TY - JOUR A1 - Bühler, M. M. A1 - Hollenbach, P. A1 - Michalski, A. A1 - Meyer, S. A1 - Birle, E. A1 - Off, R. A1 - Lang, Ch. A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Cudmani, R. A1 - Fritz, O. A1 - Baltes, G. A1 - Kortmann, G. T1 - The Industrialisation of Sustainable Construction: A Transdisciplinary Approach to the Large-Scale Introduction of Compacted Mineral Mixtures (CMMs) into Building Construction N2 - Abstract: Increasing demand for sustainable, resilient, and low-carbon construction materials has highlighted the potential of Compacted Mineral Mixtures (CMMs), which are formulated from various soil types (sand, silt, clay) and recycled mineral waste. This paper presents a comprehensive inter- and transdisciplinary research concept that aims to industrialise and scale up the adoption of CMM-based construction materials and methods, thereby accelerating the construction industry’s systemic transition towards carbon neutrality. By drawing upon the latest advances in soil mechanics, rheology, and automation, we propose the development of a robust material properties database to inform the design and application of CMM-based materials, taking into account their complex, time-dependent behaviour. Advanced soil mechanical tests would be utilised to ensure optimal performance under various loading and ageing conditions. This research has also recognised the importance of context-specific strategies for CMM adoption. We have explored the implications and limitations of implementing the proposed framework in developing countries, particularly where resources may be constrained. We aim to shed light on socio-economic and regulatory aspects that could influence the adoption of these sustainable construction methods. The proposed concept explores how the automated production of CMM-based wall elements can become a fast, competitive, emission-free, and recyclable alternative to traditional masonry and concrete construction techniques. We advocate for the integration of open-source digital platform technologies to enhance data accessibility, processing, and knowledge acquisition; to boost confidence in CMM-based technologies; and to catalyse their widespread adoption. We believe that the transformative potential of this research necessitates a blend of basic and applied investigation using a comprehensive, holistic, and transfer-oriented methodology. Thus, this paper serves to highlight the viability and multiple benefits of CMMs in construction, emphasising their pivotal role in advancing sustainable development and resilience in the built environment. KW - Decarbonisation KW - Circular economy KW - Recycled materials KW - Demolition wastes KW - Low-carbon construction KW - Building with earth KW - Compressed earth KW - Rammed earth KW - Sustainable construction PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-583260 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310677 VL - 15 IS - 13 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-58326 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ordavo, I. A1 - Ihle, S. A1 - Arkadiev, V. A1 - Scharf, Oliver A1 - Soltau, H. A1 - Bjeoumikhov, A. A1 - Bjeoumikhova, S. A1 - Buzanich, Günter A1 - Gubzhokov, R. A1 - Günther, A. A1 - Hartmann, R. A1 - Holl, P. A1 - Kimmel, N. A1 - Kühbacher, M. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Langhoff, N. A1 - Liebel, A. A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Schaller, G. A1 - Schopper, F. A1 - Strüder, L. A1 - Thamm, C. A1 - Wedell, R. T1 - A new pnCCD-based color X-ray camera for fast spatial and energy-resolved measurements N2 - We present a new high resolution X-ray imager based on a pnCCD detector and a polycapillary optics. The properties of the pnCCD like high quantum efficiency, high energy resolution and radiation hardness are maintained, while color corrected polycapillary lenses are used to direct the fluorescence photons from every spot on a sample to a corresponding pixel on the detector. The camera is sensitive to photons from 3 to 40 keV with still 30% quantum efficiency at 20 keV. The pnCCD is operated in split frame mode allowing a high frame rate of 400 Hz with an energy resolution of 152 eV for Mn Kα (5.9 keV) at 450 kcps. In single-photon counting mode (SPC), the time, energy and position of every fluorescence photon is recorded for every frame. A dedicated software enables the visualization of the elements distribution in real time without the need of post-processing the data. A description of the key components including detector, X-ray optics and camera is given. First experiments show the capability of the camera to perform fast full-field X-Ray Fluorescence (FF-XRF) for element analysis. The imaging performance with a magnifying optics (3×) has also been successfully tested. KW - X-ray CCD camera KW - pnCCD KW - Fast X-ray imaging KW - XRF KW - Full-field X-ray fluorescence KW - Elemental analysis KW - High quantum efficiency KW - High energy resolution KW - Polycapillary optics PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.05.080 SN - 0168-9002 SN - 0167-5087 VL - 654 SP - 250 EP - 257 PB - North-Holland CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-24370 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scharf, Oliver A1 - Ihle, S. A1 - Ordavo, I. A1 - Arkadiev, V. A1 - Bjeoumikhov, A. A1 - Bjeoumikhova, S. A1 - Buzanich, Günter A1 - Gubzhokov, R. A1 - Günther, A. A1 - Hartmann, R. A1 - Kühbacher, M. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Langhoff, N. A1 - Liebel, A. A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Soltau, H. A1 - Strüder, L. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Wedell, R. T1 - Compact pnCCD-based X-ray camera with high spatial and energy resolution: a color X-ray camera N2 - For many applications there is a requirement for nondestructive analytical investigation of the elemental distribution in a sample. With the improvement of X-ray optics and spectroscopic X-ray imagers, full field X-ray fluorescence (FF-XRF) methods are feasible. A new device for high-resolution X-ray imaging, an energy and spatial resolving X-ray camera, is presented. The basic idea behind this so-called 'color X-ray camera' (CXC) is to combine an energy dispersive array detector for X-rays, in this case a pnCCD, with polycapillary optics. Imaging is achieved using multiframe recording of the energy and the point of impact of single photons. The camera was tested using a laboratory 30 µm microfocus X-ray tube and synchrotron radiation from BESSY II at the BAMline facility. These experiments demonstrate the suitability of the camera for X-ray fluorescence analytics. The camera simultaneously records 69696 spectra with an energy resolution of 152 eV for manganese Kα with a spatial resolution of 50 µm over an imaging area of 12.7 × 12.7 mm². It is sensitive to photons in the energy region between 3 and 40 keV, limited by a 50 µm beryllium window, and the sensitive thickness of 450 µm of the chip. Online preview of the sample is possible as the software updates the sums of the counts for certain energy channel ranges during the measurement and displays 2-D false-color maps as well as spectra of selected regions. The complete data cube of 264 × 264 spectra is saved for further qualitative and quantitative processing. KW - Color X-ray camera KW - X-ray fluorescence KW - pnCCD KW - Polycapillary optic KW - Synchrotron radiation PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac102811p SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 83 IS - 7 SP - 2532 EP - 2538 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-23948 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schubert, Martina A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Yin, Huajie A1 - Dittrich, Bettina A1 - Heidemeyer, P. A1 - Bastian, Martin T1 - Wirkungsweise von halogenfreien Flammschutzmitteln in WPC N2 - Das Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens war die Untersuchung der Wirkungsweise von halogenfreien Flammschutzmitteln in WPC. Eine große Anzahl verschiedener Flammschutzmittel wurde hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkmechanismen umfassend untersucht, um ein Verständnis für die ablaufenden Prozesse zu entwickeln. Hierbei wurden verschiedene Brandtests eingesetzt, um die Materialien bezüglich verschiedener Applikationen (E&E, Transportwesen, Bauwesen) zu beleuchten. Die verschiedenen Untersuchungen liefern aber auch ein umfassendes Bild vom Brandverhalten in den verschiedenen Eigenschaften, wie Entflammbarkeit und Brandausbreitung. Die prinzipiellen Ansätze wurden anhand von verschiedenen Flammschutzmitteln beleuchtet, ihre Pyrolyse und ihre Performance in verschiedenen Brandtests gegenübergestellt. Bei der angestrebten geringen Zusatzmenge ist durch den Zusatz eines einzigen Flammschutzmittels keine zufriedenstellende Reduktion der Brandeigenschaften zu erwarten. Multikomponentensysteme zur Steigerung der Effizienz sind angezeigt. Einige prinzipielle Kombinationsmöglichkeiten wurden für alle Hauptflammschutzmittel durchgespielt. Die teilweise deutlichen Verbesserungen zeigen Wege zur erfolgreichen Produktentwicklung auf. So konnten bei den Spritzgießcompounds Eigenschaften erzielt werden, die eine UL 94 V0 Klassifizierung ermöglichen. Ein Einsatz der im Forschungsvorhaben hergestellten Compounds als Baustoff ist aufgrund des Brandverhaltens in den baustoffspezifischen Prüfungen nicht möglich. Hier sind weitere Flammschutz-Konzepte zu erproben. Gleitmittel nehmen bei den untersuchten Extrusionscompounds keinen Einfluss auf das Brandverhalten. Haftvermittler nehmen ebenfalls keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das untersuchte Brandverhalten, können aber zu einer veränderten Verteilung der Füllstoffe und damit zur Ausbildung einer effektiveren Schutzschicht führen. Feinere Holzpartikel schneiden bei den Brandprüfungen besser ab als grobe Holzpartikel. Bei Einsatz von grobem Holz wird eine schlechtere Rückstandsstruktur ausgebildet, was das Brandverhalten negativ beeinflusst. Der Einsatz von vorbehandeltem Holz brachte nicht die erwartete Verbesserung. Die neu konzipierte Aufbereitungsanlage auf Basis des Planetwalzenextruders konnte erfolgreich in Betrieb genommen werden. Vergleichende Versuche mit dem Doppelschneckenextruder zeigten, dass der PWE-Aufbau eine gute Alternative zur etablierten DSE-Aufbereitung darstellt. Zusätzlich wurden an Compounds vielversprechender Flammschutzansätze weitere Materialprüfungen (Biegeversuch, Schlagversuch, Wasseraufnahme) durchgeführt, um den Einfluss der FSM auf die spezifischen Eigenschaften der WPC zu beleuchten. N2 - The objective of the research project was to investigate the effect of halogen-free flame retardants in WPC. A large number of different flame retardants was thoroughly examined regarding their effect mechanisms to develop an understanding for the processes taking place. Different fire tests were used to examine the materials with respect to the different applications (E&E, transportation, construction). Additionally, the different investigations provide a comprehensive picture of the fire behavior regarding the different properties, such as flammability and fire spread. The fundamental approaches were examined by means of different flame retardants and their pyrolysis and performance were compared in different fire tests. A satisfactory reduction of the fire properties by adding only one flame retardant cannot be expected with the intended low added amount. Multi-component systems to increase the efficiency are indicated. Some basic combination options were tried out for all main flame retardants. The partially considerable improvements illustrate ways for successful product development. This way, properties could be achieved in injection molding compounds, which allow for a UL 94 V0 classification. It is not possible to use the compounds introduced in the research project as building material due to the fire behavior in the building material specific tests. Further flame protection concepts need to be tested in this area. Slip agents do not have an influence on the fire behavior of the examined extrusion compounds. Adhesion promoters also do not have a significant influence on the examined fire behavior but can lead to a change in the distribution of the fillers and thus to the formation of a more effective protective layer. Finer wood particles performed better in the fire tests than coarse wood particles. When using coarse wood, an inferior residual structure is formed, which has an adverse effect on the fire behavior. The use of pretreated wood fibers did not bring the expected improvement. The newly conceived processing technique based on a planetary roller extruder (PRE) was successfully put into operation. Comparative tests with twin-screw extruders (TSE) showed that the PRE configuration is a good alternative to the established TSE processing. Additionally, further material testing (bending test, impact test, water absorption) was performed on promising flame retarded compounds to examine the influence of the fire retardants on the specific properties of the WPC. KW - Wood plastic composite KW - Halogen free KW - Flame retardancy PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-8440-4645-8 SN - 2364-754X SP - 1 EP - 88 PB - Shaker Verlag CY - Aachen AN - OPUS4-37482 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bantz, C. A1 - Koshkina, Olga A1 - Lang, Thomas A1 - Galla, H.-J. A1 - Kirkpatrick, C.J. A1 - Stauber, R.H. A1 - Maskos, M. T1 - The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions N2 - Due to the recent widespread application of nanomaterials to biological systems, a careful consideration of their physiological impact is required. This demands an understanding of the complex processes at the bio–nano interface. Therefore, a comprehensive and accurate characterization of the material under physiological conditions is crucial to correlate the observed biological impact with defined colloidal properties. As promising candidates for biomedical applications, two SiO2-based nanomaterial systems were chosen for extensive size characterization to investigate the agglomeration behavior under physiological conditions. To combine the benefits of different characterization techniques and to compensate for their respective drawbacks, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation were applied. The investigated particle systems were (i) negatively charged silica particles and (ii) poly(organosiloxane) particles offering variable surface modification opportunities (positively charged, polymer coated). It is shown that the surface properties primarily determine the agglomeration state of the particles and therefore their effective size, especially under physiological conditions. Thus, the biological identity of a nanomaterial is clearly influenced by differentiating surface properties. KW - Nanomaterial characterization KW - Physiological conditions KW - Surface properties KW - Silica nanoparticles KW - Siloxane nanoparticles KW - Nanoparticles KW - Colloids KW - Silica KW - Polyorganosiloxane KW - Siloxane KW - Characterization KW - Transmission electron microscopy KW - TEM KW - Cryo-TEM KW - Asymetrical flow field-flow fractionation KW - AF-FFF KW - Field-flow fractionation KW - FFF KW - Dynamic light scattering KW - DLS KW - PCS PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.188 SN - 2190-4286 VL - 5 SP - 1774 EP - 1786 CY - Frankfurt, M. AN - OPUS4-32575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lang, Cindy A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Quaas, H. A1 - Linke, M. T1 - On-line measurement of humidity in the agri-food chain KW - Sensor KW - Monitoring KW - Climatic conditions PY - 2010 SN - 978-90-66052-06-2 SN - 0567-7572 N1 - Serientitel: Acta Horticulturae – Series title: Acta Horticulturae VL - 858 SP - 413 EP - 417 AN - OPUS4-21490 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Láng-lázi, M. A1 - Heszberger, J. A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Viczián, G. T1 - Spline functions in chemistry: approximation of surfaces over triangle domains KW - Approximation of triangle surfaces KW - Spline functions in chemistry KW - CHEMSAFE KW - TRIANGLE Program KW - Spline interpolation PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00207160801965206 SN - 0020-7160 SN - 1029-0265 VL - 83 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Gordon and Breach CY - London [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-19037 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krug, Sonja A1 - Lang, A. A1 - Zimmer, J. A1 - Homolka, M. A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Folgen der historischen Schädlingsbekämpfung in Archiven und Museen. Risikoabschätzung - Gefahr für Mensch und Umwelt T2 - Jahrestagung im Deutschen Bergbau-Museum - Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege 2010 CY - Bochum, Germany DA - 2010-09-15 PY - 2010 SN - 0947-6229 VL - 3 SP - 268 EP - 270 PB - Dt. Bergbau-Museum CY - Bochum AN - OPUS4-27536 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinmuth-Selzle, K. A1 - Kampf, C. J. A1 - Lucas, K. A1 - Lang-Yona, N. A1 - Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J. A1 - Shiraiwa, M. A1 - Lakey, P. S. J. A1 - Lai, S. A1 - Liu, F. A1 - Kunert, A. T. A1 - Ziegler, K. A1 - Shen, F. A1 - Sgarbanti, R. A1 - Weber, B. A1 - Bellinghausen, I. A1 - Saloga, J. A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Duschl, A. A1 - Schuppan, D. A1 - Pöschl, U. T1 - Air pollution and climate change effects on allergies in the anthropocene: Abundance, interaction, and modification of allergens and adjuvants N2 - Air pollution and climate change are potential drivers for the increasing burden of allergic diseases. The molecular mechanisms by which air pollutants and climate parameters may influence allergic diseases, however, are complex and elusive. This article provides an overview of physical, chemical and biological interactions between air pollution, climate change, allergens, adjuvants and the immune system, addressing how these interactions may promote the development of allergies. We reviewed and synthesized key findings from atmospheric, climate, and biomedical research. The current state of knowledge, open questions, and future research perspectives are outlined and discussed. The Anthropocene, as the present era of globally pervasive anthropogenic influence on planet Earth and, thus, on the human environment, is characterized by a strong increase of carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and combustion- or traffic-related particulate matter in the atmosphere. These environmental factors can enhance the abundance and induce chemical modifications of allergens, increase oxidative stress in the human body, and skew the immune system toward allergic reactions. In particular, air pollutants can act as adjuvants and alter the immunogenicity of allergenic proteins, while climate change affects the atmospheric abundance and human exposure to bioaerosols and aeroallergens. To fully understand and effectively mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution and climate change on allergic diseases, several challenges remain to be resolved. Among these are the identification and quantification of immunochemical reaction pathways involving allergens and adjuvants under relevant environmental and physiological conditions. KW - Allergie KW - Klimaveränderung KW - Luftverschmutzung KW - Partikel KW - Ozon KW - Stickoxide KW - Allergene KW - Adjuvantien KW - PALM KW - DAMP PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-404531 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04908 SN - 1520-5851 SN - 0013-936X VL - 51 IS - 8 SP - 4119 EP - 4141 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) CY - Washington AN - OPUS4-40453 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koshkina, Olga A1 - Lang, Thomas A1 - Thiermann, R. A1 - Docter, D. A1 - Stauber, R.H. A1 - Secker, C. A1 - Schlaad, H. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Mohr, B. A1 - Maskos, M. A1 - Bertin, Annabelle T1 - Temperature-triggered protein adsorption on polymer-coated nanoparticles in serum N2 - The protein corona, which forms on the nanoparticle's surface in most biological media, determines the nanoparticle’s physicochemical characteristics. The formation of the protein corona has a significant impact on the biodistribution and clearance of nanoparticles in vivo. Therefore, the ability to influence the formation of the protein corona is essential to most biomedical applications, including drug delivery and imaging. In this study, we investigate the protein adsorption on nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic radius of 30 nm and a coating of thermoresponsive poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) in serum. Using multiangle dynamic light scattering (DLS) we demonstrate that heating of the nanoparticles above their phase separation temperature induces the formation of agglomerates, with a hydrodynamic radius of 1 µm. In serum, noticeably stronger agglomeration occurs at lower temperatures compared to serum-free conditions. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) revealed a high packing density of agglomerates when serum was not present. In contrast, in the presence of serum, agglomerated nanoparticles were loosely packed, indicating that proteins are intercalated between them. Moreover, an increase in protein content is observed upon heating, confirming that protein adsorption is induced by the alteration of the surface during phase separation. After cooling and switching the surface back, most of the agglomerates were dissolved and the main fraction returned to the original size of approximately 30 nm as shown by asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation (AF-FFF) and DLS. Furthermore, the amounts of adsorbed proteins are similar before and after heating the nanoparticles to above their phase-separation temperature. Overall, our results demonstrate that the thermoresponsivity of the polymer coating enables turning the corona formation on nanoparticles on and off in situ. As the local heating of body areas can be easily done in vivo, the thermoresponsive coating could potentially be used to induce the agglomeration of nanoparticles and proteins and the accumulation of nanoparticles in a targeted body region. PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00537 SN - 0743-7463 SN - 1520-5827 VL - 31 IS - 32 SP - 8873 EP - 8881 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-34163 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grabmayer, K. A1 - Wallner, G.M. A1 - Beißmann, S. A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Steffen, R. A1 - Nitsche, D. A1 - Röder, B. A1 - Buchberger, W. A1 - Lang, R.W. T1 - Accelerated aging of polyethylene materials at high oxygen pressure characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopy and established aging characterization methods N2 - Two commercial polyethylene grades were exposed to water at elevated temperatures and enhanced oxygen pressure. To characterize their aging behavior laser-induced photoluminescence spectroscopy was applied. Additionally, aging characterization was performed by established methods such as tensile testing, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV–VIS spectroscopy. During the initial stages of aging, the overall concentration of phenolic antioxidants as well as oxidation onset temperatures decreased exponentially. Simultaneously, significant discoloration due to the formation of conjugated degradation products from phenolic antioxidants (e.g., quinone methides) was detected. After the consumption of antioxidants, photoluminescence started to grow continuously presumably due to the formation of photoluminescent unsaturated carbonyls. In the final stages of aging, embrittlement of the materials as characterized by the degradation of mechanical properties (i.e., loss in ductility) coincided with rising carbonyl index values as well as an increase in crystallinity due to chemicrystallization. Between integrated photoluminescence intensity and carbonyl index, a linear correlation was established. In the induction period, the photoluminescence method exhibited a significantly higher sensitivity to reflect aging induced material changes. KW - Polyethylene KW - PE-RT KW - High oxygen pressure KW - Photoluminescence spectroscopy KW - Aging PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.06.021 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 109 SP - 40 EP - 49 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-31349 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Starkholm, A. A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik A1 - Sarisozen, S A1 - von Reppert, A A1 - Rössle, M A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Unger, E A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Kloo, L A1 - Svensson, P A1 - Lang, F A1 - Maslyanchuk, O. T1 - Green Fabrication of Sulfonium-Containing Bismuth Materials for High-Sensitivity X-Ray Detection N2 - Organic–inorganic hybrid materials based on lead and bismuth have recently been proposed as novel X- and gamma-ray detectors for medical imaging, non-destructive testing, and security, due to their high atomic numbers and facile preparation compared to traditional materials like amorphous selenium and Cd(Zn)Te. However, challenges related to device operation, excessively high dark currents, and long-term stability have delayed commercialization. Here, two novel semiconductors incorporating stable sulfonium cations are presented, [(CH3CH2)3S]6Bi8I30 and [(CH3CH2)3S]AgBiI5, synthesized via solvent-free ball milling and fabricated into dense polycrystalline pellets using cold isostatic compression, two techniques that can easily be upscaled, for X-ray detection application. The fabricated detectors exhibit exceptional sensitivities (14 100–15 190 µC Gyair−1 cm−2) and low detection limits (90 nGyair s−1 for [(CH3CH2)3S]6Bi8I30 and 78 nGyair s−1 for [(CH3CH2)3S]AgBiI5), far surpassing current commercial detectors. Notably, they maintain performance after 9 months of ambient storage. The findings highlight [(CH3CH2)3S]6Bi8I30 and [(CH3CH2)3S]AgBiI5 as scalable, cost-effective and highly stable alternatives to traditional semiconductor materials, offering great potential as X-ray detectors in medical and security applications. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - X-ray detectors PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630306 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202418626 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-63030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kasper, J. A1 - Hermanns, M.I. A1 - Bantz, C. A1 - Koshkina, Olga A1 - Lang, Thomas A1 - Maskos, Michael A1 - Pohl, C. A1 - Unger, R. E. A1 - Kirkpatrick, C.J. T1 - Interactions of silica nanoparticles with lung epithelial cells and the association to flotillins N2 - Amorphous silica nanoparticles (aSNPs) gain increasing popularity for industrial and therapeutic claims. The lung with its surface area of 1006#8211;140 m² displays an ideal target for therapeutic approaches, but it represents also a serious area of attack for harmful nanomaterials. The exact nature of the cytotoxic effects of NPs is still unknown. Furthermore, cellular pathways and the destiny of internalized NPs are still poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the cytotoxicity (MTS, LDH) and inflammatory responses (IL-8) for different-sized aSNPs (30, 70, 300 nm) on our lung epithelial cells line NCI H441 and endothelial cell line ISO-HAS-1. Additionally, colocalization studies have been conducted via immunofluorescence staining for flotillin-1- and flotillin-2-bearing endocytic vesicles. Subsequently, the relevance of flotillins concerning the viability of aSNP-exposed epithelial cells has been evaluated using flotillin-1/2 depleted cells (siRNA). This study reveals the relevance of the nanoparticle size regarding cytotoxicity (MTS, LDH) and inflammatory responses (IL-8), whereat the smaller the size of the nanoparticle is, the more harmful are the effects. All different aSNP sizes have been incorporated in flotillin-1- and flotillin-2-labelled vesicles in lung epithelial and endothelial cells, which display a marker for late endosomal or lysosomal structures and appear to exhibit a clathrin- or caveolae-independent mode of endocytosis. Flotillin-depleted H441 showed a clearly decreased uptake of aSNPs. Additionally, the viability of aSNP-exposed cells was reduced in these cells. These findings indicate a contribution of flotillins in as yet unknown (clathrin or caveolae-independent) endocytosis mechanisms and (or) endosomal storage. KW - Silica nanoparticles KW - Alveolar-capillary barrier KW - Lung epithelial cells KW - Endothelial cells KW - Endocytosis KW - Flotillin-1 KW - Flotillin-2 KW - Cytotoxicity KW - Inflammatory response PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0876-5 SN - 0340-5761 SN - 1432-0738 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-26195 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -