground vibration T2 - EURODYN 2011 - 8th International conference on structural dynamics (Proceedings) T2 - EURODYN 2011 - 8th International conference on structural dynamics CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 2011-07-04 KW - Railway track KW - Slab track KW - Floating slab track KW - Track-soil interaction KW - Force transfer KW - Ground vibration PY - 2011 SN - 978-90-760-1931-4 SP - 820 EP - 827 AN - OPUS4-24556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Náprstek, J. ED - Horácek, J. ED - Okrouhlík, M. ED - Marvalová, B. ED - Verhulst, F. ED - Sawicki, J.T. T1 - Reducing ground-borne micro-vibrations by plate foundations T2 - Vibration problems ICOVP 2011 - 10th international conference on vibration problems (Proceedings) T2 - Vibration problems ICOVP 2011 - 10th international conference on vibration problems CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2011-09-05 KW - Plate-soil interaction KW - Wave excitation KW - Vibration reduction KW - Finite-element boundary-element method PY - 2011 SN - 978-94-007-2068-8 SN - 0930-8989 N1 - Serientitel: Springer proceedings in physics – Series title: Springer proceedings in physics VL - 139 SP - 329 EP - 335 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-24804 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir ED - Zhai, W. ED - Takemiya, H. ED - De Roeck, G. ED - Tutumluer, E. T1 - Experimental soil parameters by different evaluation methods for impulsive, train and ambient excitation T2 - ISEV 2011 - 5th International symposium on environmental vibration - Advances in environmental vibration (Proceedings) T2 - ISEV 2011 - 5th International symposium on environmental vibration - Advances in environmental vibration CY - Chengdu, China DA - 2011-10-20 KW - Wave velocity KW - Dispersion KW - SASW KW - MASW KW - SPAC KW - Damping PY - 2011 SN - 978-7-03-032373-6 SP - 3 EP - 9 PB - Science Press AN - OPUS4-24807 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Schmid, Wolfgang A1 - Wuttke, Wilfried T1 - Experimental and theoretical building and foundation behaviour T2 - EVACES'09 - Experimental vibration analysis for civil engineering structures (Proceedings) T2 - EVACES'09 - Experimental vibration analysis for civil engineering structures CY - Wroclav, Poland DA - 2009-10-14 PY - 2009 SN - 978-83-7125-184-9 N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings SP - 133 EP - 142 AN - OPUS4-31259 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Vehicle dynamics and dynamic excitation forces of railway induced ground vibration T2 - 21th International symposium on dynamics of vehicles on roads and tracks (Proceedings) T2 - 21th International symposium on dynamics of vehicles on roads and tracks CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 2009-08-17 PY - 2009 SP - 1 EP - 12 CY - Stockholm, Sweden AN - OPUS4-21088 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - M. Papadrakakis, ED - D.C. Charmpis, ED - N.D. Lagaros, ED - Tsompanakis, Y. T1 - Simple and advanced boundary-element method for the soil and its application to railway dynamics T2 - COMPDYN 2007 - Computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering (Proceedings) T2 - COMPDYN 2007 CY - Rethymno, Crete, Greece DA - 2007-06-13 KW - Finite-element boundary-element method KW - Explicit Green´s functions KW - Track vibration KW - Tunnel vibration KW - Vehicle-track-soil interaction KW - Radiation damping PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 12 CY - Athen AN - OPUS4-15015 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Environmental vibration due to normal and extreme excitation: railway traffic, explosions and heavy mass drop tests T2 - ISEV 2007, 3rd International Symposium on Environmental Vibrations: Prediction, Monitoring, Mitigation and Evaluation, November 28-30, 2007, Taipei, Taiwan (Proceedings) T2 - ISEV 2007, 3rd International Symposium on Environmental Vibrations: Prediction, Monitoring, Mitigation and Evaluation CY - Taipei, Taiwan DA - 2007-11-28 PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-18408 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir T1 - Simple modal analysis and wave propagation for practical floor experiments in new and old office and residential buildings T2 - EVACES'07 - Experimental vibration analysis for civil engineering structures (Proceedings) T2 - EVACES'07 - Experimental vibration analysis for civil engineering structures CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 2007-10-24 PY - 2007 SN - 978-972-752-095-4 SP - 423 EP - 432 AN - OPUS4-18409 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - The influence of the soil on track dynamics and ground-borne vibration T2 - Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Railway Noise (IWRN) T2 - 9th International Workshop on Railway Noise (IWRN) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2007-09-04 PY - 2007 SP - S.4.1, 1 EP - 9 PB - International Workshop on Railway Noise CY - München AN - OPUS4-16438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rücker, Werner A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - A user-friendly prediction tool for railway induced ground vibrations: Emission - transmission - immission T2 - Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Railway Noise (IWRN) T2 - 9th IWRN - International Workshop on Railway Noise CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2007-09-04 PY - 2007 SP - S.4.2, 1 EP - 6 PB - International Workshop on Railway Noise CY - München AN - OPUS4-18592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Experimental observation and theoretical calculation of technically induced surface waves in inhomogeneous soil T2 - Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (ECEES) T2 - 1st European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (ECEES) CY - Geneva, Switzerland DA - 2006-09-03 PY - 2006 IS - Paper 1292 SP - 1 EP - 10(?) PB - ETH Zürich CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-13737 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz ED - Thompson, D. ED - Jones, C. T1 - Ground vibration due to railway traffic - the calculation of the effects of moving static loads and their experimental verification T2 - Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Railway Noise T2 - 8th International Workshop on Railway Noise CY - Buxton, England, UK DA - 2004-09-08 PY - 2004 VL - 1 SP - 119 EP - 129 CY - Buxton AN - OPUS4-4632 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction of Rigid and Flexible Foundations T2 - International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering T2 - 5th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 1991-09-23 PY - 1991 VL - 5 SP - 467 EP - 478 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-11569 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Structural dynamics and soil-structure-interaction induced by railway traffic T2 - Dynamics of Structures '89 T2 - Dynamics of Structures '89 CY - Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic DA - 1989-09-12 PY - 1989 SP - 21 EP - 25 AN - OPUS4-11554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -